-
1
-
-
79952836089
-
-
Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 378
-
Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 129 S. Ct. 365, 378 (2008).
-
(2008)
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 365
-
-
-
2
-
-
72949123824
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 375.
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
72949096212
-
-
Id. The majority's reliance on the Navy's claim that there is no evidence that sonar has harmed marine mammals in Southern California disregards the evidence presented to the lower courts and the Navy's own admissions. The Navy itself predicted over 450 injuries to marine mammals and 170, 000 instances of significant behavioral disruption in its own environmental assessment EA for the project. Further, as noted by the Ninth Circuit, while there have been no documented sonar-related mass strandings in Southern California, "the scientific consensus that mid-frequency active MFA sonar may cause injury and death to marine mammals combined with the evidence that such injury, absent a stranding, is difficult to detect-especially in the case of the vulnerable beaked whale-further disproves the suggestion that the harm caused by MFA sonar in the SOCAL exercises is merely speculative."
-
Id. The majority's reliance on the Navy's claim that there is no evidence that sonar has harmed marine mammals in Southern California disregards the evidence presented to the lower courts and the Navy's own admissions. The Navy itself predicted over 450 injuries to marine mammals and 170, 000 instances of significant behavioral disruption in its own environmental assessment (EA) for the project. Further, as noted by the Ninth Circuit, while there have been no documented sonar-related mass strandings in Southern California, "the scientific consensus that [mid-frequency active] MFA sonar may cause injury and death to marine mammals combined with the evidence that such injury, absent a stranding, is difficult to detect-especially in the case of the vulnerable beaked whale-further disproves the suggestion that the harm caused by MFA sonar in the SOCAL exercises is merely speculative."
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
72949097960
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Winter, 696-97 9th Cir, Chief Justice Roberts' majority opinion ignores this evidence
-
Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 696-97 (9th Cir. 2008). Chief Justice Roberts' majority opinion ignores this evidence.
-
(2008)
F.3d
, vol.518
, pp. 658
-
-
-
5
-
-
72949102947
-
-
See infra notes 9-14, 81 and accompanying text
-
See infra notes 9-14, 81 and accompanying text.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
72949108576
-
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 381.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 381
-
-
Winter1
-
7
-
-
3142698550
-
-
Id. In Winter, the Court majority not only jettisoned traditional standards of appellate review in disputing the trial court's fact-finding, but it ignored the underlying state decision by the California Coastal Commission-the state agency responsible for protection of coastal waters under the Coastal Zone Management Act's cooperative state-federal statutory scheme-out of which the litigation had arisen. In both cases, the Court majorities weakened the precedential force of their ruling by departing from established standards
-
This is reminiscent of the decision in another high-profile case-the infamous Bush v. Gore, which the Justices have failed to cite in even a single majority, concurring, or dissenting opinion since it was decided. Bush v. Gore, 531 U. S. 98, 109 (2000) (per curiam). See also Richard L. Hasen, A Critical Guide to Bush v. Gore Scholarship, 7 ANN. REV. POL. SCI. 297 (2004). In that case, addressing a matter of intense political controversy-with the outcome of the 2000 presidential election hanging in the balance-the Court majority abandoned its longstanding adherence to principles of federalism when it overturned a decision of the Florida Supreme Court on an issue of well-established state interest and judicial primacy. The Court majority relied on a rationale grounded in, and explicitly limited by, its own assessment of the particular facts presented. Id. In Winter, the Court majority not only jettisoned traditional standards of appellate review in disputing the trial court's fact-finding, but it ignored the underlying state decision by the California Coastal Commission-the state agency responsible for protection of coastal waters under the Coastal Zone Management Act's cooperative state-federal statutory scheme-out of which the litigation had arisen. In both cases, the Court majorities weakened the precedential force of their ruling by departing from established standards.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
72949090030
-
-
See Brief for the Petitioners at 22-26, Winter, No. 07-1239 arguing that CEQ legally issued '"alternative arrangements' for NEPA compliance", available at
-
See Brief for the Petitioners at 22-26, Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365 (No. 07-1239) (arguing that CEQ legally issued '"alternative arrangements' for NEPA compliance"), available at http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2008/3mer/ 2mer/2007-1239.mer.aa.pdf.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 365
-
-
-
9
-
-
72949096438
-
-
See
-
See Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 378-380.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 378-380
-
-
Winter1
-
10
-
-
72949090030
-
-
See Petition for a Writ of Certiorari at I, No. 07-1239 requesting the Supreme Court to review whether "the preliminary injunction... is inconsistent with established equitable principles limiting discretionary injunctive relief
-
See Petition for a Writ of Certiorari at I, Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365 (No. 07-1239) (requesting the Supreme Court to review whether "the preliminary injunction... is inconsistent with established equitable principles limiting discretionary injunctive relief);
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 365
-
-
Winter1
-
11
-
-
72949102946
-
-
Brief for the Petitioners, supra note 6, at 55 asking the Supreme Court to vacate the entire injunction and concluding that the "judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed, and the case should be remanded with instructions to vacate the preliminary injunction"
-
Brief for the Petitioners, supra note 6, at 55 (asking the Supreme Court to vacate the entire injunction and concluding that the "judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed, and the case should be remanded with instructions to vacate the preliminary injunction").
