메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 171, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 113-122

Using marginal structural measurement-error models to estimate the long-term effect of antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS or death

Author keywords

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Bias (epidemiology); Cohort studies; Confounding factors (epidemiology); Epidemiologic measurements; HIV; Pharmacoepidemiology; Selection bias

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

EID: 72949091835     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp329     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0442268112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team
    • Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(11):725-733.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , Issue.11 , pp. 725-733
    • Hammer, S.M.1    Squires, K.E.2    Hughes, M.D.3
  • 2
    • 0030869269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy [see comments]
    • Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(11): 734-739.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.337 , Issue.11 , pp. 734-739
    • Gulick, R.M.1    Mellors, J.W.2    Havlir, D.3
  • 3
    • 6844240219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. the Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group.
    • Cameron DW, Heath-Chiozzi M, Danner S, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351(9102):543-549.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9102 , pp. 543-549
    • Cameron, D.W.1    Heath-Chiozzi, M.2    Danner, S.3
  • 4
    • 0020960084 scopus 로고
    • The need for randomization in the study of intended effects
    • Miettinen OS. The need for randomization in the study of intended effects. Stat Med. 1983;2(2):267-271.
    • (1983) Stat Med , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 267-271
    • Miettinen, O.S.1
  • 5
    • 0022973522 scopus 로고
    • Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding
    • Greenland S, Robins JM. Identifiability, exchangeability, and epidemiological confounding. Int J Epidemiol. 1986;15(3): 413-419.
    • (1986) Int J Epidemiol , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 413-419
    • Greenland, S.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 6
    • 0024382696 scopus 로고
    • The control of confounding by intermediate variables
    • Robins J. The control of confounding by intermediate variables. Stat Med. 1989;8(6):679-701.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 679-701
    • Robins, J.1
  • 7
    • 0026556155 scopus 로고
    • Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects
    • Robins JM, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology. 1992;3(2):143-155.
    • (1992) Epidemiology , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-155
    • Robins, J.M.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 8
    • 0036203032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fallibility in estimating direct effects (with discussion)
    • Cole SR, Hernán MA. Fallibility in estimating direct effects (with discussion). Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):163-165.
    • (2002) Int J Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 163-165
    • Cole, S.R.1    Hernán, M.A.2
  • 10
    • 0141620176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models
    • Cole SR, Hernán MA, Robins JM, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(7):687-694.
    • (2003) Am J Epidemiol , vol.158 , Issue.7 , pp. 687-694
    • Cole, S.R.1    Hernán, M.A.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 11
    • 23044496716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: A prospective cohort study
    • Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Ledergerber B, et al. Long-term effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy in preventing AIDS and death: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9483):378-384.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9483 , pp. 378-384
    • Sterne, J.A.1    Hernán, M.A.2    Ledergerber, B.3
  • 12
    • 0033847784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology
    • Robins JM, Hernán MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):550-560.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 550-560
    • Robins, J.M.1    Hernán, M.A.2    Brumback, B.3
  • 13
    • 1542784246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models to estimate the joint causal effect of non-randomized treatments
    • Hernán MA, Brumback B, Robins JM. Marginal structural models to estimate the joint causal effect of non-randomized treatments. J Am Stat Assoc. 2001;96(454):440-448.
    • (2001) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.96 , Issue.454 , pp. 440-448
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Brumback, B.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 14
    • 0001139242 scopus 로고
    • Covariate measurement error in logistic regression
    • Stefanski LA, Carroll RJ. Covariate measurement error in logistic regression. Ann Stat. 1985;13:1335-1351.
    • (1985) Ann Stat , vol.13 , pp. 1335-1351
    • Stefanski, L.A.1    Carroll, R.J.2
  • 15
    • 0024426743 scopus 로고
    • Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error
    • discussion 1071-1073
    • Rosner B, Willett WC, Spiegelman D. Correction of logistic regression relative risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error. Stat Med. 1989;8(9):1051-1069; discussion 1071-1073.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , Issue.9 , pp. 1051-1069
    • Rosner, B.1    Willett, W.C.2    Spiegelman, D.3
  • 16
    • 0030971489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression calibration method for correcting measurement-error bias in nutritional epidemiology
    • Spiegelman D, McDermott A, Rosner B. Regression calibration method for correcting measurement-error bias in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(4 suppl): 1179S-1186S.
