Improving Farming Systems in Northern European Conditions

Crop Physiology: Applications for Genetic Improvement and Agronomy

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 71-97

  Peltonen Sainio, Pirjo ^a   Rajala, Ari ^a   Känkänen, Hannu ^a   Hakala, Kaija ^a  

^a FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 73349088544     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374431-9.00004-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Abeledo L.G., Calderini D.F., Slafer G.A. Nitrogen economy in old and modern malting barleys. Field Crops Res. 2008, 106:171-178.
2. Acevedo E.H., Silva P.C., Silva H.R., Solar B.R. Wheat production in Mediterranean environments. Wheat Ecology and Physiology of Yield Determination 1999, 295-323. Food Products Press, New York. E.H. Satorre, G.A. Slafer (Eds.).
3. Aikasalo R. The results of six-row barley breeding and the genetic origin of varieties released. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 1988, 60:293-305.
4. Alakukku, L., 2006. Structure of clay topsoil affected by tillage intensity. In: NJF Seminar 378: Tillage systems for the benefit of agriculture and the environment, Arranged by NJF section I: Soil, water and environment, Nordic Agricultural Academy, Odense, Denmark, 29-31 May 2006. p. 226 (extended abstracts).
5. Alvenäs G., Marstorp H. Effect of a ryegrass catch crop on soil inorganic-N content and simulated nitrate leaching. Swedish J. Agric. Res. 1993, 23:3-14.
6. Angus J.F., Cunningham R.B., Moncur M.W., MacKenzie D.H. Phasic development in field crops. I. Thermal response in the seedling phase. Field Crops Res. 1981, 3:365-378.
7. Antikainen, M., 1996. Cold acclimation in winter rye (Secale cereale L.): Identification and characterization of proteins involved in freezing tolerance. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Ser. AII, Tom. 87. PhD thesis of University of Turku.
8. Aura E. Effect of shallow tillage on physical properties of clay soil and growth of spring cereals in dry and moist summers in southern Finland. Soil Till. Res. 1999, 50:169-176.
9. Austin R.B., Bingham J., Blackwell R.D., Evans L.T., Ford M.A., Morgan C.L., Taylor M. Genetic improvement in winter wheat yield since 1900 and associated physiological changes. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 1980, 94:675-689.
10. Baker J.M., Ochsner T.E., Venterea R.T., Griffis T.J. Tillage and soil carbon sequestration - What do we really know?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 118:1-5.
11. Bélanger G., Rochette P., Castonguay Y., Bootsma A., Mongrain D., Ryan D.A.J. Climate change and winter survival of perennial forage crops in eastern Canada. Agron. J. 2002, 94:1120-1130.
12. Bell M.A., Fischer R.A., Byerlee D., Sayre K. Genetic and agronomic contributions to yield gains: A case study for wheat. Field Crops Res. 1995, 44:55-65.
13. Berry P.M., Spink J.H. A physiological analysis of oilseed rape yields: Past and future. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2006, 144:381-392.
14. Blackmore S., Godwin R.J., Fountas S. The analysis of spatial and temporal trends in yield map data over six years. Biosyst. Eng. 2003, 84:455-466.
15. Bonham-Smith P.C., Gilmer S., Shou R., Galka M., Abrams S.R. Non-lethal freezing effects on seed degreening in Brassica napus. Planta 2006, 224:145-154.
16. Borras L., Slafer G.A., Otegui M.E. Seed dry weight response to source-sink manipulations in wheat, maize and soybean: A quantitative reappraisal. Field Crops Res. 2004, 86:131-146.
17. Breland T.A. Green manuring with clover and ryegrass catch crops undersown in small grains: Effects on soil mineral nitrogen in field and laboratory experiments. Acta Agric. Scand. B Soil Plant Sci. 1996, 46:178-185.
18. Calderini D.F., Abeledo L.G., Savin R., Slafer G.A. Effect of temperature and carpel size during pre-anthesis on potential grain weight in wheat. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 1999, 132:453-459.
19. Calderini D.F., Abeledo L.G., Savin R., Slafer G.A. Final grain weight in wheat as affected by short periods of high temperature during pre- and post-anthesis under field conditions. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1999, 26:453-458.