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
77954411010
-
-
Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 313, affirming a district court's broad equitable discretion to determine appropriate relief "unless a statue in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court's jurisdiction in equity." Otherwise, "the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied." internal citations omitted
-
Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U. S. 305, 313 (1982) (affirming a district court's broad equitable discretion to determine appropriate relief "[u]nless a statue in so many words, or by a necessary and inescapable inference, restricts the court's jurisdiction in equity." Otherwise, "the full scope of that jurisdiction is to be recognized and applied." (internal citations omitted)).
-
(1982)
U. S.
, vol.456
, pp. 305
-
-
-
13
-
-
72949112580
-
Submarines, sonar, and the death of whales: Enforcing the delicate balance of environmental compliance and national security in military training
-
See generally, 760-70
-
See generally Joel R. Reynolds, Submarines, Sonar, and the Death of Whales: Enforcing the Delicate Balance of Environmental Compliance and National Security in Military Training, 32 Wm. & Mary Envtl. & Pol'y Rev. 759, 760-70 (2008).
-
(2008)
Wm. & Mary Envtl. & Pol'y Rev
, vol.32
, pp. 759
-
-
Reynolds, J.R.1
-
14
-
-
37549030372
-
-
See, available at, There are numerous stranding events associated with military sonar use, including those documented in the Canary Islands 1985-1991, 2002, 2004, Greece 1996, 1997, Virgin Islands 1999, Bahamas 2000, Madeira 2000, Washington 2003, Kauai 2004, North Carolina 2005 and Spain 2006
-
See Michael Jasny et al., Sounding the Depths II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean noise on Marine Life 5-12 (2005), available at http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sound/sound.pdf. There are numerous stranding events associated with military sonar use, including those documented in the Canary Islands (1985-1991, 2002, 2004), Greece (1996, 1997), Virgin Islands (1999), Bahamas (2000), Madeira (2000), Washington (2003), Kauai (2004), North Carolina (2005) and Spain (2006).
-
(2005)
Sounding the Depths II: The Rising Toll of Sonar, Shipping and Industrial Ocean Noise on Marine Life
, pp. 5-12
-
-
Jasny, M.1
-
15
-
-
72949095762
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 8-9.
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
72949088074
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
72949098401
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
72949097960
-
-
See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 667 9th Cir
-
See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 667 (9th Cir. 2008).
-
(2008)
F.3d
, vol.518
, pp. 658
-
-
-
20
-
-
72949083395
-
-
supra note 11, at 11
-
Jasny, supra note 11, at 11.
-
-
-
Jasny1
-
21
-
-
72949108790
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 7.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
84884567305
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, N. D. Cal
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d 1129 (N. D. Cal. 2003).
-
(2003)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.279
, pp. 1129
-
-
-
24
-
-
72949103167
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
72949100861
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
72949102325
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 1054 N. D. Cal
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 232 F. Supp. 2d 1003, 1054 (N. D. Cal. 2002).
-
(2002)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.232
, pp. 1003
-
-
-
27
-
-
72949112872
-
Evans
-
Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d at 1192.
-
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.279
, pp. 1192
-
-
-
28
-
-
72949090263
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 1191-92.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
72949106784
-
-
Navy's Supplemental EIS can be found at
-
The Navy's Supplemental EIS can be found at http://www.surtass-lfa-eis. com/Download/index.htm.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
72949122440
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Gutierrez, No. C-07-04771, 2008 WL 360852 N. D. Cal. Feb. 6
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Gutierrez, No. C-07-04771, 2008 WL 360852 (N. D. Cal. Feb. 6, 2008).
-
(2008)
-
-
-
31
-
-
72949095540
-
-
Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, No. C-07-04771, available at
-
Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, Gutierrez, 2008 WL 360852 (No. C-07-04771), available at http://docs.nrdc.org/water/files/wat-08081201a.pdf.