    • (1997) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.65 , Issue.4 SUPPL.
    • Spiegelman, D.1    McDermott, A.2    Rosner, B.3
  • 17
    • 0442293940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation and inference for logistic regression with covariate misclassification and measurement error, in main study/validation study designs
    • Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Logan R. Estimation and inference for logistic regression with covariate misclassification and measurement error, in main study/validation study designs. J Am Stat Assoc. 2000;95:51-61.
    • (2000) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.95 , pp. 51-61
    • Spiegelman, D.1    Rosner, B.2    Logan, R.3
  • 18
    • 0023186650 scopus 로고
    • The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: Rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants
    • Kaslow RA, Ostrow DG, Detels R, et al. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: rationale, organization, and selected characteristics of the participants. Am J Epidemiol. 1987; 126(2):310-318.
    • (1987) Am J Epidemiol , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 310-318
    • Kaslow, R.A.1    Ostrow, D.G.2    Detels, R.3
  • 19
    • 0031942881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Women's Interagency HIV Study. WIHS Collaborative Study Group
    • Barkan SE, Melnick SL, Preston-Martin S, et al. The Women's Interagency HIV Study. WIHS Collaborative Study Group. Epidemiology. 1998;9(2):117-125.
    • (1998) Epidemiology , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-125
    • Barkan, S.E.1    Melnick, S.L.2    Preston-Martin, S.3
  • 20
    • 0032407008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left-truncated data with age as time scale: An alternative for survival analysis in the elderly population
    • Lamarca R, Alonso J, Gómez G, et al. Left-truncated data with age as time scale: an alternative for survival analysis in the elderly population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53(5): M337-M343.
    • (1998) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.53 , Issue.5
    • Lamarca, R.1    Alonso, J.2    Gómez, G.3
  • 21
    • 0027313977 scopus 로고
    • Statistical models for prevalent cohort data
    • Wang MC, Brookmeyer R, Jewell NP. Statistical models for prevalent cohort data. Biometrics. 1993;49(1):1-11
    • (1993) Biometrics , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Wang, M.C.1    Brookmeyer, R.2    Jewell, N.P.3
  • 22
    • 0027122957 scopus 로고
    • 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults
    • 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992;41(RR-17): 1-19.
    • (1992) MMWR Recomm Rep. , vol.41 , Issue.RR-17 , pp. 1-19
  • 23
    • 0035371459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women
    • Hessol NA, Schwarcz S, Ameli N, et al. Accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(11):1128-1133.
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.153 , Issue.11 , pp. 1128-1133
    • Hessol, N.A.1    Schwarcz, S.2    Ameli, N.3
  • 25
    • 1842296349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection
    • Mellors JW, Muñoz A, Giorgi JV, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(12):946-954.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , Issue.12 , pp. 946-954
    • Mellors, J.W.1    Muñoz, A.2    Giorgi, J.V.3
  • 26
    • 0021921558 scopus 로고
    • Logistic regression in survival analysis
    • Abbott RD. Logistic regression in survival analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121(3):465-471.
    • (1985) Am J Epidemiol , vol.121 , Issue.3 , pp. 465-471
    • Abbott, R.D.1
  • 27
    • 34547604847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load using a marginal structural left-censored mean model
    • Cole SR, Hernán MA, Anastos K, et al. Determining the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load using a marginal structural left-censored mean model. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(2):219-227.
    • (2007) Am J Epidemiol , vol.166 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-227
    • Cole, S.R.1    Hernán, M.A.2    Anastos, K.3
  • 28
    • 70349675891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: Causal diagrams and measurement bias
    • Hernán MA, Cole SR. Invited commentary: Causal diagrams and measurement bias. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(8):959-962.
    • (2009) Am J Epidemiol , vol.170 , Issue.8 , pp. 959-962
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Cole, S.R.2
  • 29
    • 23944458854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models for estimating the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation on CD4 cell count
    • Cole SR, Hernán MA, Margolick JB, et al. Marginal structural models for estimating the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation on CD4 cell count. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162(5):471-478.
