메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 283-290

Promising treatments of tomorrow for multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

Drugs; Investigational; Multiple sclerosis; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

ABATACEPT; ALEMTUZUMAB; ALPHA CRYSTALLIN; ATACICEPT; BETA1A INTERFERON; BG 00012; CARMUSTINE; CHIMERIC ANTIBODY; CLADRIBINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DACLIZUMAB; ETOPOSIDE; FINGOLIMOD; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HIRUDIN; LAQUINIMOD; LEUCINE RICH REPEATS AND IG DOMAIN CONTAINING NEURITE OUTGROWTH INHIBITOR RECEPTOR INTERACTING PROTEIN 1; MELPHALAN; MYELIN ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN; NATALIZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; OSTEOPONTIN; PLACEBO; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 3; POTASSIUM CHANNEL KV1.3; RITUXIMAB; ROQUINIMEX; TERIFLUNOMIDE; THROMBOPLASTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 72949100481     PISSN: 09722327     EISSN: 19983549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.58279     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0027418515 scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: I: Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • the IFN-β Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
    • Sibley WA; the IFN-β Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: I: Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993;43:655-661
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 655-661
    • Sibley, W.A.1
  • 2
    • 0029082566 scopus 로고
    • Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, Ford CC, Goldstein J, Lisak RP, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-1276
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1268-1276
    • Johnson, K.P.1    Brooks, B.R.2    Cohen, J.A.3    Ford, C.C.4    Goldstein, J.5    Lisak, R.P.6
  • 3
    • 0008678962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis: The Mutliple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG)
    • Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis: The Mutliple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996;39:285-294
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.39 , pp. 285-294
    • Jacobs, L.D.1    Cookfair, D.L.2    Rudick, R.A.3    Herndon, R.M.4    Richert, J.R.5    Salazar, A.M.6
  • 4
    • 0035912520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: A randomized study
    • Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, Durelli L, Edan G, Fernandez O, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: A randomized study. Lancet 2001;357:1576-1582
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1576-1582
    • Comi, G.1    Filippi, M.2    Barkhof, F.3    Durelli, L.4    Edan, G.5    Fernandez, O.6
  • 5
    • 34548635873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging effects of interferon beta-1b in the BENEFIT study: Integrated 2-year results
    • Barkhof F, Polman CH, Radue EW, Kappos L, Freedman MS, Edan G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging effects of interferon beta-1b in the BENEFIT study: Integrated 2-year results. Arch Neurol 2007;641292-641298
    • (2007) Arch Neurol , pp. 641292-641298
    • Barkhof, F.1    Polman, C.H.2    Radue, E.W.3    Kappos, L.4    Freedman, M.S.5    Edan, G.6
  • 6
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman CH, O.Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.H.1    Pw O.Connor2    Havrdova, E.3    Hutchinson, M.4    Kappos, L.5    Miller, D.H.6
  • 7
    • 33644605483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    • Yousry TA, Major EO, Ryschkewitsch C, Fahle G, Fischer S, Hou J, et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2006;354:924-933
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 924-933
    • Yousry, T.A.1    Major, E.O.2    Ryschkewitsch, C.3    Fahle, G.4    Fischer, S.5    Hou, J.6
  • 8
    • 0028057250 scopus 로고
    • Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20
    • Reff ME, Carner K, Chambers KS, et al. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood 1994;83:435-445
    • (1994) Blood , vol.83 , pp. 435-445
    • Reff, M.E.1    Carner, K.2    Chambers, K.S.3
  • 9
    • 0030926366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted anticancer therapy using rituximab, a chimaeric anti-CD20 antibody (IDECC2B8) in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma
    • Anderson DR, Grillo-Lopez A, Varns C, et al. Targeted anticancer therapy using rituximab, a chimaeric anti-CD20 antibody (IDECC2B8) in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Biochem Soc Trans 1997;25:705-708
    • (1997) Biochem Soc Trans , vol.25 , pp. 705-708
    • Anderson, D.R.1    Grillo-Lopez, A.2    Varns, C.3
  • 10
    • 41849116363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A 72 week, open label, phase i trial
    • Bar-Or A, Calabresi PA, Arnold D, Markowitz C, Shafer S, Kasper LH, et al. Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A 72 week, open label, phase I trial. Ann Neurol 2008;63:395-400.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 395-400
    • Bar-Or, A.1    Calabresi, P.A.2    Arnold, D.3    Markowitz, C.4    Shafer, S.5    Kasper, L.H.6
  • 12
    • 72949118023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of the efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Food and Drug Administration. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 23]
    • Study of the efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Phase II Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00676715. Food and Drug Administration, 2008. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/show/NCT00676 715?intr= %22ocrelizumab%22andrank=6. [accessed on 2009 Feb 23].