-
2008 WL 360852
-
-
Gutierrez1
-
32
-
-
72949093888
-
-
Whereas LFA sonar operates at frequencies less than 1 kilohertz, MFA sonar operates at frequencies between 1 and 10 kilohertz. MFA sonar is widely deployed throughout the world's navies, including the U. S. Navy. While LFA sonar is potentially more dangerous because of the sonar's broader geographic range, the use of LFA sonar is currently limited to two specific areas in the Pacific Ocean
-
Whereas LFA sonar operates at frequencies less than 1 kilohertz, MFA sonar operates at frequencies between 1 and 10 kilohertz. MFA sonar is widely deployed throughout the world's navies, including the U. S. Navy. While LFA sonar is potentially more dangerous because of the sonar's broader geographic range, the use of LFA sonar is currently limited to two specific areas in the Pacific Ocean.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
72949118754
-
-
See Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, supra note 27. Thus, the ubiquitous nature of MFA sonar increases the likelihood of harm relative to LFA sonar
-
See Stipulated Settlement Agreement Order, supra note 27. Thus, the ubiquitous nature of MFA sonar increases the likelihood of harm relative to LFA sonar.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
72949112339
-
-
See, supra note 9, at 20-26
-
See Jasny, supra note 9, at 20-26.
-
-
-
Jasny1
-
35
-
-
72949095764
-
-
Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513, Oct. 19, available at
-
Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 (CD. Cal. Oct. 19, 2005), available at http://www.nrdc.org/media/docs/051019.pdf.
-
(2005)
CD. Cal
-
-
-
36
-
-
72949114391
-
Temporary restraining order, Natural res. Def. Council v. Winter, no. Cv06-4131
-
July 3, available at
-
Temporary Restraining Order, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 (CD. Cal. July 3, 2006), available at http://www.nrdc.org/media/docs/ 060703.pdf.
-
(2006)
CD. Cal
-
-
-
37
-
-
72949108996
-
-
Settlement Agreement, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131, July 7, on file with author
-
Settlement Agreement, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 (CD. Cal. July 7, 2006) (on file with author).
-
(2006)
CD. Cal
-
-
-
38
-
-
72949121575
-
-
Temporary Restraining Order, supra note 30
-
Temporary Restraining Order, supra note 30.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
72949085633
-
-
Id.
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
72949103793
-
-
Settlement Agreement, supra note 31
-
Settlement Agreement, supra note 31.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
72949124057
-
-
Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV07-0335, Mar. 22, on file with author
-
Complaint, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV07-0335 (CD. Cal. Mar. 22, 2007) (on file with author).
-
(2007)
CD. Cal
-
-
-
42
-
-
72949103792
-
-
As required by the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Navy submitted a consistency determination to the CCC with respect to the non-sonar aspects of the SOCAL exercises. In response, the CCC imposed mitigation measures intended to lessen the impacts of sonar on California's marine wildlife. When the Navy refused to comply with the mitigation measures, the CCC brought suit
-
As required by the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Navy submitted a consistency determination to the CCC with respect to the non-sonar aspects of the SOCAL exercises. In response, the CCC imposed mitigation measures intended to lessen the impacts of sonar on California's marine wildlife. When the Navy refused to comply with the mitigation measures, the CCC brought suit.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
72949119836
-
-
Complaint, Cal. Coastal Comm'n v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, No. CV07-01899, Mar. 7
-
Complaint, Cal. Coastal Comm'n v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, No. CV07-01899 (CD. Cal. Mar. 7, 2007).
-
(2007)
CD. Cal
-
-
-
44
-
-
72949116877
-
-
Complaint, supra note 34, at 36-38, 43-44
-
Complaint, supra note 34, at 36-38, 43-44.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
72949108351
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 40-41.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
72949111904
-
-
*, Aug. 7
-
*10 (CD. Cal. Aug. 7, 2007).
-
(2007)
CD. Cal
, pp. 10
-
-
-
48
-
-
72949090264
-
-
*
-
*9.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
72949114973
-
-
*
-
*10.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
72949095541
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 9th Cir
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 502 F.3d 859 (9th Cir. 2007).
-
(2007)
F.3d
, vol.502
, pp. 859
-
-
-
51
-
-
72949094536
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 887 9th Cir
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 508 F.3d 885, 887 (9th Cir. 2007).
-
(2007)
F.3d
, vol.508
, pp. 885
-
-
-
52
-
-
72949114773
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
84890507138
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 1222-23 CD. Cal
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1222-23 (CD. Cal. 2008).
-
(2008)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.527
, pp. 1216
-
-
-
54
-
-
84890489312
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 1119-1121 CD. Cal
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 530 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1119-1121 (CD. Cal. 2008).
-
(2008)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.530
, pp. 1110
-
-
-
55
-
-
72949103362
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
72949084712
-
-
c B
-
16 U. S. C. § 1456 (c) (1) (B) (2006).
-
(2006)
U. S. C.
, vol.16
, Issue.1
, pp. 1456
-
-
-
57
-
-
72949104238
-
-
"Where emergency circumstances make it necessary to take an action with significant environmental impact without observing the provisions of these regulations, the Federal agency taking the action should consult with the Council about alternative arrangements."
-
40 C. F. R. § 1506.11 (2008) ("Where emergency circumstances make it necessary to take an action with significant environmental impact without observing the provisions of these regulations, the Federal agency taking the action should consult with the Council about alternative arrangements.").
