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Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 753-773

No whale of a tale: Legal implications of Winter v. NRDC

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CETACEA;

EID: 72949101495     PISSN: 00461121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (200)
  • 1
    • 79952836089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 378
    • Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 129 S. Ct. 365, 378 (2008).
    • (2008) S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 365
  • 2
    • 72949123824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 375.
  • 3
    • 72949096212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. The majority's reliance on the Navy's claim that there is no evidence that sonar has harmed marine mammals in Southern California disregards the evidence presented to the lower courts and the Navy's own admissions. The Navy itself predicted over 450 injuries to marine mammals and 170, 000 instances of significant behavioral disruption in its own environmental assessment EA for the project. Further, as noted by the Ninth Circuit, while there have been no documented sonar-related mass strandings in Southern California, "the scientific consensus that mid-frequency active MFA sonar may cause injury and death to marine mammals combined with the evidence that such injury, absent a stranding, is difficult to detect-especially in the case of the vulnerable beaked whale-further disproves the suggestion that the harm caused by MFA sonar in the SOCAL exercises is merely speculative."
    • Id. The majority's reliance on the Navy's claim that there is no evidence that sonar has harmed marine mammals in Southern California disregards the evidence presented to the lower courts and the Navy's own admissions. The Navy itself predicted over 450 injuries to marine mammals and 170, 000 instances of significant behavioral disruption in its own environmental assessment (EA) for the project. Further, as noted by the Ninth Circuit, while there have been no documented sonar-related mass strandings in Southern California, "the scientific consensus that [mid-frequency active] MFA sonar may cause injury and death to marine mammals combined with the evidence that such injury, absent a stranding, is difficult to detect-especially in the case of the vulnerable beaked whale-further disproves the suggestion that the harm caused by MFA sonar in the SOCAL exercises is merely speculative."
  • 4
    • 72949097960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Winter, 696-97 9th Cir, Chief Justice Roberts' majority opinion ignores this evidence
    • Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 696-97 (9th Cir. 2008). Chief Justice Roberts' majority opinion ignores this evidence.
    • (2008) F.3d , vol.518 , pp. 658
  • 5
    • 72949102947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See infra notes 9-14, 81 and accompanying text
    • See infra notes 9-14, 81 and accompanying text.
  • 6
    • 72949108576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 381.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 381
    • Winter1
  • 7
    • 3142698550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. In Winter, the Court majority not only jettisoned traditional standards of appellate review in disputing the trial court's fact-finding, but it ignored the underlying state decision by the California Coastal Commission-the state agency responsible for protection of coastal waters under the Coastal Zone Management Act's cooperative state-federal statutory scheme-out of which the litigation had arisen. In both cases, the Court majorities weakened the precedential force of their ruling by departing from established standards
    • This is reminiscent of the decision in another high-profile case-the infamous Bush v. Gore, which the Justices have failed to cite in even a single majority, concurring, or dissenting opinion since it was decided. Bush v. Gore, 531 U. S. 98, 109 (2000) (per curiam). See also Richard L. Hasen, A Critical Guide to Bush v. Gore Scholarship, 7 ANN. REV. POL. SCI. 297 (2004). In that case, addressing a matter of intense political controversy-with the outcome of the 2000 presidential election hanging in the balance-the Court majority abandoned its longstanding adherence to principles of federalism when it overturned a decision of the Florida Supreme Court on an issue of well-established state interest and judicial primacy. The Court majority relied on a rationale grounded in, and explicitly limited by, its own assessment of the particular facts presented. Id. In Winter, the Court majority not only jettisoned traditional standards of appellate review in disputing the trial court's fact-finding, but it ignored the underlying state decision by the California Coastal Commission-the state agency responsible for protection of coastal waters under the Coastal Zone Management Act's cooperative state-federal statutory scheme-out of which the litigation had arisen. In both cases, the Court majorities weakened the precedential force of their ruling by departing from established standards.
  • 8
    • 72949090030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Brief for the Petitioners at 22-26, Winter, No. 07-1239 arguing that CEQ legally issued '"alternative arrangements' for NEPA compliance", available at
    • See Brief for the Petitioners at 22-26, Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365 (No. 07-1239) (arguing that CEQ legally issued '"alternative arrangements' for NEPA compliance"), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2008/3mer/ 2mer/2007-1239.mer.aa.pdf.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 365
  • 9
    • 72949096438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 378-380.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 378-380
    • Winter1
  • 10
    • 72949090030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Petition for a Writ of Certiorari at I, No. 07-1239 requesting the Supreme Court to review whether "the preliminary injunction... is inconsistent with established equitable principles limiting discretionary injunctive relief
    • See Petition for a Writ of Certiorari at I, Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365 (No. 07-1239) (requesting the Supreme Court to review whether "the preliminary injunction... is inconsistent with established equitable principles limiting discretionary injunctive relief);
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 365
    • Winter1
  • 11
    • 72949102946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief for the Petitioners, supra note 6, at 55 asking the Supreme Court to vacate the entire injunction and concluding that the "judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed, and the case should be remanded with instructions to vacate the preliminary injunction"
    • Brief for the Petitioners, supra note 6, at 55 (asking the Supreme Court to vacate the entire injunction and concluding that the "judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed, and the case should be remanded with instructions to vacate the preliminary injunction").