20. Calderini D.F., Reynolds M.P. Changes in grain weight as a consequence of de-graining treatments at pre- and post-anthesis in synthetic hexaploid lines of wheat (Triticum durum×T. tauschii). Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2000, 27:183-191.
21. Calderini D.F., Slafer G.A. Changes in yield and yield stability in wheat during the 20th century. Field Crops Res. 1998, 57:335-347.
22. Carter T.R. Changes in the thermal growing season in Nordic countries during the past century and prospects for the future. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1998, 7:161-179.
23. Carter T.R., Saarikko R.A., Niemi K.J. Assessing the risks and uncertainties of regional crop potential under a changing climate in Finland. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1996, 5:329-350.
24. Dofing S.M. Near-isogenic analysis of uniculm and conventional-tillering barley lines. Crop Sci. 1996, 36:1523-1526.
25. Dofing S.M., Karlsson M.G. Growth and development of uniculm and conventional-tillering barley lines. Agron. J. 1993, 85:58-61.
26. Dofing S.M., Knight C.W. Yield component compensation in uniculm barley lines. Agron. J. 1994, 86:273-276.
27. Egli D.B. The role of seed in the determination of yield of grain crops. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2006, 57:1237-1247.
28. Egli D.B. Soybean yield trends from 1972 to 2003 in mid-western USA. Field Crops Res. 2008, 106:53-59.
29. Elen O. Long-term experiments with reduced tillage in spring cereals. III. Development of leaf diseases. Crop Prot. 2003, 22:65-71.
30. Evans L.T. Crop Evolution, Adaptation and Yield 1993, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 500 p.
31. Evans L.T. The changing context for agricultural science. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2005, 143:7-10.
32. Evans L.T., Fischer R.A. Yield potential: its definition, measurement, and significance. Crop Sci. 1999, 39:1544-1551.
33. Evers J.B., Vos J., Chelle M., Andrieu B., Fournier C., Struik P.C. Simulation the effects of localized red:far red ratio on tillering in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) using a three-dimensional virtual plant model. New Phytol. 2007, 176:325-336.
34. Ewert F., Rounsevell M.D.A., Reginster I., Metzger M.J., Leemans R. Future scenarios of European agricultural land use. I. Estimating changes in crop productivity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2005, 107:101-116.
35. FAO Statistics, 2008. http://www.faostat.fao.org.
36. Fischer R.A. Number of kernels in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 1985, 105:447-461.
37. Foulkes M.J., Snape J.W., Shearman V.J., Reynolds M.P., Gaju O., Sylvester-Bradley R. Genetic progress in yield potential in wheat: recent advances and future prospects. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2007, 145:17-29.
38. Franklin K.A., Whitelam G.C. Phytochromes and shade-avoidance responses in plants. Ann. Bot. 2005, 96:169-175.
39. Frich, P., Rosenorn, S., Madsen, H., Jensen, J.J., 1997. Observed precipitation in Denmark, 1961-90, Danish Meteorological Institute Technical Report 97-8, Copenhagen, Denmark.
40. Garcia del Moral L.F., Garcia del Moral M.B., Molina-Cano J.L., Slafer G.A. Yield stability and development in two- and six-rowed winter barleys under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res. 2003, 81:109-119.
41. Garcia del Moral L.F., Miralles D.J., Slager G.A. Initiation and appearance of vegetative and reproductive structures throughout the barley development. Barley Science: Recent Advances from Molecular Biology to Agronomy of Yield and Quality 2002, Food Products Press, The Haworth Press Inc., New York. G.A. Slafer, J.-L. Molina-Cano, R. Savin, J. Araus (Eds.).
42. Gaudet D.A., Laroche A., Yoshida M. Low-temperature-wheat-fungal interactions: A carbohydrate connection. Physiol. Plant. 1999, 106:437-444.
43. Gonzalez F.G., Slafer G.A., Miralles D.J. Grain and floret number in response to photoperiod during stem elongation in fully and slightly vernalized wheats. Field Crops Res. 2003, 81:17-27.