-
(2008)
C. F. R.
, vol.40
, Issue.11
, pp. 1506
-
-
-
58
-
-
72949117104
-
-
As Plaintiffs argued, the Navy's claims are disputed by the fact that it has implemented similar mitigation measures in previous training exercises
-
As Plaintiffs argued, the Navy's claims are disputed by the fact that it has implemented similar mitigation measures in previous training exercises.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
72949123554
-
-
See Final Comprehensive Overseas Environmental Assessment for Major Atlantic Fleet Training Exercises February 2006, prepared for United States Fleet Forces Command in accordance with Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 5090. IB pursuant to Executive Order 12114 on file with author
-
See Final Comprehensive Overseas Environmental Assessment for Major Atlantic Fleet Training Exercises February 2006 (2006) (prepared for United States Fleet Forces Command in accordance with Chief of Naval Operations Instruction 5090. IB pursuant to Executive Order 12114) (on file with author);
-
(2006)
-
-
-
60
-
-
72949084502
-
-
Atlantic Fleet Exercises Using Mid-Frequency Sonar Mitigation Chart, on file with author
-
Atlantic Fleet Exercises Using Mid-Frequency Sonar Mitigation Chart (2006) (on file with author);
-
(2006)
-
-
-
61
-
-
63749083718
-
Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises
-
see also
-
see also Sarah J. Dolman, Caroline R. Weir & Michael Jasny, Comparative Review of Marine Mammal Guidance Implemented during Naval Exercises, 58 MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 465-477 (2009).
-
(2009)
Marine Pollution Bulletin
, vol.58
, pp. 465-477
-
-
Dolman, S.J.1
Weir, C.R.2
Jasny, M.3
-
62
-
-
84890507138
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, CD. Cal
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216 (CD. Cal. 2008).
-
(2008)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.527
, pp. 1216
-
-
-
63
-
-
72949097960
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 9th Cir
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658 (9th Cir. 2008).
-
(2008)
F.3d
, vol.518
, pp. 658
-
-
-
64
-
-
72949099376
-
-
Id. at, concluding that "the district court here carefully balanced the significant interests and hardships at stake to ensure that the Navy could continue to train without causing undue harm to the environment"
-
Id. at 697-98, 703 (concluding that "the district court here carefully balanced the significant interests and hardships at stake to ensure that the Navy could continue to train without causing undue harm to the environment").
-
, vol.703
, pp. 697-698
-
-
-
65
-
-
72949119411
-
-
Ninth Circuit modified the 2200-yard shut-down requirement by allowing the Navy to continue the use of sonar at a critical point in an exercise but requiring the Navy to power-down sonar by six decibels if a marine mammal was detected within 1100 yards, with additional power-downs at closer ranges
-
The Ninth Circuit modified the 2200-yard shut-down requirement by allowing the Navy to continue the use of sonar at a critical point in an exercise but requiring the Navy to power-down sonar by six decibels if a marine mammal was detected within 1100 yards, with additional power-downs at closer ranges.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
72949101101
-
-
Id. The court also modified the six-decibel power-down requirement during surface ducting conditions by requiring the Navy to power-down its sonar only if a marine mammal was actually detected
-
Id. The court also modified the six-decibel power-down requirement during surface ducting conditions by requiring the Navy to power-down its sonar only if a marine mammal was actually detected.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
72949101315
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
79952836089
-
-
Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 375
-
Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 129 S. Ct. 365, 375 (2008).
-
(2008)
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 365
-
-
-
69
-
-
72949090463
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 378, 381.
-
, vol.378
, pp. 381
-
-
-
70
-
-
72949095992
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
72949123823
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 382.
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
72949085194
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 378.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
72949089383
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
72949123553
-
-
Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito joined
-
Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, and Alito joined.
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
72949087838
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 365.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
72949113521
-
-
Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part. Justice Breyer found: 1 that the evidence supporting the need for the two measures was "weak or uncertain. "
-
Id. at 386 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). Justice Breyer found: (1) that the evidence supporting the need for the two measures was "weak or uncertain. "
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
72949086293
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 383;
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
72949097108
-
-
2 that the Navy's declarants made a "strong case" that the measures "would seriously interfere with necessary defense training."
-
(2) that the Navy's declarants made a "strong case" that the measures "would seriously interfere with necessary defense training."
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
72949116016
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 384;
-
-
-
-
80
-
-
72949117963
-
-
3 "the District Court did not explain why it rejected the Navy's affidavit-supported contentions."
-
(3) "[t]he District Court did not explain why it rejected the Navy's affidavit-supported contentions."
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
72949098913
-
-
Id.
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
72949086983
-
-
4 the Ninth Circuit's effort to supply explanations for rejecting the Navy's contentions was "not sufficient."
-
(4) the Ninth Circuit's effort to supply explanations for rejecting the Navy's contentions was "not sufficient."