  • 12
    • 77954411010 scopus 로고
    • Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 313, affirming a district court's broad equitable discretion to determine appropriate relief "unless a statue in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court's jurisdiction in equity." Otherwise, "the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied." internal citations omitted
    • Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U. S. 305, 313 (1982) (affirming a district court's broad equitable discretion to determine appropriate relief "[u]nless a statue in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court's jurisdiction in equity." Otherwise, "the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied." (internal citations omitted)).
    • (1982) U. S. , vol.456 , pp. 305
  • 13
    • 72949112580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Submarines, sonar, and the death of whales: Enforcing the delicate balance of environmental compliance and national security in military training
    • See generally, 760-70
    • See generally Joel R. Reynolds, Submarines, Sonar, and the Death of Whales: Enforcing the Delicate Balance of Environmental Compliance and National Security in Military Training, 32 Wm. & Mary Envtl. & Pol'y Rev. 759, 760-70 (2008).
    • (2008) Wm. & Mary Envtl. & Pol'y Rev , vol.32 , pp. 759
    • Reynolds, J.R.1
  • 14
    • 37549030372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, available at, There are numerous stranding events associated with military sonar use, including those documented in the Canary Islands 1985-1991, 2002, 2004, Greece 1996, 1997, Virgin Islands 1999, Bahamas 2000, Madeira 2000, Washington 2003, Kauai 2004, North Carolina 2005 and Spain 2006
    • See Michael Jasny et al., Sounding the Depths II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean noise on Marine Life 5-12 (2005), available at http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sound/sound.pdf. There are numerous stranding events associated with military sonar use, including those documented in the Canary Islands (1985-1991, 2002, 2004), Greece (1996, 1997), Virgin Islands (1999), Bahamas (2000), Madeira (2000), Washington (2003), Kauai (2004), North Carolina (2005) and Spain (2006).
    • (2005) Sounding the Depths II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine Life , pp. 5-12
    • Jasny, M.1
  • 15
    • 72949095762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 8-9.
  • 17
    • 72949088074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 18
    • 72949098401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 19
    • 72949097960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 667 9th Cir
    • See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 667 (9th Cir. 2008).
    • (2008) F.3d , vol.518 , pp. 658
  • 20
    • 72949083395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supra note 11, at 11
    • Jasny, supra note 11, at 11.
    • Jasny1
  • 21
    • 72949108790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 7.
  • 23
    • 84884567305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, N. D. Cal
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d 1129 (N. D. Cal. 2003).
    • (2003) F. Supp. 2d , vol.279 , pp. 1129
  • 24
    • 72949103167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 25
    • 72949100861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 26
    • 72949102325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 1054 N. D. Cal
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 232 F. Supp. 2d 1003, 1054 (N. D. Cal. 2002).
    • (2002) F. Supp. 2d , vol.232 , pp. 1003
  • 27
    • 72949112872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evans
    • Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d at 1192.
    • F. Supp. 2d , vol.279 , pp. 1192
  • 28
    • 72949090263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 1191-92.
  • 29
    • 72949106784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Navy's Supplemental EIS can be found at
    • The Navy's Supplemental EIS can be found at http://www.surtass-lfa-eis. com/Download/index.htm.
  • 30
    • 72949122440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Gutierrez, No. C-07-04771, 2008 WL 360852 N. D. Cal. Feb. 6
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Gutierrez, No. C-07-04771, 2008 WL 360852 (N. D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2008).
    • (2008)
  • 31
    • 72949095540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, No. C-07-04771, available at
    • Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, Gutierrez, 2008 WL 360852 (No. C-07-04771), available at http://docs.nrdc.org/water/files/wat-08081201a.pdf.
    • 2008 WL 360852
    • Gutierrez1
  • 32
    • 72949093888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whereas LFA sonar operates at frequencies less than 1 kilohertz, MFA sonar operates at frequencies between 1 and 10 kilohertz. MFA sonar is widely deployed throughout the world's navies, including the U. S. Navy. While LFA sonar is potentially more dangerous because of the sonar's broader geographic range, the use of LFA sonar is currently limited to two specific areas in the Pacific Ocean
    • Whereas LFA sonar operates at frequencies less than 1 kilohertz, MFA sonar operates at frequencies between 1 and 10 kilohertz. MFA sonar is widely deployed throughout the world's navies, including the U. S. Navy. While LFA sonar is potentially more dangerous because of the sonar's broader geographic range, the use of LFA sonar is currently limited to two specific areas in the Pacific Ocean.
