메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 168, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 267-306

Multiple-bias modelling for analysis of observational data

(20)  Greenland, Sander a   Copas, John b   Jones, David R c   Spiegelhalter, David d   Rice, Kenneth d   Armstrong, Ben e   Senn, Stephen f   Carpenter, James e   Kenward, Mike e   De Stavola, Bianca e   Nitsch, Dorothea e   Nitsch, D e   Muirhead, Colin R g   Hodges, Jim h   Longford, N T i   Gelman, Andrew j   Draper, David k   Gustafson, Paul l   McCandless, Lawrence l   Rubin, Donald B m  


Author keywords

Bayesian statistics; Confidence profile method; Confounding; Epidemiologic methods; Leukaemia; Magnetic fields; Meta analysis; Meta statistics; Monte Carlo methods; Observational data; Odds ratio; Relative risk; Risk analysis; Risk assessment; Sensitivity analysis

Indexed keywords


EID: 20144383829     PISSN: 09641998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2004.00349.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (411)

References (131)
  • 1
    • 0346880128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables
    • Angrist, J., Imbens, G. and Rubin, D. B. (1996) Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables (with discussion). J. Am. Statist. Ass., 91, 444-472.
    • (1996) J. Am. Statist. Ass. , vol.91 , pp. 444-472
    • Angrist, J.1    Imbens, G.2    Rubin, D.B.3
  • 2
    • 85026869509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bishop, Y. M. M., Fienberg, S. E. and Holland, P. W. (1975) Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
  • 5
    • 0002139924 scopus 로고
    • Odds ratio estimators when the data are sparse
    • Breslow, N. E. (1981) Odds ratio estimators when the data are sparse. Biometrika, 68, 73-84.
    • (1981) Biometrika , vol.68 , pp. 73-84
    • Breslow, N.E.1
  • 6
    • 0029906446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extra low frequency electric and magnetic fields in the bedplace of children diagnosed with leukemia: A case-control study
    • Coghill, R. W., Steward, J. and Philips, A. (1996) Extra low frequency electric and magnetic fields in the bedplace of children diagnosed with leukemia: a case-control study. Eur. J. Cancer Prevn, 5, 153-158.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Cancer Prevn , vol.5 , pp. 153-158
    • Coghill, R.W.1    Steward, J.2    Philips, A.3
  • 7
    • 0033475004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What works?: Selectivity models and meta-analysis
    • Copas, J. B. (1999) What works?: selectivity models and meta-analysis. J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 162, 95-109.
    • (1999) J. R. Statist. Soc. A , vol.162 , pp. 95-109
    • Copas, J.B.1
  • 8
    • 0002627582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference for non-random samples
    • Copas, J. B. and Li, H. G. (1997) Inference for non-random samples (with discussion). J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 59, 55-95.
    • (1997) J. R. Statist. Soc. B , vol.59 , pp. 55-95
    • Copas, J.B.1    Li, H.G.2
  • 10
    • 21944454865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health risk assessment prepared per the risk assessment reforms under consideration in the U.S. Congress
    • Crouch, A. C., Lester, R. R., Lash, T. L., Armstrong, S. R. and Green, L. C. (1997) Health risk assessment prepared per the risk assessment reforms under consideration in the U.S. Congress. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assessmnt, 3, 713-785.
    • (1997) Hum. Ecol. Risk Assessmnt , vol.3 , pp. 713-785
    • Crouch, A.C.1    Lester, R.R.2    Lash, T.L.3    Armstrong, S.R.4    Green, L.C.5
  • 11
    • 0031820517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic field exposures and childhood cancers in New Zealand
    • erratum 10 (1999), 641
    • Dockerty, J. D., Elwood, J. M., Skegg, D. C. G. and Herbison, G. P. (1998) Electromagnetic field exposures and childhood cancers in New Zealand. Cancer Causes Contr., 9, 299-309; erratum 10 (1999), 641.
    • (1998) Cancer Causes Contr. , vol.9 , pp. 299-309
    • Dockerty, J.D.1    Elwood, J.M.2    Skegg, D.C.G.3    Herbison, G.P.4
  • 12
    • 0002621911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scenario and parametric sensitivity and uncertainty analyses in nuclear waste disposal risk assessment: The case of GESAMAC
    • (eds A. Saltelli, K. Chan and M. Scott), ch. 13. New York: Wiley
    • Draper, D., Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S. and Prado, P. (2000) Scenario and parametric sensitivity and uncertainty analyses in nuclear waste disposal risk assessment: the case of GESAMAC. In Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Sensitivity Analysis (eds A. Saltelli, K. Chan and M. Scott), ch. 13, pp. 275-292. New York: Wiley.