44. Goudriaan J., Monteith J.L. A mathematical function for crop growth based on light interception and leaf area expansion. Ann. Bot. 1990, 66:695-701.
45. 2 and higher temperature. Eur. J. Agron. 1998, 9:41-52.
46. 2 and increased temperatures. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1999, 8:441-457.
47. 2 levels on the growth, yield and dry matter partitioning of field-sown meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis, cv. Kalevi). J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1996, 5:285-298.
48. Hakala K., Pahkala K. Comparison of central and northern European winter rye cultivars grown at high latitudes. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2003, 141:169-178.
49. Hannukkala A., Kaukoranta T., Lehtinen A., Rahkonen A. Late-blight epidemics on potato in Finland, 1933-2002; increased and earlier occurrence of epidemics associated with climate change and lack of rotation. Plant Pathol. 2007, 56:167-176.
50. Heinonen M., Alakukku L., Aura E. Effects of reduced tillage and light tractor traffic on the growth and yield of oats (Avena sativa). Adv. Geoecology 2002, 35:367-378.
51. Hofgaard I.S., Vollsnes A.V., Marum P., Larsen A., Tronsmo A.M. Variation in resistance to different winter stress factors within a full-sib family of perennial ryegrass. Euphytica 2003, 134:61-75.
52. Hollins P.D., Kettlewell P.S., Peltonen-Sainio P., Atkinson M.D. Relationships between climate and Finnish winter cereal grain quality and their potential for forecasting. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2004, 13:295-308.
53. Hömmö L., Pulli S. Winterhardiness of some winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), triticale (X Triticosecale) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars tested at six locations in Finland. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 1993, 2:311-327.
54. Hömmö, L.M., 1994. Resistance of winter cereals to various winter stress factors - Inter- and intraspecific variation and the role of cold acclimation. Agric. Sci. Finl. 3, Suppl. No.1, 32p. (PhD thesis, Agricultural Research Centre of Finland).
55. IPCC, 2000. Emissions scenarios. In: N. Nakicenovic and R. Swart (Eds.), Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 570 pp.
56. IPCC, 2007a. Summary for policymakers. In: S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA.
57. IPCC, 2007b. Summary for policymakers. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 7-22.
58. Jalli, M., Heinonen, U., Huusela-Veistola, E., Jalli, H., 2006. Preliminary results on the effect of crop rotation on wheat diseases in no-tillage and tillage systems in Finnish low input farming. In: H. Östergård and L. Fontaine (Eds.), Proceedings of the COST SUSVAR Workshop on Cereal Crop Diversity: Implications for Production and Products, 13-14 June 2006, La Besse, France, COST, pp. 140-142.
59. Jensen E.S. Nitrogen accumulation and residual effects of nitrogen catch crops. Acta Agric. Scand. 1991, 41:333-344.
60. Johnson E.N., Miller P.R., Blackshaw R.E., Gan Y., Harker K.N., Clayton G.W., Kephart K.D., Wichman D.M., Topinka K., Kirkland K.J. Seeding date and polymer coating effects on plant establishment and yield of fall-seeded canola in the Northern Great Plains. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2004, 84:955-963.
61. Jylhä K., Fronzek S., Tuomenvirta H., Carter T.R., Ruosteenoja K. Changes in frost, snow and Baltic sea ice by the end of the twenty-first century based on climate model projections for Europe. Clim. Change 2008, 86:441-462.
62. Kangas, A., Teräväinen, H., 2006. Peltokasvilajikkeet 2006. Tieto Tuottamaan 113: ProAgria and MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Keuruu, Finland, 95 pp. (in Finnish).
63. Känkänen H., Eriksson C. Effects of undersown crops on soil mineral N and grain yield on spring barley. Eur. J. Agron. 2007, 27:25-34.
64. Känkänen H., Huusela-Veistola E., Salo Y., Kangas A., Vuorinen M. Päällekkäisviljely: Lupauksia ja pettymyksiä (Relay intercropping: Promises and disillusions). Maa- ja elintarviketalous 2004, 64:35. In Finnish, with English abstract.