  • 33
    • 72949118754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, supra note 27. Thus, the ubiquitous nature of MFA sonar increases the likelihood of harm relative to LFA sonar
    • See Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, supra note 27. Thus, the ubiquitous nature of MFA sonar increases the likelihood of harm relative to LFA sonar.
  • 34
    • 72949112339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, supra note 9, at 20-26
    • See Jasny, supra note 9, at 20-26.
    • Jasny1
  • 35
    • 72949095764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513, Oct. 19, available at
    • Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 (CD. Cal. Oct. 19, 2005), available at http://www.nrdc.org/media/docs/051019.pdf.
    • (2005) CD. Cal
  • 36
    • 72949114391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporary restraining order, Natural res. Def. Council v. Winter, no. Cv06-4131
    • July 3, available at
    • Temporary Restraining Order, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 (CD. Cal. July 3, 2006), available at http://www.nrdc.org/media/docs/ 060703.pdf.
    • (2006) CD. Cal
  • 37
    • 72949108996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Agreement, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131, July 7, on file with author
    • Settlement Agreement, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 (CD. Cal. July 7, 2006) (on file with author).
    • (2006) CD. Cal
  • 38
    • 72949121575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporary Restraining Order, supra note 30
    • Temporary Restraining Order, supra note 30.
  • 39
    • 72949085633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 40
    • 72949103793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Agreement, supra note 31
    • Settlement Agreement, supra note 31.
  • 41
    • 72949124057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV07-0335, Mar. 22, on file with author
    • Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV07-0335 (CD. Cal. Mar. 22, 2007) (on file with author).
    • (2007) CD. Cal
  • 42
    • 72949103792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As required by the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Navy submitted a consistency determination to the CCC with respect to the non-sonar aspects of the SOCAL exercises. In response, the CCC imposed mitigation measures intended to lessen the impacts of sonar on California's marine wildlife. When the Navy refused to comply with the mitigation measures, the CCC brought suit
    • As required by the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Navy submitted a consistency determination to the CCC with respect to the non-sonar aspects of the SOCAL exercises. In response, the CCC imposed mitigation measures intended to lessen the impacts of sonar on California's marine wildlife. When the Navy refused to comply with the mitigation measures, the CCC brought suit.
  • 43
    • 72949119836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complaint, Cal. Coastal Comm'n v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, No. CV07-01899, Mar. 7
    • Complaint, Cal. Coastal Comm'n v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, No. CV07-01899 (CD. Cal. Mar. 7, 2007).
    • (2007) CD. Cal
  • 44
    • 72949116877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complaint, supra note 34, at 36-38, 43-44
    • Complaint, supra note 34, at 36-38, 43-44.
  • 45
    • 72949108351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 40-41.
  • 46
    • 72949111904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *, Aug. 7
    • *10 (CD. Cal. Aug. 7, 2007).
    • (2007) CD. Cal , pp. 10
  • 48
    • 72949090264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *
    • *9.
  • 49
    • 72949114973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *
    • *10.
  • 50
    • 72949095541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 9th Cir
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 502 F.3d 859 (9th Cir. 2007).
    • (2007) F.3d , vol.502 , pp. 859
  • 51
    • 72949094536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 887 9th Cir
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 508 F.3d 885, 887 (9th Cir. 2007).
    • (2007) F.3d , vol.508 , pp. 885
  • 52
    • 72949114773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 53
    • 84890507138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 1222-23 CD. Cal
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1222-23 (CD. Cal. 2008).
    • (2008) F. Supp. 2d , vol.527 , pp. 1216
  • 54
    • 84890489312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 1119-1121 CD. Cal
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 530 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1119-1121 (CD. Cal. 2008).
    • (2008) F. Supp. 2d , vol.530 , pp. 1110
  • 55
    • 72949103362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 56
    • 72949084712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • c B
    • 16 U. S. C. § 1456 (c) (1) (B) (2006).
    • (2006) U. S. C. , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 1456
  • 57
    • 72949104238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Where emergency circumstances make it necessary to take an action with significant environmental impact without observing the provisions of these regulations, the Federal agency taking the action should consult with the Council about alternative arrangements."
    • 40 C. F. R. § 1506.11 (2008) ("Where emergency circumstances make it necessary to take an action with significant environmental impact without observing the provisions of these regulations, the Federal agency taking the action should consult with the Council about alternative arrangements.").
    • (2008) C. F. R. , vol.40 , Issue.11 , pp. 1506
  • 58
    • 72949117104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As Plaintiffs argued, the Navy's claims are disputed by the fact that it has implemented similar mitigation measures in previous training exercises
    • As Plaintiffs argued, the Navy's claims are disputed by the fact that it has implemented similar mitigation measures in previous training exercises.