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
72949107486
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 385;
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
72949110270
-
-
5 "neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals explained why we should reject the Navy's assertions that it cannot effectively conduct its training exercises under the mitigation conditions imposed by the District Court."
-
"Neither the District Court nor the Court of Appeals explained why we should reject the Navy's assertions that it cannot effectively conduct its training exercises under the mitigation conditions imposed by the District Court."
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
72949084501
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 386.
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
72949113963
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 386-387.
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
72949106120
-
-
Id. at, Ginsburg, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 387 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
72949098509
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 393.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
72949084500
-
-
Id. at, majority opinion
-
Id. at 375 (majority opinion).
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
72949100416
-
-
Id. emphasis in original
-
Id. (emphasis in original)
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
84882299403
-
-
citing Los Angeles v. Lyons, 103
-
(citing Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U. S. 95, 103 (1983);
-
(1983)
U. S.
, vol.461
, pp. 95
-
-
-
92
-
-
72949110462
-
-
Inc. v. Teamsters, 441
-
Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Teamsters, 415 U. S. 423, 441 (1974);
-
(1974)
U. S.
, vol.415
, pp. 423
-
-
Foods, G.G.1
-
93
-
-
84869481667
-
-
O'Shea v. Littleton, 502
-
O'Shea v. Littleton, 414 U. S. 488, 502 (1974)).
-
(1974)
U. S.
, vol.414
, pp. 488
-
-
-
94
-
-
72949094760
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 376
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
72949097960
-
-
citing Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 696-97 9th Cir
-
(citing Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 518 F.3d 658, 696-97 (9th Cir. 2008)).
-
(2008)
F.3d
, vol.518
, pp. 658
-
-
-
96
-
-
72949112120
-
-
Dept. of Parks and Rec. for State of Cal.v. Bazaar Del Mundo, Inc., 1123-24 9th Cir, quoting Arcamuzi v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 819 F.2d 935, 937 9th Cir. 1987
-
Dept. of Parks and Rec. for State of Cal.v. Bazaar Del Mundo, Inc., 448 F.3d 1118, 1123-24 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Arcamuzi v. Continental Air Lines, Inc., 819 F.2d 935, 937 (9th Cir. 1987)).
-
(2006)
F.3d
, vol.448
, pp. 1118
-
-
-
97
-
-
72949112801
-
-
See, e.g.. Electronic Frontier Found, v. Office of the Dir. of Nat. Intelligence, 1185 N. D. Cal, holding that "a party seeking a preliminary injunction always must show that a significant threat of irreparable harm exists"
-
See, e.g.. Electronic Frontier Found, v. Office of the Dir. of Nat. Intelligence, 542 F. Supp. 2d 1181, 1185 (N. D. Cal. 2008) (holding that "a party seeking a preliminary injunction always must show that a significant threat of irreparable harm exists");
-
(2008)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.542
, pp. 1181
-
-
-
98
-
-
72949086294
-
-
Valvanis v. Milgroom, 1210 D. Haw, holding that the party seeking a preliminary injunction "must demonstrate a significant threat of irreparable injury"
-
Valvanis v. Milgroom, 529 F. Supp. 2d 1206, 1210 (D. Haw. 2007) (holding that the party seeking a preliminary injunction "must demonstrate a significant threat of irreparable injury");
-
(2007)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.529
, pp. 1206
-
-
-
99
-
-
72949104454
-
-
Walker v. Woodford, 1030 S. D. Cal, holding that to obtain a preliminary injunction, "the movant must demonstrate, at a minimum, a significant threat of irreparable injury"
-
Walker v. Woodford, 454 F. Supp. 2d 1007, 1030 (S. D. Cal. 2006) (holding that to obtain a preliminary injunction, "the movant must demonstrate, at a minimum, a significant threat of irreparable injury");
-
(2006)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.454
, pp. 1007
-
-
-
100
-
-
72949087632
-
-
Liegman v. Cal. Teachers Ass'n, 925 N. D. Cal, holding that "to justify the grant of injunctive relief a plaintiff must show a significant threat of irreparable injury" internal quotation omitted
-
Liegman v. Cal. Teachers Ass'n, 395 F. Supp. 2d 922, 925 (N. D. Cal. 2005) (holding that "to justify the grant of injunctive relief a plaintiff must show a significant threat of irreparable injury" (internal quotation omitted)).
-
(2005)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.395
, pp. 922
-
-
-
101
-
-
72949083619
-
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 382.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 382
-
-
Winter1
-
102
-
-
72949101314
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 378.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
72949113099
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
72949107717
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
72949106121
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 381.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
72949084935
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 368.
-
-
-
-
107
-
-
72949098912
-
-
Id. at, The majority then detailed several ways in which the lower courts' opinions fell short, including balancing the equities in a "cursory fashion, failing to give "sufficient weight to the views of several top Navy officers" regarding the 2200-yard shut-down, using "backwards" reasoning and "understating the burden" in evaluating the six-decibel surface ducting power-down, and wrongly concluding that the Navy's use of mitigation measures in the past meant that "more intrusive restrictions posed no threat to preparedness for war."