    • (2008) Phase II Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00676715
  • 13
    • 34547892636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after ritxumab in a case of non-hodgkin lymphoma
    • Kranick SM, Mowry EM, Rosenfeld MR. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after ritxumab in a case of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Neurology 2007;69:704-706
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 704-706
    • Kranick, S.M.1    Mowry, E.M.2    Rosenfeld, M.R.3
  • 14
    • 38649109840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with rituximab
    • Harris HE. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with rituximab. Rheumatology 2008;47:224-225
    • (2008) Rheumatology , vol.47 , pp. 224-225
    • Harris, H.E.1
  • 15
    • 31544467633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy
    • Coles AJ, Cox A, Le Page E, Jones J, Trip SA, Deans J, et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurol 2006;253:98-108.
    • (2006) J Neurol , vol.253 , pp. 98-108
    • Coles, A.J.1    Cox, A.2    Le Page, E.3    Jones, J.4    Trip, S.A.5    Deans, J.6
  • 16
    • 0028346432 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evidence from magnetic resonance imaging for reduction in disease activity after lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis
    • [Erratum, Lancet 1994;344:486.]
    • Moreau T, Thorpe J, Miller D, Moseley I, Hale G, Waldmann H, et al. Preliminary evidence from magnetic resonance imaging for reduction in disease activity after lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1994;344:298-301. [Erratum, Lancet 1994;344:486.]
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 298-301
    • Moreau, T.1    Thorpe, J.2    Miller, D.3    Moseley, I.4    Hale, G.5    Waldmann, H.6
  • 17
    • 54949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab vs interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis
    • CAMMS223 Trial Investigators
    • CAMMS223 Trial Investigators, Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, Lake SL, Moran S, et al. Alemtuzumab vs interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1786-1801
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1786-1801
    • Coles, A.J.1    Compston, D.A.2    Selmaj, K.W.3    Lake, S.L.4    Moran, S.5
  • 18
    • 49449108196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease after alemtuzumab
    • Clatworthy MR, Wallin EF, Jayne DR. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease after alemtuzumab. N Engl J Med 2008;359:768-769
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 768-769
    • Clatworthy, M.R.1    Wallin, E.F.2    Jayne, D.R.3
  • 19
    • 27944439639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis
    • Cox AL, Thompson SA, Jones JL, Robertson VH, Hale G, Waldmann H, et al. Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Immunol 2005;35:3332-3342
    • (2005) Eur J Immunol , vol.35 , pp. 3332-3342
    • Cox, A.L.1    Thompson, S.A.2    Jones, J.L.3    Robertson, V.H.4    Hale, G.5    Waldmann, H.6
  • 20
    • 33645228575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquired hemophilia in association with ANCA-associated vasculitis: Response to rituximab
    • Clatworthy MR, Jayne DR. Acquired hemophilia in association with ANCA-associated vasculitis: Response to rituximab. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:680-682
    • (2006) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.47 , pp. 680-682
    • Clatworthy, M.R.1    Jayne, D.R.2
  • 21
    • 0033764673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in interleukin 2 receptor targeted treatment
    • Morris JC, Waldmann T. Advances in interleukin 2 receptor targeted treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:i109-14.
    • (2000) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.59
    • Morris, J.C.1    Waldmann, T.2
  • 25
    • 54049093695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CTLA4Ig treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis: An open label, phase 1 clinical trial
    • Viglietta V, Bourcier K, Buckle GJ, Healy B, Weiner HL, Hafl er A, et al. CTLA4Ig treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis: An open label, phase 1 clinical trial. Neurology 2008;71:917-924
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 917-924
    • Viglietta, V.1    Bourcier, K.2    Buckle, G.J.3    Healy, B.4    Weiner, H.L.5    Hafler, A.6
  • 26
    • 38149114077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phaseIb, double-blind, placebo-controlled, doseescalating, single- and repeated-dose study
    • Tak PP, Thurlings RM, Rossier C, Nestorov I, Dimic A, et al. Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phaseIb, double-blind, placebo-controlled, doseescalating, single- and repeated-dose study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:61-72.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 61-72
    • Tak, P.P.1    Thurlings, R.M.2    Rossier, C.3    Nestorov, I.4    Dimic, A.5
  • 27
    • 37149032474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin levels after atacicept treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a multicenter, phase Ib, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial
    • Dall.Era M, Chakravarty E, Wallace D, Genovese M, Weisman M, Kavanaugh A, et al. Reduced B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin levels after atacicept treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a multicenter, phase Ib, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:4142-4150
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 4142-4150
    • Dall'Era, M.1    Chakravarty, E.2    Wallace, D.3    Genovese, M.4    Weisman, M.5    Kavanaugh, A.6
  • 28
    • 72949095398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atacicept in multiple sclerosis, phase II
    • Food and drug administration. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 26]
    • Atacicept in Multiple Sclerosis, Phase II. Phase II clinical trial: Identifier # NCT00642902. Food and drug administration, 2008. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00642 902?term= atacicept+multiple+sclerosisandrank=1. [accessed on 2009 Feb 26].