  • 59
    • 72949123554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Final Comprehensive Overseas Environmental Assessment for Major Atlantic Fleet Training Exercises February 2006, prepared for United States Fleet Forces Command in accordance with Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 5090. IB pursuant to Executive Order 12114 on file with author
    • See Final Comprehensive Overseas Environmental Assessment for Major Atlantic Fleet Training Exercises February 2006 (2006) (prepared for United States Fleet Forces Command in accordance with Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 5090. IB pursuant to Executive Order 12114) (on file with author);
    • (2006)
  • 60
    • 72949084502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlantic Fleet Exercises Using Mid-Frequency Sonar Mitigation Chart, on file with author
    • Atlantic Fleet Exercises Using Mid-Frequency Sonar Mitigation Chart (2006) (on file with author);
    • (2006)
  • 61
    • 63749083718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises
    • see also
    • see also Sarah J. Dolman, Caroline R. Weir & Michael Jasny, Comparative Review of Marine Mammal Guidance Implemented during Naval Exercises, 58 MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 465-477 (2009).
    • (2009) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.58 , pp. 465-477
    • Dolman, S.J.1    Weir, C.R.2    Jasny, M.3
  • 62
    • 84890507138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, CD. Cal
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216 (CD. Cal. 2008).
    • (2008) F. Supp. 2d , vol.527 , pp. 1216
  • 63
    • 72949097960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 9th Cir
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658 (9th Cir. 2008).
    • (2008) F.3d , vol.518 , pp. 658
  • 64
    • 72949099376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, concluding that "the district court here carefully balanced the significant interests and hardships at stake to ensure that the Navy could continue to train without causing undue harm to the environment"
    • Id. at 697-98, 703 (concluding that "the district court here carefully balanced the significant interests and hardships at stake to ensure that the Navy could continue to train without causing undue harm to the environment").
    • , vol.703 , pp. 697-698
  • 65
    • 72949119411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ninth Circuit modified the 2200-yard shut-down requirement by allowing the Navy to continue the use of sonar at a critical point in an exercise but requiring the Navy to power-down sonar by six decibels if a marine mammal was detected within 1100 yards, with additional power-downs at closer ranges
    • The Ninth Circuit modified the 2200-yard shut-down requirement by allowing the Navy to continue the use of sonar at a critical point in an exercise but requiring the Navy to power-down sonar by six decibels if a marine mammal was detected within 1100 yards, with additional power-downs at closer ranges.
  • 66
    • 72949101101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. The court also modified the six-decibel power-down requirement during surface ducting conditions by requiring the Navy to power-down its sonar only if a marine mammal was actually detected
    • Id. The court also modified the six-decibel power-down requirement during surface ducting conditions by requiring the Navy to power-down its sonar only if a marine mammal was actually detected.
  • 67
    • 72949101315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 68
    • 79952836089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 375
    • Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 129 S. Ct. 365, 375 (2008).
    • (2008) S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 365
  • 69
    • 72949090463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 378, 381.
    • , vol.378 , pp. 381
  • 70
    • 72949095992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 71
    • 72949123823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 382.
  • 72
    • 72949085194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 378.
  • 73
    • 72949089383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 74
    • 72949123553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito joined
    • Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito joined.
  • 75
    • 72949087838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 365.
  • 76
    • 72949113521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part. Justice Breyer found: 1 that the evidence supporting the need for the two measures was "weak or uncertain. "
    • Id. at 386 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). Justice Breyer found: (1) that the evidence supporting the need for the two measures was "weak or uncertain. "
  • 77
    • 72949086293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 383;
  • 78
    • 72949097108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 that the Navy's declarants made a "strong case" that the measures "would seriously interfere with necessary defense training."
    • (2) that the Navy's declarants made a "strong case" that the measures "would seriously interfere with necessary defense training."
  • 79
    • 72949116016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 384;
  • 80
    • 72949117963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 "the District Court did not explain why it rejected the Navy's affidavit-supported contentions."
    • (3) "[t]he District Court did not explain why it rejected the Navy's affidavit-supported contentions."
  • 81
    • 72949098913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.
    • Id.
  • 82
    • 72949086983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 the Ninth Circuit's effort to supply explanations for rejecting the Navy's contentions was "not sufficient."
    • (4) the Ninth Circuit's effort to supply explanations for rejecting the Navy's contentions was "not sufficient."
  • 83
    • 72949107486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 385;
  • 84
    • 72949110270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 "neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals explained why we should reject the Navy's assertions that it cannot effectively conduct its training exercises under the mitigation conditions imposed by the District Court."
    • "Neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals explained why we should reject the Navy's assertions that it cannot effectively conduct its training exercises under the mitigation conditions imposed by the District Court."
  • 85
    • 72949084501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 386.
  • 86
    • 72949113963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 386-387.
  • 87
    • 72949106120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, Ginsburg, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 387 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
  • 88
    • 72949098509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 393.
  • 89
    • 72949084500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, majority opinion
    • Id. at 375 (majority opinion).