    • (2000) Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Sensitivity Analysis , pp. 275-292
    • Draper, D.1    Saltelli, A.2    Tarantola, S.3    Prado, P.4
  • 13
    • 85026883635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eddy, D. M., Hasselblad, V. and Schachter, R. (1992) Meta-analysis by the Confidence Profile Method. New York: Academic Press.
  • 14
    • 85026866492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. (1993) An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.
  • 15
    • 85026893600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electric Power Research Institute (2003) Selection bias in epidemiologic studies of EMF and childhood leukemia. EPRI Report 1008149. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • 16
    • 0027365670 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines
    • Feychting, M. and Ahlbom, A. (1993) Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines. Am. J. Epidem., 138, 467-481.
    • (1993) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.138 , pp. 467-481
    • Feychting, M.1    Ahlbom, A.2
  • 17
    • 0026337612 scopus 로고
    • Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement
    • Flegal, K. M., Keyl, P. M. and Nieto, F. J. (1991) Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement. Am. J. Epidem., 134, 1233-1244.
    • (1991) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.134 , pp. 1233-1244
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Keyl, P.M.2    Nieto, F.J.3
  • 18
    • 0036188782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principal stratification in causal inference
    • Frangakis, C. and Rubin, D. B. (2002) Principal stratification in causal inference. Biometrics, 58, 21-29.
    • (2002) Biometrics , vol.58 , pp. 21-29
    • Frangakis, C.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 19
    • 85026881975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S. and Rubin, D. B. (2003). Bayesian Data Analysis, 2nd edn. New York: Chapman and Hall-CRC.
  • 20
    • 85026882062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good, I. J. (1983) Good Thinking. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • 21
    • 0034655583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference for a generalized population attributable fraction
    • Graham, P. (2000) Bayesian inference for a generalized population attributable fraction. Statist. Med., 19, 937-956.
    • (2000) Statist. Med. , vol.19 , pp. 937-956
    • Graham, P.1
  • 22
    • 0032975281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of childhood leukemia in southern Ontario, Canada, and exposure to magnetic fields in residences
    • Green, L. M., Miller, A. B., Villeneuve, P. J., Agnew, D. A., Greenberg, M. L., Li, J. and Donnelly, K. E. (1999) A case-control study of childhood leukemia in southern Ontario, Canada, and exposure to magnetic fields in residences. Int. J. Cancer, 82, 161-170.
    • (1999) Int. J. Cancer , vol.82 , pp. 161-170
    • Green, L.M.1    Miller, A.B.2    Villeneuve, P.J.3    Agnew, D.A.4    Greenberg, M.L.5    Li, J.6    Donnelly, K.E.7
  • 23
    • 0030470138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of bias
    • Greenland, S. (1996) Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of bias. Int. J. Epidem., 25, 1107-1116.
    • (1996) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.25 , pp. 1107-1116
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 25
    • 0035701428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis, Monte-Carlo risk analysis, and Bayesian uncertainty assessment
    • Greenland, S. (2001a) Sensitivity analysis, Monte-Carlo risk analysis, and Bayesian uncertainty assessment. Risk Anal., 21, 579-583.
    • (2001) Risk Anal. , vol.21 , pp. 579-583
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 26
    • 0034875204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting background information about relative risks into conjugate priors
    • Greenland, S. (2001b) Putting background information about relative risks into conjugate priors. Biometrics, 57, 663-670.
    • (2001) Biometrics , vol.57 , pp. 663-670
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 27
    • 0037361638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of prior distributions for uncontrolled confounding and response bias: A case study of the relation of wire codes and magnetic fields to childhood leukemia
    • Greenland, S. (2003a) The impact of prior distributions for uncontrolled confounding and response bias: a case study of the relation of wire codes and magnetic fields to childhood leukemia. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 98, 47-54.
    • (2003) J. Am. Statist. Ass. , vol.98 , pp. 47-54
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 28
    • 0037366626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized conjugate priors for Bayesian analysis of risk and survival regressions
    • Greenland, S. (2003b) Generalized conjugate priors for Bayesian analysis of risk and survival regressions. Biometrics, 59, 92-99.
    • (2003) Biometrics , vol.59 , pp. 92-99
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 29
    • 12344333545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interval estimation by simulation as an alternative to and extension of confidence intervals
    • Greenland, S. (2004a) Interval estimation by simulation as an alternative to and extension of confidence intervals. Int. J. Epidem., 33, 1389-1397.