    • (2008) Phase II Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00642902
  • 29
  • 30
    • 1642580757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1
    • Matloubian M, Lo CG, Cinamon G, Lesneski MJ, Xu Y, Brinkmann V, et al. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1. Nature 2004;427:355-360
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 355-360
    • Matloubian, M.1    Lo, C.G.2    Cinamon, G.3    Lesneski, M.J.4    Xu, Y.5    Brinkmann, V.6
  • 31
    • 54449099880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on t cell subsets in multiple sclerosis
    • Mehling M, Brinkmann V, Antel J, Bar-Or A, Goebels N, Vedrine C, et al. FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on t cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2008;71:1261-1267
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 1261-1267
    • Mehling, M.1    Brinkmann, V.2    Antel, J.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Goebels, N.5    Vedrine, C.6
  • 33
    • 14844288015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A misnomer reviewed
    • Stott VL, Hurrell MA, Anderson TJ. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A misnomer reviewed. Intern Med J 2005;35:83-90.
    • (2005) Intern Med J , vol.35 , pp. 83-90
    • Stott, V.L.1    Hurrell, M.A.2    Anderson, T.J.3
  • 34
    • 63849147004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: Two-year results of a phase II extension study
    • O'Connor P, Comi G, Montalban X, Antel J, Radue EW, de Vera A. Oral Fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: Two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology 2009;72:73-79
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 73-79
    • O'Connor, P.1    Comi, G.2    Montalban, X.3    Antel, J.4    Radue, E.W.5    De Vera, A.6
  • 35
    • 72949097382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press release: Oral FTY720 (Fingolimod) reduced relapse rate more effectively Than Avonex in initial results of one-year study in relapsing-remitting MS. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Mar 5]
    • Press release: Oral FTY720 (Fingolimod) reduced relapse rate more effectively Than Avonex in initial results of one-year study in relapsing-remitting MS. Available from: http://www. nationalmssociety.org/ research/research-news/news-detail/index. aspx?nid=557 [accessed on 2009 Mar 5].
  • 36
    • 72949109056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of fingolimod (FTY720) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (FREEDOMS II)
    • Food and drug administration. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 23]
    • Efficacy and Safety of Fingolimod (FTY720) in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (FREEDOMS II). Phase III clinical trial: Identifier # NCT00355134. Food and drug administration, 2006. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00355134?term=Fingolimodandrank=1. [accessed on 2009 Feb 23].
    • (2006) Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00355134
  • 37
    • 72949093943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS)
    • Food and drug administration. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 23]
    • FTY720 in Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (INFORMS). Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00731692. Food and drug administration, 2008. Available from: http://www. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00731692?term=Fingolimodandra nk=9. [accessed on 2009 Feb 23].
    • (2008) Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00731692
  • 38
    • 0026799508 scopus 로고
    • Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine)
    • Beutler E. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine). Lancet 1992;340:952-956
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 952-956
    • Beutler, E.1
  • 39
    • 0020612685 scopus 로고
    • Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes
    • Carson DA, Wasson DB, Taetle R, Yu A. Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes. Blood 1983;62:737-743
    • (1983) Blood , vol.62 , pp. 737-743
    • Carson, D.A.1    Wasson, D.B.2    Taetle, R.3    Yu, A.4
  • 41
    • 72949096509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral cladribine in early multiple sclerosis (MS) (ORACLE MS)
    • Food and Drug Administration. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 23]
    • Oral Cladribine in Early Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (ORACLE MS). Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00725985. Food and Drug Administration, 2008. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00725985?term= cladribine+multiple+sclerosisand rank=1. [accessed on 2009 Feb 23].
    • (2008) Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00725985
  • 43
    • 0034646216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine and progressive MS
    • Rice GP, Filippi M, Comi G. Cladribine and progressive MS. Neurology 2000;54:1145-1155
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Rice, G.P.1    Filippi, M.2    Comi, G.3
  • 44
    • 0032908474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Romine JS, Sipe JC, Koziol JA, Zyroff J, Beutler E. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1999;111:35-44.