  • 90
    • 72949100416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. emphasis in original
    • Id. (emphasis in original)
  • 91
    • 84882299403 scopus 로고
    • citing Los Angeles v. Lyons, 103
    • (citing Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U. S. 95, 103 (1983);
    • (1983) U. S. , vol.461 , pp. 95
  • 92
    • 72949110462 scopus 로고
    • Inc. v. Teamsters, 441
    • Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Teamsters, 415 U. S. 423, 441 (1974);
    • (1974) U. S. , vol.415 , pp. 423
    • Foods, G.G.1
  • 93
    • 84869481667 scopus 로고
    • O'Shea v. Littleton, 502
    • O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U. S. 488, 502 (1974)).
    • (1974) U. S. , vol.414 , pp. 488
  • 94
    • 72949094760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 376
  • 95
    • 72949097960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • citing Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 696-97 9th Cir
    • (citing Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 696-97 (9th Cir. 2008)).
    • (2008) F.3d , vol.518 , pp. 658
  • 96
    • 72949112120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dept. of Parks and Rec. for State of Cal.v. Bazaar Del Mundo, Inc., 1123-24 9th Cir, quoting Arcamuzi v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 819 F.2d 935, 937 9th Cir. 1987
    • Dept. of Parks and Rec. for State of Cal.v. Bazaar Del Mundo, Inc., 448 F.3d 1118, 1123-24 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Arcamuzi v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 819 F.2d 935, 937 (9th Cir. 1987)).
    • (2006) F.3d , vol.448 , pp. 1118
  • 97
    • 72949112801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g.. Electronic Frontier Found, v. Office of the Dir. of Nat. Intelligence, 1185 N. D. Cal, holding that "a party seeking a preliminary injunction always must show that a significant threat of irreparable harm exists"
    • See, e.g.. Electronic Frontier Found, v. Office of the Dir. of Nat. Intelligence, 542 F. Supp. 2d 1181, 1185 (N. D. Cal. 2008) (holding that "a party seeking a preliminary injunction always must show that a significant threat of irreparable harm exists");
    • (2008) F. Supp. 2d , vol.542 , pp. 1181
  • 98
    • 72949086294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valvanis v. Milgroom, 1210 D. Haw, holding that the party seeking a preliminary injunction "must demonstrate a significant threat of irreparable injury"
    • Valvanis v. Milgroom, 529 F. Supp. 2d 1206, 1210 (D. Haw. 2007) (holding that the party seeking a preliminary injunction "must demonstrate a significant threat of irreparable injury");
    • (2007) F. Supp. 2d , vol.529 , pp. 1206
  • 99
    • 72949104454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walker v. Woodford, 1030 S. D. Cal, holding that to obtain a preliminary injunction, "the movant must demonstrate, at a minimum, a significant threat of irreparable injury"
    • Walker v. Woodford, 454 F. Supp. 2d 1007, 1030 (S. D. Cal. 2006) (holding that to obtain a preliminary injunction, "the movant must demonstrate, at a minimum, a significant threat of irreparable injury");
    • (2006) F. Supp. 2d , vol.454 , pp. 1007
  • 100
    • 72949087632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liegman v. Cal. Teachers Ass'n, 925 N. D. Cal, holding that "to justify the grant of injunctive relief a plaintiff must show a significant threat of irreparable injury" internal quotation omitted
    • Liegman v. Cal. Teachers Ass'n, 395 F. Supp. 2d 922, 925 (N. D. Cal. 2005) (holding that "to justify the grant of injunctive relief a plaintiff must show a significant threat of irreparable injury" (internal quotation omitted)).
    • (2005) F. Supp. 2d , vol.395 , pp. 922
  • 101
    • 72949083619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 382.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 382
    • Winter1
  • 102
    • 72949101314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 378.
  • 103
    • 72949113099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 104
    • 72949107717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 105
    • 72949106121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 381.
  • 106
    • 72949084935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 368.
  • 107
    • 72949098912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, The majority then detailed several ways in which the lower courts' opinions fell short, including balancing the equities in a "cursory fashion, failing to give "sufficient weight to the views of several top Navy officers" regarding the 2200-yard shut-down, using "backwards" reasoning and "understating the burden" in evaluating the six-decibel surface ducting power-down, and wrongly concluding that the Navy's use of mitigation measures in the past meant that "more intrusive restrictions posed no threat to preparedness for war."
    • Id. at 377. The majority then detailed several ways in which the lower courts' opinions fell short, including balancing the equities in a "cursory fashion," failing to give "sufficient weight to the views of several top Navy officers" regarding the 2200-yard shut-down, using "backwards" reasoning and "understat[ing] the burden" in evaluating the six-decibel surface ducting power-down, and wrongly concluding that the Navy's use of mitigation measures in the past meant that "more intrusive restrictions pose[d] no threat to preparedness for war."
  • 108
    • 72949092364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 368, 378-80.