-
Id. at 377. The majority then detailed several ways in which the lower courts' opinions fell short, including balancing the equities in a "cursory fashion," failing to give "sufficient weight to the views of several top Navy officers" regarding the 2200-yard shut-down, using "backwards" reasoning and "understat[ing] the burden" in evaluating the six-decibel surface ducting power-down, and wrongly concluding that the Navy's use of mitigation measures in the past meant that "more intrusive restrictions pose[d] no threat to preparedness for war."
-
-
-
-
108
-
-
72949092364
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 368, 378-80.
-
, vol.368
, pp. 378-380
-
-
-
109
-
-
36048992953
-
-
See, e.g., Loving v. United States, 768, stating that "it would be contrary to the respect owed the President as Commander in Chief to hold that he may not be given wide discretion and authority"
-
See, e.g., Loving v. United States, 517 U. S. 748, 768 (1996) (stating that "it would be contrary to the respect owed the President as Commander in Chief to hold that he may not be given wide discretion and authority");
-
(1996)
U. S.
, vol.517
, pp. 748
-
-
-
110
-
-
72949105023
-
-
see also Goldman v. Weinberger, giving "great deference to the professional judgment of military authorities concerning the relative importance of a particular military interest"
-
see also Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U. S. 503 (1986) (giving "great deference to the professional judgment of military authorities concerning the relative importance of a particular military interest").
-
(1986)
U. S.
, vol.475
, pp. 503
-
-
-
111
-
-
84890507138
-
-
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Winter, 1223 CD. Cal
-
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Winter, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1223 (CD. Cal. 2008);
-
(2008)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.527
, pp. 1216
-
-
-
112
-
-
72949118535
-
-
Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 387 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 387
-
-
Winter1
-
113
-
-
72949087401
-
-
See, e.g., Washington County v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, 633 E. D. N. C, finding the balance of harm "significantly weighted in Plaintiffs' favor" despite the Navy's argument that a preliminary injunction would "deprive the Navy of its mission to protect the interests of the United States and to train its pilots"
-
See, e.g., Washington County v. U. S. Dep't of the Navy, 317 F. Supp. 2d 626, 633 (E. D. N. C. 2004) (finding the balance of harm "significantly weighted in Plaintiffs' favor" despite the Navy's argument that a preliminary injunction would "deprive the Navy of its mission to protect the interests of the United States and to train its pilots");
-
(2004)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.317
, pp. 626
-
-
-
114
-
-
84884567305
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 1191 N. D. Cal, "A tailored injunction reconciles the very compelling interests on both sides of this case, by enabling the Navy to continue to train with and test LFA sonar as it needs to do, while taking some additional measures to better protect against harm to marine life."
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Evans, 279 F. Supp. 2d 1129, 1191 (N. D. Cal. 2003) ("A tailored injunction reconciles the very compelling interests on both sides of this case, by enabling the Navy to continue to train with and test LFA sonar as it needs to do, while taking some additional measures to better protect against harm to marine life.");
-
(2003)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.279
, pp. 1129
-
-
-
115
-
-
72949083185
-
-
Makua v. Rumsfeld, 1221 D. Haw, "Although the court recognizes the importance of national security and live-fire training, the potential harm to the Army resulting from a brief preliminary injunction will not be significant."
-
Makua v. Rumsfeld, 163 F. Supp. 2d 1202, 1221 (D. Haw. 2001) ("Although the court recognizes the importance of national security and live-fire training, the potential harm to the Army resulting from a brief preliminary injunction will not be significant.");
-
(2001)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.163
, pp. 1202
-
-
-
116
-
-
72949100207
-
-
Cal. Coastal Coram'n v. United States, 1112 S. D. Cal, granting preliminary injunction despite Navy arguments that the injunction "may 1 imperil national security... or 2 result in loss of or injury to seaman"
-
Cal. Coastal Coram'n v. United States, 5 F. Supp. 2d 1106, 1112 (S. D. Cal. 1998) (granting preliminary injunction despite Navy arguments that the injunction "may 1) imperil national security... or 2) result in loss of or injury to seaman");
-
(1998)
F. Supp. 2d
, vol.5
, pp. 1106
-
-
-
117
-
-
72949108120
-
-
McVeigh v. Cohen, 61 D. D. C, recognizing that "deference to the military does not deprive courts of their authority to grant equitable relief
-
McVeigh v. Cohen, 996 F. Supp. 59, 61 (D. D. C. 1998) (recognizing that "deference to the military does not deprive courts of their authority to grant equitable relief);
-
(1998)
F. Supp.
, vol.996
, pp. 59
-
-
-
118
-
-
0022435264
-
-
Found. of Econ. Trends v. Weinberger, 884 D. D. C, "Balancing the environmental considerations of NEPA against these defense concerns, this ruling is narrowly tailored to take those matters into account." citation omitted
-
Found. of Econ. Trends v. Weinberger, 610 F. Supp. 829, 884 (D. D. C. 1985) ("Balancing the environmental considerations of NEPA against these defense concerns, this ruling is narrowly tailored to take those matters into account." (citation omitted)).