    • (1999) Proc Assoc Am Physicians , vol.111 , pp. 35-44
    • Romine, J.S.1    Sipe, J.C.2    Koziol, J.A.3    Zyroff, J.4    Beutler, E.5
  • 45
    • 72949114829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press release: Oral cladribine reduces MS Relapses in phase 3 clinical trial. Available from: [accessed on 2009 Mar 5]
    • Press release: Oral cladribine reduces MS Relapses in phase 3 clinical trial. Available from: http://www.nationalmssociety. org/research/research-news/ news-detail/index.aspx?nid=650. [accessed on 2009 Mar 5].
  • 46
    • 0034003613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linomide in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: MRI results from prematurely terminated phase-III trials
    • Tan IL, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Polman CH, Adèr HJ, Barkhof F. Linomide in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: MRI results from prematurely terminated phase-III trials. Mult Scler 2000;6:99-104.
    • (2000) Mult Scler , vol.6 , pp. 99-104
    • Tan, I.L.1    Lycklama À Nijeholt, G.J.2    Polman, C.H.3    Adèr, H.J.4    Barkhof, F.5
  • 47
    • 4744340401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod (ABR-215062) supresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-Beta in lewis rats
    • Yang JS, Ling-Yun X, Bao-Guo X, Hedlund G, Link H. Laquinimod (ABR-215062) supresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-Beta in lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2004;156:3-9.
    • (2004) J Neuroimmunol , vol.156 , pp. 3-9
    • Yang, J.S.1    Ling-Yun, X.2    Bao-Guo, X.3    Hedlund, G.4    Link, H.5
  • 48
    • 0036240732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by ABR-215062 is associated with altered Th1/Th2 balance and inhibited migration of Inflammatory cells into the peripheral nerve tissue
    • Zou LP, Abbas N, Volkmann I, Nennesmo I, Levi M, Wahren B, et al. Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by ABR-215062 is associated with altered Th1/Th2 balance and inhibited migration of Inflammatory cells into the peripheral nerve tissue. Neuropharmacology 2002;42:731-739
    • (2002) Neuropharmacology , vol.42 , pp. 731-739
    • Zou, L.P.1    Abbas, N.2    Volkmann, I.3    Nennesmo, I.4    Levi, M.5    Wahren, B.6
  • 50
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on mri-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Comi G, Pulizzi A, Rovaris M, Abrams O, Arbizu T, Boiko A, et al. Effect of laquinimod on mri-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 2008;371:2085-2092
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1    Pulizzi, A.2    Rovaris, M.3    Abrams, O.4    Arbizu, T.5    Boiko, A.6
  • 51
    • 72949106427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRAVO Study: Laquinimod double blind placebo controlled study in RRMS patients with a rater blinded reference arm of interferon β-1a (Avonex® )
    • Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 24]
    • BRAVO Study: Laquinimod double blind placebo controlled study in RRMS patients with a rater blinded reference arm of interferon β-1a (Avonex® ). Phase III clinical trial: Identifier # NCT00605215. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT006052 15?term=laquinimodandrank=5. [accessed on 2009 Feb 24].
    • Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00605215
  • 52
    • 0029591467 scopus 로고
    • The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis
    • Cherwinski HM, Cohn RG, Cheung P, Webster DJ, Xu YZ, Caulfield JP, et al. The immunosuppressant leflunomide inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;275:1043-1049
    • (1995) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.275 , pp. 1043-1049
    • Cherwinski, H.M.1    Cohn, R.G.2    Cheung, P.3    Webster, D.J.4    Xu, Y.Z.5    Caulfield, J.P.6
  • 53
    • 0034840913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by leflunomide
    • Korn T, Toyka K, Hartung HP, Jung S. Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by leflunomide. Brain 2001;124:1791-1802
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 1791-1802
    • Korn, T.1    Toyka, K.2    Hartung, H.P.3    Jung, S.4
  • 54
    • 33645799680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses
    • O.Connor PW, Li D, Freedman MS, Bar-Or A, Rice GP, Confavreux C. A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Neurology 2006;66:894-900.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 894-900
    • Pw O.Connor1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.S.3    Bar-Or, A.4    Rice, G.P.5    Confavreux, C.6
  • 55
    • 72949105091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase III study with teriflunomide versus placebo in patients with First clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis
    • Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 24]
    • Phase III study with teriflunomide versus placebo in patients with First clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis. Phase III clinical trial: Identifier # NCT00622700. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/ NCT00622700?term=teriflunomideandrank=1. [accessed on 2009 Feb 24].
    • Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00622700
  • 56
    • 54149116366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Kappos L, Gold R, Miller DH, MacManus DG, Havrdova E, Limmroth V. Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 2008;372:1463-1472
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1463-1472
    • Kappos, L.1    Gold, R.2    Miller, D.H.3    MacManus, D.G.4    Havrdova, E.5    Limmroth, V.6
  • 57
    • 72949088147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety study of oral BG00012 with active reference in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (CONFIRM)
    • Available from: [accessed on 2009 Feb 24]
    • Efficacy and safety study of oral BG00012 with active reference in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (CONFIRM). Phase III clinical trial: Identifier # NCT00451451. Available from: http:// www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ show/NCT00451451?term=bg00012a ndrank=3 [accessed on 2009 Feb 24].
    • Phase III Clinical Trial: Identifier # NCT00451451
  • 59
    • 18544374335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: A retrospective multicenter study
    • Fassas A, Passweg JR, Anagnostopoulos A, Kazis A, Kozac T, Havrdova E, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: A retrospective multicenter study. J Neurol 2002;249:1088-1097
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , pp. 1088-1097
    • Fassas, A.1    Passweg, J.R.2    Anagnostopoulos, A.3    Kazis, A.4    Kozac, T.5    Havrdova, E.6
  • 60
    • 49449086845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of disease activity with high-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with aggressive multiple sclerosis
    • Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Brodsky RA, Drachman DB, Jones RJ, Pham DL, et al. Reduction of disease activity with high-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with aggressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2008;65:1044-1051
    • (2008) Arch Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 1044-1051
    • Krishnan, C.1    Kaplin, A.I.2    Brodsky, R.A.3    Drachman, D.B.4    Jones, R.J.5    Pham, D.L.6
  • 62
    • 53049102293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New targets for treatment of multiple sclerosis: 13th annual charcot foundation lecture
    • Steinman L. New targets for treatment of multiple sclerosis: 13th annual charcot foundation lecture. J Neurol Sci 2008;274:1-4.
    • (2008) J Neurol Sci , vol.274 , pp. 1-4
    • Steinman, L.1
  • 63
    • 33846998653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteopontin induced relapse and progression of autoimmune brain disease via enhanced survival of activated T cells
    • Hur E, Youssef S, Haws M, Zhang S, Sobel R, Steinman L. Osteopontin induced relapse and progression of autoimmune brain disease via enhanced survival of activated T cells. Nat Immunol 2007;8:77-86.
    • (2007) Nat Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 77-86
    • Hur, E.1    Youssef, S.2    Haws, M.3    Zhang, S.4    Sobel, R.5    Steinman, L.6
  • 64
    • 34547230561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory disease: Assault on the guardian
    • Ransohoff RM. Inflammatory disease: assault on the guardian. Nature 2007;448:421-422
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 421-422
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1
  • 65
    • 39849101009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets
    • Han MH, Hwang S, Roy DB, Lundgren DH, Price JV, Ousman S, et al. Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets. Nature 2008;451:1076-1081
    • (2008) Nature , vol.451 , pp. 1076-1081
    • Han, M.H.1    Hwang, S.2    Roy, D.B.3    Lundgren, D.H.4    Price, J.V.5    Ousman, S.6
  • 66
    • 0142059887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potassium channels as therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders
    • Wulff H, Beeton C, Chandy KG. Potassium channels as therapeutic targets for autoimmune disorders. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2003;6:640-647
    • (2003) Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel , vol.6 , pp. 640-647
    • Wulff, H.1    Beeton, C.2    Chandy, K.G.3
  • 67
    • 43949135885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the functional properties of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 in human CD4+ T lymphocytes
    • Hu L, Pennington M, Jiang Q, Whartenby KA, Calabresi PA. Characterization of the functional properties of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2007;179:4563-4570
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.179 , pp. 4563-4570
    • Hu, L.1    Pennington, M.2    Jiang, Q.3    Whartenby, K.A.4    Calabresi, P.A.5
  • 70
    • 46849098585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis
    • Kuhlmann T, Miron V, Cuo Q, Wegner C, Antel J, Brück W. Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain 2008;131:1749-1758
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1749-1758
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Miron, V.2    Cuo, Q.3    Wegner, C.4    Antel, J.5    Brück, W.6
  • 71
    • 54349085579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: In vitro and in vivo evidence
    • Rudick RA, Mi S, Sandrock AW Jr. LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008;8:1561-1570
    • (2008) Expert Opin Biol Ther , vol.8 , pp. 1561-1570
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Mi, S.2    Sandrock Jr., A.W.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.