65. Kaukoranta T. Impact of global warming on potato late blight: Risk, yield loss and control. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1996, 5:311-327.
66. Kaukoranta T., Hakala K. Impact of spring warming on sowing times of cereal, potato and sugar beet in Finland. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2008, 17:165-176.
67. Kirkegaard J.A., Robertson M.J., Hamblin P., Sprague S.J. Effect of blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2006, 57:201-212.
68. Kivi E.I. Domestic plant breeding for the improvement of spring cereal varieties in Finland. Acta Agric. Fenn. 1963, 100:1-37.
69. Kivi E.I. Ilmastotekijäin vaikutus mallasohrasadon määrään ja laatuun. Mallasjuomat 1967, 11:1-10. In Finnish.
70. Klein Tank A.M.G., Wijngaard J.B., Können G.P., Böhm R., Demarée G., Gocheva A., Mileta M., Pashiardis S., Hejkrlik L., Kern-Hansen C., Heino R., Bessemoulin P., Muller-Westermeier G., Tzanakou M., Szalai S., Pálsdóttir T., Fitzgerald D., Rubin S., Capaldo M., Maugeri M., Leitass A., Bukantis A., Aberfeld R., Van Engelen A.F.V., Forland E., Mietus M., Coelho F., Mares C., Razuvaev V., Nieplova E., Cegnar T., Antonio Lopez J., Dahlström B., Moberg A., Kirchhofer W., Ceylan A., Pachaliuk O., Alexander L.V., Petrovic P. Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European climate assessment. Int. J. Climatol. 2002, 22:1441-1453.
71. Kristensen H.L., McCarty G.W., Meisinger J.J. Effects of soil structure disturbance on mineralization of organic soil nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000, 64:371-378.
72. Kvist M. Catch crops undersown in spring barley. Competitive effects and cropping methods. Crop Prod. Sci. 1992, 15:210.
73. Lafarge M. Phenotypes and the onset of competition in spring barley stands of one genotype: Daylength and density effects on tillering. Eur. J. Agron. 2000, 12:211-223.
74. Lauer J.G., Simmons S.R. Photoassimilate partitioning by tiller and individual tiller leaves in field-grown spring barley. Crop Sci. 1988, 28:279-282.
75. Lindén L., Palonen P., Seppänen M. Cold hardiness research on agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1999, 8:459-477.
76. Lisson S.N., Kirkegaard J.A., Robertson M.J., Zwart A. What is limiting canola yield in southern New South Wales? A diagnosis of causal factors. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 2007, 47:1435-1445.
77. Løes, A.K., 2003. Studies of the availability of soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in organic farming systems, and of plant adaptations to low P- and K-availability. PhD Dissertation, Agricultural University of Norway (Ås. Diss. 2003:29).
78. Mäkelä, P.S.A., Muurinen, S., Peltonen-Sainio, P., 2009. Spring cereals: From dynamic ideotypes to cultivars in northern latitudes. J. Agric. Food Sci., In Press.
79. Mela T. Northern agriculture: constraints and responses to global climate change. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 1996, 5:229-234.
80. Mela T., Paatela J. Grain yield of spring wheat and oats as affected by population density. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1974, 13:161-167.
81. Michael, G., Beringer, H., 1980. The role of hormones in yield formation. In Physiological Aspects of Crop Productivity. Proceedings of the 15th Colloquium International Potash Institute, Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 85-116.
82. Moll R.H., Kamprath E.J., Jackson W.A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron. J. 1982, 74:562-564.
83. Monteith J.L. The exchange of water and carbon by crops in a Mediterranean climate. Irrig. Sci. 1993, 14:85-91.
84. Morrison J.M., Steward D.W. Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop Sci. 2002, 42:797-803.
85. Motzo R., Guinta F., Deidda M. Expression of a tiller inhibitor gene in the progenies of interspecific crosses Triticum aestivum L. ×T. turgidum subsp. durum. Field Crops Res. 2004, 85:15-20.
86. Mukula J., Rantanen O. Climatic risks to the yield and quality of field crops in Finland. I. Basic facts about Finnish field crops production. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1987, 26:1-18.