    • (2004) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.33 , pp. 1389-1397
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 30
    • 85026888907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greenland, S. (2004b) Smoothing epidemiologic data. In Encyclopedia of Biostatistics, 2nd edn (eds P. Armitage and T. Colton). New York: Wiley.
  • 31
    • 0032924944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research
    • Greenland, S., Pearl, J. and Robins, J. M. (1999) Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology, 10, 37-48.
    • (1999) Epidemiology , vol.10 , pp. 37-48
    • Greenland, S.1    Pearl, J.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 32
    • 0021807618 scopus 로고
    • Confounding and misclassification
    • Greenland, S. and Robins, J. M. (1985) Confounding and misclassification. Am. J. Epidem., 122, 495-506.
    • (1985) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.122 , pp. 495-506
    • Greenland, S.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 33
    • 0034159815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems from small samples and sparse data in conditional logistic regression analysis
    • Greenland, S., Schwartzbaum, J. A. and Finkle, W. D. (2000) Problems from small samples and sparse data in conditional logistic regression analysis. Am. J. Epidem., 151, 531-539.
    • (2000) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.151 , pp. 531-539
    • Greenland, S.1    Schwartzbaum, J.A.2    Finkle, W.D.3
  • 34
    • 0033792472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia
    • Greenland, S., Sheppard, A. R., Kaune, W. T., Poole, C. and Kelsh, M. A. (2000) A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Epidemiology, 11, 624-634.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , pp. 624-634
    • Greenland, S.1    Sheppard, A.R.2    Kaune, W.T.3    Poole, C.4    Kelsh, M.A.5
  • 35
    • 85026873103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gustafson, P. (2003) Measurement Error and Misclassification in Statistics and Epidemiology. New York: Chapman and Hall.
  • 36
    • 0033998796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do confounding or selection factors of residential wire codes and magnetic fields distort findings of electromagnetic fields studies?
    • Hatch, E. E., Kleinerman, R. A., Linet, M. S., Tarone, R. E., Kaune, W. T., Auvinen, A., Baris, D., Robison, L. L. and Wacholder, S. (2000) Do confounding or selection factors of residential wire codes and magnetic fields distort findings of electromagnetic fields studies? Epidemiology, 11, 189-198.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , pp. 189-198
    • Hatch, E.E.1    Kleinerman, R.A.2    Linet, M.S.3    Tarone, R.E.4    Kaune, W.T.5    Auvinen, A.6    Baris, D.7    Robison, L.L.8    Wacholder, S.9
  • 37
    • 8844284613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure-measurement error is frequently ignored when interpreting epidemiologic study results
    • Jurek, A. M., Maldonado, G., Greenland, S. and Church, T. R. (2004) Exposure-measurement error is frequently ignored when interpreting epidemiologic study results (abstract). Am. J. Epidem., 159, S72.
    • (2004) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.159
    • Jurek, A.M.1    Maldonado, G.2    Greenland, S.3    Church, T.R.4
  • 38
    • 85026874152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kabuto, M. (2003) A study on environmental EMF and children's health: final report of a grant-in-aid for scientific research project, 1999-2001 (in Japanese). Report. Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo.
  • 39
    • 0036725049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contact voltage measured in residences: Implications for the association between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia
    • Kavet, R. and Zaffanella, L. E. (2002) Contact voltage measured in residences: implications for the association between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. Bioelectromagnetics, 23, 464-474.
    • (2002) Bioelectromagnetics , vol.23 , pp. 464-474
    • Kavet, R.1    Zaffanella, L.E.2
  • 40
    • 0035220080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that explain the power line configuration wiring code-childhood leukemia association: What would they look like?
    • Langholz, B. (2001) Factors that explain the power line configuration wiring code-childhood leukemia association: what would they look like (with discussion)? Bioelectromagn. Suppl., 5, S19-S31.
    • (2001) Bioelectromagn. Suppl. , vol.5
    • Langholz, B.1
  • 41
    • 0013091927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semi-automated sensitivity analysis to assess systematic errors in observational epidemiologic data
    • Lash, T. L. and Fink, A. K. (2003) Semi-automated sensitivity analysis to assess systematic errors in observational epidemiologic data. Epidemiology, 14, 451-458.
    • (2003) Epidemiology , vol.14 , pp. 451-458
    • Lash, T.L.1    Fink, A.K.2
  • 42
    • 0033847927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sensitivity analysis to separate bias due to confounding from bias due to predicting misclassification by a variable that does both
    • Lash, T. L. and Silliman, R. A. (2000) A sensitivity analysis to separate bias due to confounding from bias due to predicting misclassification by a variable that does both. Epidemiology, 11, 544-549.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , pp. 544-549
    • Lash, T.L.1    Silliman, R.A.2
  • 43
    • 0013046913 scopus 로고
    • False models and post-data model construction
    • Learner, E. E. (1974) False models and post-data model construction. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 69, 122-131.
