Social norms and prejudice against homosexuals

Spanish Journal of Psychology

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 576-584

  Pereira, Annelyse ^a,c   Monteiro, Maria Benedicta ^a   Camino, Leoncio ^b  

^a INSTITUTO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE LISBOA ISCTE IUL   (Portugal)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARAÍBA   (Brazil)

^c NONE   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Emotions; Homosexuality; Prejudice; Social norms

Indexed keywords

EID: 73249147191     PISSN: 11387416     EISSN: 19882904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1138741600001943     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954/1979). The nature of prejudice (25 ed.). Reading: Addison-Wesley.
3. Brandyberry, L. J., & MacNair, R. R. (1996). The content and function of attitudes toward AIDS. Journal of College Student Developmente 37, 335-346
4. Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Theno, S. A. (1996). Violating American values: A "value congruence" approach to understanding outgroup attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32 (4), 387-410.
5. Camino, L., & Pereira, C. (2000). O papel da Psicologia na constru (ac?) o dos direitos humanos: Análise das teorias e práticas psicológicas na discriminaçãoo do homossexualismo. Perfil, 13 (13), 49-69.
6. Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 201-234). San Diego: Academic Press.
7. Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O'Brien, L. T. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (3), 359-378.
8. Crosby, F, Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87 (3), 546-563.
9. Dijker, A. J. (1989). Ethnic attitudes and emotions. In J. P. van Oudenhoven & T. M. Willemsen (Eds.), Ethnic minorities: social psychological perspectives (pp. 77-96). Amsterdã: Swets & Zeitlinger.
10. Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939/1967). Frustration and aggression (14 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
11. Dovidio, J. R, & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 1-34). San Diego: Academic Press.
12. Dovidio, J. R, & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racism biases, and intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 52 (4), 51-75.
13. Dunton, B. C, & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 (3), 316-326.
14. França, D. X., & Monteiro, M. B. (2004). As novas expressões de racismo na infãncia. In M. E. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Estereótipos, preconceito e discriminaçãoo: Perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas (pp. 139-160). Salvador: EDUFBA.
15. Frank, D. J., & McEneaney, E. H. (1999). The individualization of society and the liberalization of state policies on same-sex sexual relations, 1984-1995. Social Forces, 77 (3), 911-944.
16. Guglielmi, R. S. (1999). Psychophysiological assessment of prejudice: Past research, current status, and future directions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3 (2), 123-157.
17. Herek, G M. (2000). Sexual prejudice and gender: do heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ? Journal of Social Issues, 56 (2), 251-266.
18. Hogg, M. A., & Vaughan, G M. (1995). Social psychology. Londres: Prentice Hall.
19. Hogan, T., & Rentz, A., L. (1996). Homophobia in the academy. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 309-314.
20. Katz, I., Wackenhut, J., & Hass, R. G (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality, and behavior. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 35-59). San Diego: Academic Press.
21. Katz, I., & Hass, R. G (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 (6), 893-905.
22. Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, identification, and internalization: Three processes of attitude change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 51-60.
23. Kinder, D. R., & Sears, D. O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40 (3), 414-431.
24. Lacerda, M., Pereira, C, &. Camino, L (2002). Urn estudo sobre as formas de preconceito contra os homossexuais na perspectiva das representaçõoes sociais. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 15 (1), 165-178.
25. Leyens, J.-R, & Dardenne, B. (1996). Basic concepts and approaches in social cognitions. In M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe & G M. Sterphenson (Eds.), Introduction to social psychology: A European perspective (pp. 109-134). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
26. Lima, M. E. (2002). Normas sociais e racismo: Efeitos do individualismo meritocrático e do igualitarismo na infra- humanizaçãoo dos negrvs. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, ISCTE, Lisbon University Institute, Lisboa.
27. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). New York: Academic Press.
28. McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25 (4), 563-579.
29. Meertens, R. W., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1999). Será o racismo subtil mesmo racismo? In J. Vala (Ed.), Novos racismos: Perspectivas comparativas (pp. 11-29). Oeiras: Celta.
30. Minard, R. D. (1952). Race relations in the Pocahontas coal field. Journal of Social Issues, VIII, 29-44.
31. Monteith, M. J., Deneen, N. E., & Tooman, G. D. (1996). The effect of social norm activation on the expression of opinions concerning gay men and blacks. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18 (3), 267-288.
32. Pereira, A. (2004). Representaçõoes sociais do homossexualismo e preconceito contra homossexuais. Unpublished Master dissertation, Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiania.
33. Pereira, C., Torres, A. R. R., & Pereira, A. (2004). Preconceito contra prostitutas e representaçõoes sociais da prostituiçãoo em estudantes de teologia católicos e evangélicos. In M. E. Lima & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Estereótipos, preconceito e discriminaçãoo: Perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas (pp. 209-234). Salvador: EDUFBA.
34. Pettigrew, T. F. (1958). Personality and social-cultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2 (1), 29-42.
35. Pettigrew, T. F. (1959). Regional differences in anti-Negro prejudice. In E. Aronson & A. R. Pratkanis (Eds.), Social Psychology III (pp. 359-367). Brookfield: Edward Elgar Publishing Company.
36. Pettigrew, T. F. (1999). A sistematizaçãoo dos preditores do racismo: Uma perspectiva empírica. In J. Vala (Ed.), Novos racismos: Perspectivas comparativas (pp. 79-101). Oeiras: Celta.
37. Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25 (1), 57-75.
38. Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811-832.
39. Ratcliff, J. J., Lassiter, G. D., Markman, K. D., & Snyder, C. J. (2006). Gender differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: The role of motivation to respond without prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1325-1338.
40. Scherer, K. R. (1992). On social representations of emotional experience: stereotypes, prototypes, or archetypes. In M. von Cranach, W. Doise & M. G. (Eds.), Social representations and the social bases of knowledge (pp. 30-36). Toronto: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
41. a Harper Torchbook ed.). New York: Harper.
42. Sherif, M. (1967). Social interaction: processes and products. Chicago: Aldine.
43. Tabachnick, B. G, & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Computer-assisted research design and analysis. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
44. Terry, D. J., Hogg, M. A., & Blackwood, L. (2001). Prejudiced attitudes, group norms, and discriminatory behaviour. In M. Augoustinos & K. J. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict (pp. 140-158). Londres: SAGE.
45. Vala, J. (1997). Representaçõoes sociais e percepçõoes intergrupais. Análise Social, 32 (1), 7-29.
46. Vala, J., Brito, R., & Lopes, D. (1999). Expressões dos racismos em Portugal. Lisboa: University of Lisbon, Institute de Ciências Sociais.
47. Vala, J., Lima, M. E., & Pereira, C. (2006). The role of egalitarianism and meritocratic individualism norms on the depersonalization of Black people: CIS/ISCTE, Lisbon University Institute.
48. Whitley, B. E. (2001). Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles, 45 (11/12), 692-721.
49. Wood, W, Christensen, P. N., Hebl, M. R., & Rothgerber, H. (1997). Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73 (3), 523-535.
50. Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske & G Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of social psychology 4 ed., Vol. 2, pp. 591-632. Nova York: McGraw-Hill.