87. Mukula J., Rantanen O. Climatic risks to the yield and quality of field crops in Finland. III. Winter rye 1969-1986. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1989, 28:3-11.
88. Mukula J., Rantanen O. Climatic risks to the yield and quality of field crops in Finland. IV. Winter wheat 1969-1986. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1989, 28:13-19.
89. Muukkonen P., Hartikainen H., Lahti K., Särkelä A., Puustinen M., Alakukku L. Influence of no-tillage on the distribution and lability of phosphorus in Finnish clay soils. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 120:2-4. 299-306.
90. Muurinen S., Slafer G.A., Peltonen-Sainio P. Breeding effects on nitrogen use efficiency of spring cereals under northern conditions. Crop Sci. 2006, 46:561-568.
91. Niemeläinen O. Factors affecting panicle production of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in Finland. III. Response to exhaustion of reserve carbohydrates and to freezing stress. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1990, 29:241-250.
92. Niemi, J., Ahlstedt, J. (Eds.), 2007. Finnish agriculture and rural industries 2007. Agrifood Research Finland, Economic Research, Publications 103a, 96 pp.
93. Nissinen, O., 1996. Analysis of climatic factors affecting snow mold injury in first-year timothy (Phleum pratence L.) with special reference to Sclerotinia borealis. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis A Scientia Rerum Naturalium 289. PhD thesis of University of Oulu.
94. Öfversten J., Jauhiainen L., Nikander H., Salo Y. Assessing and predicting the local performance of spring wheat varieties. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2002, 139:397-404.
95. Ohlander L., Bergkvist G., Stendahl F., Kvist M. Yield of catch crops and spring barley as affected by time of undersowing. Acta Agric. Scand. B, Soil Plant Sci. 1996, 46:161-168.
96. Olesen J.E., Bindi M. Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. Eur. J. Agron. 2002, 16:239-262.
97. Ortiz-Monasterio J.I., Sayre K.D., Rajaram S., McMahon M. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Sci. 1997, 37:898-904.
98. Pahkala, K., Laakso, I., Hovinen, S., 1991. The effect of frost treatment on turnip rape seedlings, ripening of seeds and their fatty acid composition. In: Proceedings of GCIRC Rapeseed Congress 1991, Vol. 6, pp. 1749-1753.
99. Pahkala K., Sankari H., Ketoja E. The relation between stand density and the structure of spring rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 1994, 172:269-278.
100. Pahkala K., Sovero M. The cultivation and breeding of oilseed crops in Finland. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 1988, 27:199-207.
101. Palta J.A., Fillery I.R.P., Rebetzke G.J. Restricted-tillering wheat does not lead to greater investment in roots and early nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Res. 2007, 104:52-59.
102. Peltonen J., Peltonen-Sainio P. Breaking uniculm growth habit of spring cereals at high latitudes by crop management. II. Tillering, grain yield, and yield component differences. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 1997, 178:87-95.
103. Peltonen-Sainio P. Genetic improvements in the structure of oat stands in northern growing conditions during this century. Plant Breed. 1990, 104:340-345.
104. Peltonen-Sainio P. High phytomass producing oats for cultivation in the northern growing conditions. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 1991, 166:90-95.
105. Peltonen-Sainio P. Leaf area duration of oat at high latitudes. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 1997, 178:149-155.
106. Peltonen-Sainio, P., Hakala, K., Jauhiainen, L., Ruosteenoja, K., 2009a. Comparing regional risks in producing turnip rape and oilseed rape - Impacts of climate change and breeding. Acta Agric. Scand., B Plant Soil Sci., In Press.
107. Peltonen-Sainio P., Järvinen P. Seeding rate effects on tillering, grain yield, and yield components of oat at high latitude. Field Crops Res. 1995, 40:49-56.
108. Peltonen-Sainio P., Jauhiainen L. Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes. Field Crops Res. 2008, 108:101-108.
109. Peltonen-Sainio P., Jauhiainen L., Hannukkala A. Declining rapeseed yields in Finland: How, why and what next?. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2007, 145:587-598.