    • , vol.368 , pp. 378-380
  • 109
    • 36048992953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Loving v. United States, 768, stating that "it would be contrary to the respect owed the President as Commander in Chief to hold that he may not be given wide discretion and authority"
    • See, e.g., Loving v. United States, 517 U. S. 748, 768 (1996) (stating that "it would be contrary to the respect owed the President as Commander in Chief to hold that he may not be given wide discretion and authority");
    • (1996) U. S. , vol.517 , pp. 748
  • 110
    • 72949105023 scopus 로고
    • see also Goldman v. Weinberger, giving "great deference to the professional judgment of military authorities concerning the relative importance of a particular military interest"
    • see also Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U. S. 503 (1986) (giving "great deference to the professional judgment of military authorities concerning the relative importance of a particular military interest").
    • (1986) U. S. , vol.475 , pp. 503
  • 111
    • 84890507138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Resources Defense Council v. Winter, 1223 CD. Cal
    • Natural Resources Defense Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1223 (CD. Cal. 2008);
    • (2008) F. Supp. 2d , vol.527 , pp. 1216
  • 112
    • 72949118535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 387 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 387
    • Winter1
  • 113
    • 72949087401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Washington County v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, 633 E. D. N. C, finding the balance of harm "significantly weighted in Plaintiffs' favor" despite the Navy's argument that a preliminary injunction would "deprive the Navy of its mission to protect the interests of the United States and to train its pilots"
    • See, e.g., Washington County v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, 317 F. Supp. 2d 626, 633 (E. D. N. C. 2004) (finding the balance of harm "significantly weighted in Plaintiffs' favor" despite the Navy's argument that a preliminary injunction would "deprive the Navy of its mission to protect the interests of the United States and to train its pilots");
    • (2004) F. Supp. 2d , vol.317 , pp. 626
  • 114
    • 84884567305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 1191 N. D. Cal, "A tailored injunction reconciles the very compelling interests on both sides of this case, by enabling the Navy to continue to train with and test LFA sonar as it needs to do, while taking some additional measures to better protect against harm to marine life."
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d 1129, 1191 (N. D. Cal. 2003) ("A tailored injunction reconciles the very compelling interests on both sides of this case, by enabling the Navy to continue to train with and test LFA sonar as it needs to do, while taking some additional measures to better protect against harm to marine life.");
    • (2003) F. Supp. 2d , vol.279 , pp. 1129
  • 115
    • 72949083185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Makua v. Rumsfeld, 1221 D. Haw, "Although the court recognizes the importance of national security and live-fire training, the potential harm to the Army resulting from a brief preliminary injunction will not be significant."
    • Makua v. Rumsfeld, 163 F. Supp. 2d 1202, 1221 (D. Haw. 2001) ("Although the court recognizes the importance of national security and live-fire training, the potential harm to the Army resulting from a brief preliminary injunction will not be significant.");
    • (2001) F. Supp. 2d , vol.163 , pp. 1202
  • 116
    • 72949100207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cal. Coastal Coram'n v. United States, 1112 S. D. Cal, granting preliminary injunction despite Navy arguments that the injunction "may 1 imperil national security... or 2 result in loss of or injury to seaman"
    • Cal. Coastal Coram'n v. United States, 5 F. Supp. 2d 1106, 1112 (S. D. Cal. 1998) (granting preliminary injunction despite Navy arguments that the injunction "may 1) imperil national security... or 2) result in loss of or injury to seaman");
    • (1998) F. Supp. 2d , vol.5 , pp. 1106
  • 117
    • 72949108120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McVeigh v. Cohen, 61 D. D. C, recognizing that "deference to the military does not deprive courts of their authority to grant equitable relief
    • McVeigh v. Cohen, 996 F. Supp. 59, 61 (D. D. C. 1998) (recognizing that "deference to the military does not deprive courts of their authority to grant equitable relief);
    • (1998) F. Supp. , vol.996 , pp. 59
  • 118
    • 0022435264 scopus 로고
    • Found. of Econ. Trends v. Weinberger, 884 D. D. C, "Balancing the environmental considerations of NEPA against these defense concerns, this ruling is narrowly tailored to take those matters into account." citation omitted
    • Found. of Econ. Trends v. Weinberger, 610 F. Supp. 829, 884 (D. D. C. 1985) ("Balancing the environmental considerations of NEPA against these defense concerns, this ruling is narrowly tailored to take those matters into account." (citation omitted)).
    • (1985) F. Supp. , vol.610 , pp. 829
  • 119
    • 72949085853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also, supra note 10, at 760-70
    • See also Reynolds, supra note 10, at 760-70.
    • Reynolds1
  • 120
    • 72949096438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 378.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 378
    • Winter1
  • 122
    • 84866677882 scopus 로고
    • Anderson v. Bessemer City, 573, "The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty under Rule 52 a if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court."
    • Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U. S. 564, 573 (1985) ("The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty under Rule 52 (a) if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court.");
    • (1985) U. S. , vol.470 , pp. 564
  • 123
    • 84957894249 scopus 로고
    • see also United States v. U. S. Gypsum Co., 395, "A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
    • see also United States v. U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. 364, 395 (1948) ("A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.").