-
(1985)
F. Supp.
, vol.610
, pp. 829
-
-
-
119
-
-
72949085853
-
-
See also, supra note 10, at 760-70
-
See also Reynolds, supra note 10, at 760-70.
-
-
-
Reynolds1
-
120
-
-
72949096438
-
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 378.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 378
-
-
Winter1
-
122
-
-
84866677882
-
-
Anderson v. Bessemer City, 573, "The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty under Rule 52 a if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court."
-
Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U. S. 564, 573 (1985) ("The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty under Rule 52 (a) if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court.");
-
(1985)
U. S.
, vol.470
, pp. 564
-
-
-
123
-
-
84957894249
-
-
see also United States v. U. S. Gypsum Co., 395, "A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
-
see also United States v. U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. 364, 395 (1948) ("A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.").
-
(1948)
U. S.
, vol.333
, pp. 364
-
-
-
124
-
-
84873918421
-
-
Easley v. Cromartie, 242, citing Anderson, 470 U. S. at 573 and U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395
-
Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U. S. 234, 242 (2001) (citing Anderson, 470 U. S. at 573 and U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395);
-
(2001)
U. S.
, vol.532
, pp. 234
-
-
-
125
-
-
33745718377
-
Concrete pipe and prods, of cal.
-
see also, Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 622, "A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing body on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
-
see also Concrete Pipe and Prods, of Cal., Inc. v. Constr. Laborers Pension Trust for S. Cal., 508 U. S. 602, 622 (1993) ("A finding is 'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing [body] on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed."
-
(1993)
U. S.
, vol.508
, pp. 602
-
-
-
126
-
-
84893551130
-
-
citing U. S. Gypsum Co.
-
(citing U. S. Gypsum Co., 333 U. S. at 395)).
-
U. S.
, vol.333
, pp. 395
-
-
-
127
-
-
72949094759
-
-
quoting Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U. S. 1, 10 1973
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 377 (quoting Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U. S. 1, 10 (1973)).
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 377
-
-
Winter1
-
128
-
-
72949099961
-
-
Anderson, 470 U. S. at 574.
-
U. S.
, vol.470
, pp. 574
-
-
Anderson1
-
129
-
-
72949112119
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 CD. Cal. Oct. 19
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. England, No. CV05-07513 (CD. Cal. Oct. 19, 2005);
-
(2005)
-
-
-
130
-
-
72949124735
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV0694131 CD. Cal. June 28
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV0694131 (CD. Cal. June 28, 2006).
-
(2006)
-
-
-
131
-
-
72949083184
-
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 376.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 376
-
-
Winter1
-
132
-
-
72949086064
-
-
Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
-
Id. at 383 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
-
-
-
-
133
-
-
72949119619
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
134
-
-
72949091548
-
-
Id. at, emphasis in original
-
Id. at 384 (emphasis in original).
-
-
-
-
135
-
-
72949101099
-
-
Id. at, majority opinion
-
Id. at 381 (majority opinion).
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
72949102326
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
137
-
-
77954411010
-
-
citing Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 313, "A federal judge sitting as chancellor is not mechanically obligated to grant an injunction for every violation of law."
-
(citing Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U. S. 305, 313 (1982) ("[A] federal judge sitting as chancellor is not mechanically obligated to grant an injunction for every violation of law.")).
-
(1982)
U. S.
, vol.456
, pp. 305
-
-
-
138
-
-
72949107716
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
139
-
-
72949121998
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 382.
-
-
-
-
140
-
-
72949091335
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
141
-
-
72949088293
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 381.
-
-
-
-
142
-
-
72949123615
-
-
See, e.g., Siena Club v. Hennessy, 648 2d Cir, "A violation of NEPA does not necessarily require a reflexive resort to the drastic remedy of an injunction. In such cases, this Court has recognized that it must entertain normal consideration relative to the grant of equitable relief."
-
See, e.g., Siena Club v. Hennessy, 695 F.2d 643, 648 (2d Cir. 1982) ("A violation of NEPA does not necessarily require a reflexive resort to the drastic remedy of an injunction. In such cases, this Court has recognized that it must entertain normal consideration relative to the grant of equitable relief.").
-
(1982)
F.2d
, vol.695
, pp. 643
-
-
-
143
-
-
72949100631
-
-
Nat. Audubon Soc'y v. Navy, 4th Cir
-
Nat. Audubon Soc'y v. Navy, 422 F.3d 174 (4th Cir. 2005).