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.162 , Issue.5 , pp. 471-478
    • Cole, S.R.1    Hernán, M.A.2    Margolick, J.B.3
  • 30
    • 51749124303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models
    • Cole SR, Hernán MA. Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(6):656-664.
    • (2008) Am J Epidemiol , vol.168 , Issue.6 , pp. 656-664
    • Cole, S.R.1    Hernán, M.A.2
  • 31
    • 0000095552 scopus 로고
    • A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test of heteroskedasticity
    • White HA. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test of heteroskedasticity. Econometrica. 1980;48:817-838.
    • (1980) Econometrica , vol.48 , pp. 817-838
    • White, H.A.1
  • 32
    • 0027536734 scopus 로고
    • A method for the analysis of randomized trials with compliance information: An application to the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
    • Mark SD, Robins JM. A method for the analysis of randomized trials with compliance information: an application to the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Control Clin Trials. 1993;14(2):79-97.
    • (1993) Control Clin Trials , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 79-97
    • Mark, S.D.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 33
    • 19444377431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of acyclovir on herpetic ocular recurrence using a structural nested model
    • Cole SR, Chu H. Effect of acyclovir on herpetic ocular recurrence using a structural nested model. Contemp Clin Trials. 2005;26(3):300-310.
    • (2005) Contemp Clin Trials , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 300-310
    • Cole, S.R.1    Chu, H.2
  • 34
    • 40949150634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating effects from randomized trials with discontinuations: The need for intent-to-treat design and G-estimation
    • Greenland S, Lanes S, Jara M. Estimating effects from randomized trials with discontinuations: the need for intent-to-treat design and G-estimation. Clin Trials. 2008;5(1): 5-13.
    • (2008) Clin Trials , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-13
    • Greenland, S.1    Lanes, S.2    Jara, M.3
  • 35
    • 0032483690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration
    • Detels R, Muñoz A, McFarlane G, et al. Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. JAMA. 1998;280(17): 1497-1503.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , Issue.17 , pp. 1497-1503
    • Detels, R.1    Muñoz, A.2    McFarlane, G.3
  • 36
    • 0033853460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists
    • Greenland S. An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(4):722-729.
    • (2000) Int J Epidemiol , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 722-729
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 37
    • 32544435581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on multiple AIDS-defining illnesses among male HIV seroconverters
    • Cain LE, Cole SR, Chmiel JS, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on multiple AIDS-defining illnesses among male HIV seroconverters. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163 (4):310-315.
    • (2006) Am J Epidemiol , vol.163 , Issue.4 , pp. 310-315
    • Cain, L.E.1    Cole, S.R.2    Chmiel, J.S.3
  • 38
    • 65249101333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS using calendar period as an instrumental variable
    • Cain LE, Cole SR, Greenland S, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS using calendar period as an instrumental variable. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(9): 1124-1132.
    • (2009) Am J Epidemiol , vol.169 , Issue.9 , pp. 1124-1132
    • Cain, L.E.1    Cole, S.R.2    Greenland, S.3
  • 39
    • 33749328767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric causal effects based on marginal structural models
    • Neugebauer R, Van der Laan M. Nonparametric causal effects based on marginal structural models. J Stat Plan Inference. 2007;137:419-434.
    • (2007) J Stat Plan Inference , vol.137 , pp. 419-434
    • Neugebauer, R.1    Van Der Laan, M.2
  • 40
    • 0034669248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection by indication of potent antiretroviral therapy use in a large cohort of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Ahdieh L, Gange SJ, Greenblatt R, et al. Selection by indication of potent antiretroviral therapy use in a large cohort of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(10):923-933.
    • (2000) Am J Epidemiol , vol.152 , Issue.10 , pp. 923-933
    • Ahdieh, L.1    Gange, S.J.2    Greenblatt, R.3
  • 41
    • 67651098902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consistency statement in causal inference: A definition or an assumption?
    • Cole SR, Frangakis CE. The consistency statement in causal inference: a definition or an assumption? Epidemiology. 2009; 20(1):3-5.
    • (2009) Epidemiology , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-5
    • Cole, S.R.1    Frangakis, C.E.2
  • 42
    • 26444606818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: Hypothetical interventions to define causal effects-afterthought or prerequisite?