110. Peltonen-Sainio, P., Jauhiainen, L., Laurila, I.P., 2009b. Cereal yield trends in Northern European conditions: Changes in yield potential and its realisation. Field Crops Res. 110, 85-90.
111. Peltonen-Sainio, P., Jauhiainen, L., Venäläinen, A., 2009c. Comparing regional risks in producing turnip rape and oilseed rape - Today in light of long-term datasets. Acta Agric. Scand., B Plant Soil Science, In Press.
112. Peltonen-Sainio P., Kangas A., Salo Y., Jauhiainen L. Grain number dominates grain weight in cereal yield determination: Evidence basing on 30 years' multi-location trials. Field Crops Res. 2007, 100:179-188.
113. Peltonen-Sainio P., Känkänen H., Pahkala K., Salo Y., Huusela-Veistola E., Peltonen J. Polymer coated turnip rape seed did not facilitate early broadcast sowing under Finnish growing conditions. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2006, 15:152-165.
114. Peltonen-Sainio, P., Kontturi, M., Rajala, A., Tuuri, H., 2005. The role of pre- and post-anthesis water availability in predicting yield and protein content in malting barley. In: InterDrought - II: The 2nd International Conference on Integrated Approaches to Sustain and Improve Plant Production Under Drought Stress, September 24-28, 2005, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. Final program and abstract book. P 2.71.
115. Peltonen-Sainio P., Muurinen S., Rajala A., Jauhiainen L. Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat under northern conditions. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2008, 146:35-47.
116. Peltonen-Sainio P., Pekkala T. Numeric codes for developmental stages of oat apex in the growing conditions of southern Finland. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 1993, 2:329-336.
117. Peltonen-Sainio P., Peltonen J. Floret set and abortion in oat and wheat under high and low nitrogen regimes. Eur. J. Agron. 1995, 4:253-262.
118. Peltonen-Sainio P., Peltonen J. Breaking uniculm growth habit of spring cereals at high latitudes by crop management. I. Leaf area index and biomass accumulation. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 1997, 178:79-86.
119. Peltonen-Sainio P., Rajala A. Duration of vegetative and generative development phases in oat cultivars released since 1921. Field Crops Res. 2007, 101:72-79.
120. Peltonen-Sainio P., Rajala A., Simmons S., Caspers R., Stuthman D.D. Plant growth regulator and daylength effects on preanthesis main shoot and tiller growth in conventional and dwarf oat. Crop Sci. 2003, 43:227-233.
121. Prystupa P., Slafer G.A., Savin R. Leaf appearance, tillering and their coordination in response to NxP fertilization in barley. Plant Soil 2003, 255:587-594.
122. Rajala, A., Hakala, K., Mäkelä, P., Muurinen, S., Peltonen-Sainio, P., 2009. Spring wheat response to timing of drought through sink and grain filling capacity. Manuscript submitted.
123. Rajala A., Peltonen-Sainio P. Manipulating yield potential in cereals by plant growth regulators. Growth Regulators in Crop Production 2000, 27-70. Food Products Press, Binghamton, NY. A.S. Basra (Ed.).
124. Rajala A., Peltonen-Sainio P. Plant growth regulator effects on spring cereal root and shoot growth. Agron. J. 2001, 93:936-943.
125. Rajala A., Peltonen-Sainio P. Intra-panicle variation in progress of cell division in developing oat grains: A preliminary study. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2004, 13:163-169.
126. Rajala A., Peltonen-Sainio P., Kauppila R., Wilhelmson A., Reinikainen P., Kleemola J. Within-field variation in grain yield, yield components and quality traits of two-row barley. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 2007, 145:445-454.
127. Rasmussen K.J. Impact of ploughless soil tillage on yield and soil quality: A Scandinavian review. Soil Till. Res. 1999, 53:3-14.
128. Raven J.A., Andrews M., Quigg A. The evolution of oligotrophy: Implications for the breeding of crop plants for low input agricultural systems. Ann. App. Biol. 2005, 146:261-280.
129. Regina, K., Perälä, P., Alakukku, L., 2007. Greenhouse gas fluxes in boreal agricultural soils under conventional tillage and no-till practice. In: R. Jandl and M. Olsson (Eds.), European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research COST Action 639: Greenhouse-Gas Budget of Soils under Changing Climate and Land Use (BurnOut). pp. 53-56.