-
(2005)
F.3d
, vol.422
, pp. 174
-
-
-
144
-
-
72949103575
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 183.
-
-
-
-
145
-
-
72949093665
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 207.
-
-
-
-
146
-
-
72949094317
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 202.
-
-
-
-
147
-
-
72949098403
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 203.
-
-
-
-
148
-
-
72949106585
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 202-207.
-
-
-
-
149
-
-
72949116669
-
-
Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, Nos. 07-16458, 07-16492, 07-16725, 2009 WL 1782972 9th Cir. June 24
-
Geertson Seed Farms v. Johanns, Nos. 07-16458, 07-16492, 07-16725, 2009 WL 1782972 (9th Cir. June 24, 2009).
-
(2009)
-
-
-
150
-
-
72949087837
-
-
*
-
*3.
-
-
-
-
151
-
-
72949097959
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
152
-
-
72949101100
-
-
*
-
*4.
-
-
-
-
153
-
-
72949111482
-
-
*, quotation and citation omitted
-
*5 (quotation and citation omitted).
-
-
-
-
154
-
-
79952836089
-
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 381
-
Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, 129 S. Ct. 365, 381 (2008).
-
(2008)
S. Ct
, vol.129
, pp. 365
-
-
-
155
-
-
72949112800
-
-
Id. at, Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
-
Id. at 383 (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
-
-
-
-
156
-
-
72949118392
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 383-86.
-
-
-
-
157
-
-
72949103168
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 387.
-
-
-
-
158
-
-
72949092363
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 382-83.
-
-
-
-
159
-
-
72949084934
-
-
Id. at
-
Id. at 387.
-
-
-
-
160
-
-
72949096439
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
161
-
-
72949100208
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
162
-
-
72949086507
-
-
For arguments to the contrary
-
For arguments to the contrary
-
-
-
-
163
-
-
72949100415
-
Hawaii lawyers: Supreme court sonar decision sets national security as paramount
-
Dec. 10, available at "The Navy and its leaders-not judges-should determine how best to defend our nation. "
-
see Hawaii Lawyers: Supreme Court Sonar Decision Sets National Security As Paramount, PR NEWSWKE, Dec. 10, 2008, available at http://news.prnewswire. con/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=l 09&STORY=/www/story/12-10-2008/000494 0157&EDATE=("[T]he Navy and its leaders-not judges-should determine how best to defend our nation. ");
-
(2008)
Pr Newswke
-
-
-
164
-
-
72949112874
-
The greens get harpooned
-
Nov. 13, "We are very close to making judges co-Secretaries of Defense."
-
Editorial, The Greens Get Harpooned, WALL ST. J., Nov. 13, 2008, at A18 ("We are very close to making judges co-Secretaries of Defense.").
-
(2008)
Wall St. J.
-
-
Editorial1
-
165
-
-
72949118535
-
-
Specifically, the majority did not address whether the Navy violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EIS or whether a demonstration of species-level harm is required for injunctive relief. In addition, the majority opinion did not address the lower courts' irreparable harm finding or the finding that NRDC was likely to succeed on the merits, instead overturning the two challenged measures on the basis that the district court did not properly balance the harms to the parties and the public interest
-
Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 387. Specifically, the majority did not address whether the Navy violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EIS or whether a demonstration of species-level harm is required for injunctive relief. In addition, the majority opinion did not address the lower courts' irreparable harm finding or the finding that NRDC was likely to succeed on the merits, instead overturning the two challenged measures on the basis that the district court did not properly balance the harms to the parties and the public interest.
-
S. Ct.
, vol.129
, pp. 387
-
-
Winter1
-
166
-
-
72949096671
-
-
Id
-
Id.
-
-
-
-
167
-
-
72949104804
-
-
Id. at, Ginsburg, J., dissenting
-
Id. at 387 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
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See also id, "The Navy's publication of its EIS in this case, scheduled to occur after the 14 exercises are completed, defeats NEPA's informational and participatory purposes." emphasis in original
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See also id. at 390 ("The Navy's publication of its EIS in this case, scheduled to occur after the 14 exercises are completed, defeats NEPA's informational and participatory purposes." (emphasis in original)).
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169
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Id. at, The Navy did finalize an EIS and issued a record of decision in January 2009 accepting the preferred alternative for training off the coast of Southern California
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Id. at 387. The Navy did finalize an EIS and issued a record of decision in January 2009 accepting the preferred alternative for training off the coast of Southern California.
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184
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72949101097
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Notice of record of decision for southern California range complex
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Natural Res. Def. Council v. Winter, No. CV06-4131 C. D. Cal. July 3, available at
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Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U. S. 557, 637 (2006) (Kennedy, J., concurring) ("Respect for laws derived from the customary operation of the Executive and Legislative Branches gives some assurance of stability in time of crisis. The Constitution is best preserved by reliance on standards tested over time and insulated from the pressures of the moment.").
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