    • (1948) U. S. , vol.333 , pp. 364
  • 124
    • 84873918421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Easley v. Cromartie, 242, citing Anderson, 470 U. S. at 573 and U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395
    • Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U. S. 234, 242 (2001) (citing Anderson, 470 U. S. at 573 and U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395);
    • (2001) U. S. , vol.532 , pp. 234
  • 125
    • 33745718377 scopus 로고
    • Concrete pipe and prods, of cal.
    • see also, Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 622, "A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing body on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
    • see also Concrete Pipe and Prods, of Cal., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 508 U. S. 602, 622 (1993) ("A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing [body] on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
    • (1993) U. S. , vol.508 , pp. 602
  • 126
    • 84893551130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • citing U. S. Gypsum Co.
    • (citing U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395)).
    • U. S. , vol.333 , pp. 395
  • 127
    • 72949094759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoting Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U. S. 1, 10 1973
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 377 (quoting Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U. S. 1, 10 (1973)).
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 377
    • Winter1
  • 128
    • 72949099961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anderson, 470 U. S. at 574.
    • U. S. , vol.470 , pp. 574
    • Anderson1
  • 129
    • 72949112119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 CD. Cal. Oct. 19
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 (CD. Cal. Oct. 19, 2005);
    • (2005)
  • 130
    • 72949124735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV0694131 CD. Cal. June 28
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV0694131 (CD. Cal. June 28, 2006).
    • (2006)
  • 131
    • 72949083184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 376.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 376
    • Winter1
  • 132
    • 72949086064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
    • Id. at 383 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 133
    • 72949119619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 134
    • 72949091548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, emphasis in original
    • Id. at 384 (emphasis in original).
  • 135
    • 72949101099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, majority opinion
    • Id. at 381 (majority opinion).
  • 136
    • 72949102326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 137
    • 77954411010 scopus 로고
    • citing Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 313, "A federal judge sitting as chancellor is not mechanically obligated to grant an injunction for every violation of law."
    • (citing Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U. S. 305, 313 (1982) ("[A] federal judge sitting as chancellor is not mechanically obligated to grant an injunction for every violation of law.")).
    • (1982) U. S. , vol.456 , pp. 305
  • 138
    • 72949107716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 139
    • 72949121998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 382.
  • 140
    • 72949091335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 141
    • 72949088293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 381.
  • 142
    • 72949123615 scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Siena Club v. Hennessy, 648 2d Cir, "A violation of NEPA does not necessarily require a reflexive resort to the drastic remedy of an injunction. In such cases, this Court has recognized that it must entertain normal consideration relative to the grant of equitable relief."
    • See, e.g., Siena Club v. Hennessy, 695 F.2d 643, 648 (2d Cir. 1982) ("A violation of NEPA does not necessarily require a reflexive resort to the drastic remedy of an injunction. In such cases, this Court has recognized that it must entertain normal consideration relative to the grant of equitable relief.").
    • (1982) F.2d , vol.695 , pp. 643
  • 143
    • 72949100631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nat. Audubon Soc'y v. Navy, 4th Cir
    • Nat. Audubon Soc'y v. Navy, 422 F.3d 174 (4th Cir. 2005).
    • (2005) F.3d , vol.422 , pp. 174
  • 144
    • 72949103575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 183.
  • 145
    • 72949093665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 207.
  • 146
    • 72949094317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 202.
  • 147
    • 72949098403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 203.
  • 148
    • 72949106585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 202-207.
  • 149
    • 72949116669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, Nos. 07-16458, 07-16492, 07-16725, 2009 WL 1782972 9th Cir. June 24
    • Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, Nos. 07-16458, 07-16492, 07-16725, 2009 WL 1782972 (9th Cir. June 24, 2009).
    • (2009)
  • 150
    • 72949087837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *
    • *3.
  • 151
    • 72949097959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 152
    • 72949101100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *
    • *4.
  • 153
    • 72949111482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • *, quotation and citation omitted
    • *5 (quotation and citation omitted).
  • 154
    • 79952836089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 381
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365, 381 (2008).
    • (2008) S. Ct , vol.129 , pp. 365
  • 155
    • 72949112800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
    • Id. at 383 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 156
    • 72949118392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 383-86.
  • 157
    • 72949103168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 387.
  • 158
    • 72949092363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 382-83.
  • 159
    • 72949084934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at
    • Id. at 387.
  • 160
    • 72949096439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 161
    • 72949100208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 162
    • 72949086507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For arguments to the contrary
    • For arguments to the contrary
  • 163
    • 72949100415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hawaii lawyers: Supreme court sonar decision sets national security as paramount
    • Dec. 10, available at "The Navy and its leaders-not judges-should determine how best to defend our nation. "
    • see Hawaii Lawyers: Supreme Court Sonar Decision Sets National Security As Paramount, PR NEWSWKE, Dec. 10, 2008, available at http://news.prnewswire. con/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=l 09&STORY=/www/story/12-10-2008/000494 0157&EDATE=("[T]he Navy and its leaders-not judges-should determine how best to defend our nation. ");
    • (2008) Pr Newswke
  • 164
    • 72949112874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The greens get harpooned
    • Nov. 13, "We are very close to making judges co-Secretaries of Defense."