    • (1974) J. Am. Statist. Ass. , vol.69 , pp. 122-131
    • Learner, E.E.1
  • 44
    • 85026874450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learner, E. E. (1978) Specification Searches. New York: Wiley.
  • 46
    • 85102327017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Little, R. J. A. and Rubin, D. A. (2002) Statistical Analysis with Missing Data, 2nd edn. New York: Wiley.
  • 47
    • 0026009844 scopus 로고
    • Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia
    • London, S. J., Thomas, D. C., Bowman, J. D., Sobel, E., Cheng, T.-C. and Peters, J. M. (1991) Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am. J. Epidem., 134, 923-937.
    • (1991) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.134 , pp. 923-937
    • London, S.J.1    Thomas, D.C.2    Bowman, J.D.3    Sobel, E.4    Cheng, T.-C.5    Peters, J.M.6
  • 48
    • 0026511528 scopus 로고
    • Tests for trend and dose-response: Misinterpretations and alternatives
    • Maclure, M. and Greenland, S. (1992) Tests for trend and dose-response: misinterpretations and alternatives. Am. J. Epidem., 135, 96-104.
    • (1992) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.135 , pp. 96-104
    • Maclure, M.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 49
    • 0035183337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation of bias: The episcope
    • Maclure, M. and Schneeweiss, S. (2001) Causation of bias: the episcope. Epidemiology, 12, 114-122.
    • (2001) Epidemiology , vol.12 , pp. 114-122
    • Maclure, M.1    Schneeweiss, S.2
  • 52
    • 85026868036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morgan, M. G. and Henrion, M. (1990) Uncertainty. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • 53
    • 85026874421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosteller, F. and Tukey, J. W. (1977) Data Analysis and Regression. New York: Addison-Wesley.
  • 54
    • 0027359188 scopus 로고
    • Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children
    • Olsen, J. H., Nielsen, A. and Schulgen, G. (1993) Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children. Br. Med. J., 307, 891-895.
    • (1993) Br. Med. J. , vol.307 , pp. 891-895
    • Olsen, J.H.1    Nielsen, A.2    Schulgen, G.3
  • 55
    • 85026876205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pearl, J. (2000) Causality. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • 56
    • 0034839284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economics of "more research is needed"
    • Phillips, C. V. (2001) The economics of "more research is needed". Int. J. Epidem., 30, 771-776.
    • (2001) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.30 , pp. 771-776
    • Phillips, C.V.1
  • 57
    • 0013045232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying and reporting uncertainty from systematic errors
    • Phillips, C. V. (2003) Quantifying and reporting uncertainty from systematic errors. Epidemiology, 14, 459-466.
    • (2003) Epidemiology , vol.14 , pp. 459-466
    • Phillips, C.V.1
  • 58
    • 0031475760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How a court accepted a possible explanation
    • Poole, C. and Greenland, S. (1997) How a court accepted a possible explanation. Am. Statistn, 51, 112-114.
    • (1997) Am. Statistn , vol.51 , pp. 112-114
    • Poole, C.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 59
    • 0035964992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Considering uncertainty in comparing the burden of illness due to foodborne microbial pathogens
    • Powell, M., Ebel, E. and Schlossel, W. (2001) Considering uncertainty in comparing the burden of illness due to foodborne microbial pathogens. Int. J. Food Microbiol, 69, 209-215.
    • (2001) Int. J. Food Microbiol , vol.69 , pp. 209-215
    • Powell, M.1    Ebel, E.2    Schlossel, W.3
  • 60
    • 0002121637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis for selection bias and unmeasured confounding in missing data and causal inference models
    • (eds M. E. Halloran and D. A. Berry). New York: Springer
    • Robins, J. M., Rotnitzky, A. and Scharfstein, D. O. (1999) Sensitivity analysis for selection bias and unmeasured confounding in missing data and causal inference models. In Statistical Models in Epidemiology (eds M. E. Halloran and D. A. Berry), pp. 1-92. New York: Springer.
    • (1999) Statistical Models in Epidemiology , pp. 1-92
    • Robins, J.M.1    Rotnitzky, A.2    Scharfstein, D.O.3
  • 61
    • 85026878367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosenbaum, P. (2002) Observational Studies, 2nd edn. New York: Springer.