    • discussion 621-622
    • Hernán MA. Invited commentary: Hypothetical interventions to define causal effects-afterthought or prerequisite? Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(7):618-620; discussion 621-622.
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.162 , Issue.7 , pp. 618-620
    • Hernán, M.A.1
  • 43
    • 49549116657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does obesity shorten life? the importance of well-defined interventions to answer causal questions
    • Hernán MA, Taubman SL. Does obesity shorten life? The importance of well-defined interventions to answer causal questions. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(suppl 3): S8-S14.
    • (2008) Int J Obes (Lond) , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Taubman, S.L.2
  • 44
    • 0033839024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men
    • Hernán MA, Brumback B, Robins JM. Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5): 561-570.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 561-570
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Brumback, B.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 45
    • 34447268935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interval and clinical cohort studies: Epidemiological issues
    • Lau B, Gange SJ, Moore RD. Interval and clinical cohort studies: epidemiological issues. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23(6):769-776.
    • (2007) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 769-776
    • Lau, B.1    Gange, S.J.2    Moore, R.D.3
  • 46
    • 72949085285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus biomarkers: Inferences from interval and clinical cohort studies
    • Lau B, Gange SJ, Kirk GD, et al. Evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus biomarkers: inferences from interval and clinical cohort studies. Epidemiology. 2009;20(5):664-672.
    • (2009) Epidemiology , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 664-672
    • Lau, B.1    Gange, S.J.2    Kirk, G.D.3
  • 47
    • 0347985215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General methodological considerations
    • Robins JM. General methodological considerations. J Econometrics. 2003;112:89-106.
    • (2003) J Econometrics , vol.112 , pp. 89-106
    • Robins, J.M.1
  • 48
    • 24944494971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural mean models for compliance analysis in randomized clinical trials and the impact of errors on measures of exposure
    • Goetghebeur E, Vansteelandt S. Structural mean models for compliance analysis in randomized clinical trials and the impact of errors on measures of exposure. Stat Methods Med Res. 2005;14(4):397-415.
    • (2005) Stat Methods Med Res , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 397-415
    • Goetghebeur, E.1    Vansteelandt, S.2
  • 49
    • 33749609718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-imputation for measurement-error correction
    • Cole SR, Chu H, Greenland S. Multiple-imputation for measurement-error correction. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4): 1074-1081.
    • (2006) Int J Epidemiol , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 1074-1081
    • Cole, S.R.1    Chu, H.2    Greenland, S.3
  • 50
    • 33645315892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research: I. Foundations and basic methods
    • Greenland S. Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research: I. Foundations and basic methods. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(3):765-775.
    • (2006) Int J Epidemiol , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 765-775
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 51
    • 34447343362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research. II. Regression analysis
    • Greenland S. Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research. II. Regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(1): 195-202.
    • (2007) Int J Epidemiol , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 195-202
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 52
    • 20144383829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data
    • Greenland S. Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data. J R Stat Soc (A). 2005;168:267-306.
    • (2005) J R Stat Soc (A) , vol.168 , pp. 267-306
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 54
    • 72949084574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validation study of self reported antiretroviral use within a clinical cohort of HIV positive patients
    • Brouwer ES, Napravnik S, Corbett AH, et al. A validation study of self reported antiretroviral use within a clinical cohort of HIV positive patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008; 17(S1):S3.
    • (2008) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf , vol.17 , Issue.S1
    • Brouwer, E.S.1    Napravnik, S.2    Corbett, A.H.3
  • 55
    • 0001506817 scopus 로고
    • Approximate quasi-likelihood estimation in models with surrogate predictors
    • Carroll RJ, Stefanski LA. Approximate quasi-likelihood estimation in models with surrogate predictors. J Am Stat Assoc. 1990;85:652-663.
    • (1990) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.85 , pp. 652-663
    • Carroll, R.J.1    Stefanski, L.A.2
  • 56
    • 77956888769 scopus 로고
    • Causal diagrams for empirical research
    • Pearl J. Causal diagrams for empirical research. Biometrika. 1995;82:669-710.
    • (1995) Biometrika , vol.82 , pp. 669-710
    • Pearl, J.1
  • 57
    • 0004213845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York NY: Cambridge
    • Pearl J. Causality. New York, NY: Cambridge; 2000.
    • (2000) Causality
    • Pearl, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.