    • Editorial, The Greens Get Harpooned, WALL ST. J., Nov. 13, 2008, at A18 ("We are very close to making judges co-Secretaries of Defense.").
    • (2008) Wall St. J.
    • Editorial1
  • 165
    • 72949118535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specifically, the majority did not address whether the Navy violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EIS or whether a demonstration of species-level harm is required for injunctive relief. In addition, the majority opinion did not address the lower courts' irreparable harm finding or the finding that NRDC was likely to succeed on the merits, instead overturning the two challenged measures on the basis that the district court did not properly balance the harms to the parties and the public interest
    • Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 387. Specifically, the majority did not address whether the Navy violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EIS or whether a demonstration of species-level harm is required for injunctive relief. In addition, the majority opinion did not address the lower courts' irreparable harm finding or the finding that NRDC was likely to succeed on the merits, instead overturning the two challenged measures on the basis that the district court did not properly balance the harms to the parties and the public interest.
    • S. Ct. , vol.129 , pp. 387
    • Winter1
  • 166
    • 72949096671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 167
    • 72949104804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at, Ginsburg, J., dissenting
    • Id. at 387 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
  • 168
    • 72949115804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also id, "The Navy's publication of its EIS in this case, scheduled to occur after the 14 exercises are completed, defeats NEPA's informational and participatory purposes." emphasis in original
    • See also id. at 390 ("The Navy's publication of its EIS in this case, scheduled to occur after the 14 exercises are completed, defeats NEPA's informational and participatory purposes." (emphasis in original)).
  • 169
    • 18844426603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic substances control act
    • See, e.g., §
    • See, e.g., Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U. S. C. § 2621;
    • U. S. C. , vol.15 , pp. 2621
  • 170
    • 72949102720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coastal zone management act
    • c 1 b
    • Coastal Zone Management Act, 16 U. S. C.§ 1456 (c) (1) (b);
    • U. S. C. , vol.16 , pp. 1456
  • 171
    • 84899072540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endangered Species Act, §, j
    • Endangered Species Act, 16 U. S. C. § 1536 (j);
    • U. S. C. , vol.16 , pp. 1536
  • 172
    • 33645488324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clean Water Act, §, a
    • Clean Water Act, 33 U. S. C. § 1323 (a);
    • U. S. C. , vol.33 , pp. 1323
  • 173
    • 72949092568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safe Drinking Water Act, §, a
    • Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 U. S. C. § 300j-6 (a);
    • U. S. C. , vol.42
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    • Resource conservation and recovery act
    • a
    • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U. S. C. § 6961 (a);
    • U. S. C. , vol.42 , pp. 6961
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    • Clean air act
    • b
    • Clean Air Act, 42 U. S. C. § 7417 (b);
    • U. S. C. , vol.42 , pp. 7417
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    • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, §, j
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    • Id. at
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    • Id. at
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    • Id. at, The Navy did finalize an EIS and issued a record of decision in January 2009 accepting the preferred alternative for training off the coast of Southern California
    • Id. at 387. The Navy did finalize an EIS and issued a record of decision in January 2009 accepting the preferred alternative for training off the coast of Southern California.
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    • Notice of record of decision for southern California range complex
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    • See, Dec. 10, available at, "The Navy and its leaders-not judgesshould determine how best to defend our nation.
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    • The greens get harpooned
    • Nov. 13, "We are very close to making judges co-Secretaries of Defense."
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    • See, e.g., 'lio'Ulaokalani Coal. v. Rumsfeld, 1086 9th Cir
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    • (1985) F.2d , vol.770 , pp. 423
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    • Foundation of Econ. Trends v. Weinberger, 843-44 D. D. C
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    • See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Gutierrez, No. C-07-4771, 2008 WL 360852 N. D. Cal. Feb. 6
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    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 C. D. Cal. July 3, available at
    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 (C. D. Cal. July 3, 2006), available at http://www.nrdc.org/media/docs/060703.pdf;
    • (2006)
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    • Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, N. D. Cal
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    • see also Boumediene v. Bush
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    • Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 637, Kennedy, J., concurring "Respect for laws derived from the customary operation of the Executive and Legislative Branches gives some assurance of stability in time of crisis. The Constitution is best preserved by reliance on standards tested over time and insulated from the pressures of the moment."
    • Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U. S. 557, 637 (2006) (Kennedy, J., concurring) ("Respect for laws derived from the customary operation of the Executive and Legislative Branches gives some assurance of stability in time of crisis. The Constitution is best preserved by reliance on standards tested over time and insulated from the pressures of the moment.").
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