130. 2 emissions and carbon sequestration: Effect of secondary tillage and compaction. Conservation Agriculture 2003, 291-300. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. L. Garcia-Torres, J. Benites, A. Martinez-Vilela, A. Holgado-Gabrera (Eds.).
131. Rekunen M. Advances in the breeding of oats. Comparative trials with historical varieties in 1977-87. J. Agric. Sci. Finl. 1988, 60:307-321.
132. Richards R. A tiller inhibitor gene in wheat and its effect on plant growth. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1988, 38:749-757.
133. Richards R. Current and emerging environmental challenges in Australian agriculture - The role of plant breeding. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2002, 53:881-892.
134. Roslon, E., 2003. Relay cropping of spring barley and winter wheat. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 2003. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Agraria 427.
135. Rydberg, T., 1987. Studies in ploughless tillage in Sweden 1975-1986. Raport no. 76, Jordbearbetningsavdelning, Sveriges Lantbrukuniversitet, Uppsala, 53 pp.
136. Saarikko R.A., Carter T.R. Phenological development in spring cereals: Response to temperature and photoperiod under northern conditions. Eur. J. Agron. 1996, 5:59-70.
137. Sadras V.O. Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops. Field Crops Res. 2007, 100:125-138.
138. Sadras V.O., Angus J.F. Benchmarking water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in dry environments. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 2006, 57:847-856.
139. Salo T., Eskelinen J., Jauhiainen L., Kartio M. Reduced fertilizer use and changes in cereal grain weight, test weight and protein content in Finland in 1990-2005. Agric. Food Sci. 2007, 16:3-16.
140. Schröder, J.J., 2001. Reduction of nitrate leaching. The role of cover crops. Brochure of EU Concerted Action (AIR3) 2108. 6 pp.
141. Scott R.W., Appleyard M., Fellowes G., Kirby E.J.M. Effect of genotype and position in the ear on carpel and grain growth and mature grain weight of spring barley. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge) 1983, 100:383-391.
142. Serenius M., Huusela-Veistola E., Avikainen H., Pahkala K., Laine A. Effects of sowing time on pink snow mold, leaf rust and winter damage in winter rye varieties in Finland. Agric. Food Sci. 2005, 14:362-376.
143. Siddique K.H.M., Kirby E.J.M., Perry M.W. Ear to stem ratio in old and modern wheats: Relationship with improvement in number of grains per ear and yield. Field Crops Res. 1989, 21:59-78.
144. Simmons S.R., Rasmusson D.C., Wiersma J.V. Tillering in barley: Genotype, row spacing and seeding rate effects. Crop Sci. 1982, 22:201-215.
145. Slafer G.A., Peltonen-Sainio P. Yield trends of temperate cereals in high latitude countries from 1940 to 1998. J. Agric. Food Sci. Finl. 2001, 10:121-131.
146. Solantie, R., 1987. Last spring frosts and first autumn frosts in Finland. Meteorological Publications 6, 60 pp.
147. Tuomenvirta, H., 2004. Reliable estimation of climatic variations in Finland. PhD dissertation, University of Helsinki. Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions No. 43, 79 pp.
148. Tveito, O.E., Forland, E.J., Alexandersson, H., Drebs, A., Jónsson, T., Tuomenvirta, H., Vaarby Laursen, E., 2001. Nordic climate maps. KLIMA Report 6/2001.
149. Uusi-Kämppä J., Braskerud B., Jansson H., Syversen N., Uusitalo R. Buffer zones and constructed wetlands as filters for agricultural phosphorus. J. Environ. Qual. 2000, 29:151-158.
150. Wardlaw I.F. The effect of high temperature on kernel development in wheat: Variability related to pre-heading and post-anthesis conditions. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994, 21:731-739.
151. Ylimäki A. Apilamätä apilan talvehtimisen heikentäjänä Suomessa (Clover rot as a cause of poor overwintering of clover in Finland). J. Sci. Agric. Soc. Finl. 1969, 41:222-242.