  • 62
    • 85026864531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rothman, K. J. (1986) Modern Epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • 63
    • 85026856155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rothman, K. J. and Greenland, S. (1998) Modern Epidemiology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
  • 64
    • 0013045389 scopus 로고
    • A case study of the robustness of Bayesian methods of inference
    • (eds G. E. P. Box, T. Leonard and C. F. Wu). New York: Academic Press
    • Rubin, D. B. (1983) A case study of the robustness of Bayesian methods of inference. In Scientific Inference, Data Analysis, and Robustness (eds G. E. P. Box, T. Leonard and C. F. Wu), pp. 213-244. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1983) Scientific Inference, Data Analysis, and Robustness , pp. 213-244
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 65
    • 0023918461 scopus 로고
    • Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields
    • Savitz, D. A., Wachtel, H., Barnes, F. A., John, E. M. and Tvrdik, J. G. (1988) Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields. Am. J. Epidem., 128, 21-38.
    • (1988) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.128 , pp. 21-38
    • Savitz, D.A.1    Wachtel, H.2    Barnes, F.A.3    John, E.M.4    Tvrdik, J.G.5
  • 66
    • 0035283743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residential magnetic fields as a risk factor for acute childhood leukemia: Results from a German population-based case-control study
    • Schüz, J., Grigat, J. P., Brinkmann, K. and Michaelis, J. (2001) Residential magnetic fields as a risk factor for acute childhood leukemia: results from a German population-based case-control study. Int. J. Cancer, 91, 728-735.
    • (2001) Int. J. Cancer , vol.91 , pp. 728-735
    • Schüz, J.1    Grigat, J.P.2    Brinkmann, K.3    Michaelis, J.4
  • 67
    • 3843086509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monte-Carlo sensitivity analysis and Bayesian analysis of smoking as an unmeasured confounder in a study of silica and lung cancer
    • Steenland, K. and Greenland, S. (2004) Monte-Carlo sensitivity analysis and Bayesian analysis of smoking as an unmeasured confounder in a study of silica and lung cancer. Am. J. Epidem., 160, 384-392.
    • (2004) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.160 , pp. 384-392
    • Steenland, K.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 68
    • 85026866890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stigler, S. M. (1986) The History of Statistics. London: Belknap.
  • 69
    • 0022634578 scopus 로고
    • 50-Hz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm County
    • Tomenius, L. (1986) 50-Hz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm County. Bioelectromagnetics, 7, 191-207.
    • (1986) Bioelectromagnetics , vol.7 , pp. 191-207
    • Tomenius, L.1
  • 70
    • 0030609488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Norwegian high-voltage power lines
    • Tynes, T. and Haldorsen, T. (1997) Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Norwegian high-voltage power lines. Am. J. Epidem., 145, 219-226.
    • (1997) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.145 , pp. 219-226
    • Tynes, T.1    Haldorsen, T.2
  • 71
    • 0033524146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of childhood cancer
    • UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators (1999) Exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields and the risk of childhood cancer. Lancet, 354, 1925-1931.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1925-1931
  • 73
    • 85026872586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vose, D. (2000) Risk Analysis. New York: Wiley.
  • 74
    • 0027265767 scopus 로고
    • Validation studies using an alloyed gold standard
    • Wacholder, S., Armstrong, B. and Hartge, P. (1993) Validation studies using an alloyed gold standard. Am. J. Epidem., 137, 1251-1258.
    • (1993) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.137 , pp. 1251-1258
    • Wacholder, S.1    Armstrong, B.2    Hartge, P.3
  • 75
    • 0013140520 scopus 로고
    • Case-control studies: Assessing the effect of a confounding factor
    • Yanagawa, T. (1984) Case-control studies: assessing the effect of a confounding factor. Biometrika, 71, 191-194.
    • (1984) Biometrika , vol.71 , pp. 191-194
    • Yanagawa, T.1
  • 76
    • 85026859350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abayomi, K., Gelman, A. and Levy, M. (2004) Diagnostics for multivariate imputations. Technical Report. Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York.
  • 77
    • 0012406876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ELF electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer
    • National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton
    • Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation (2001) ELF electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer. Document NRPB 12(1). National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton. (Available from http://www.nrpb.org/publications/ documents of nrpb/abstracts/absd12-1.htm.)
    • (2001) Document NRPB , vol.12 , Issue.1
  • 78
    • 84873787355 scopus 로고
    • Limitations of the application of fourfold tables to hospital data
    • Berkson, J. (1946) Limitations of the application of fourfold tables to hospital data. Biometr. Bull., 2, 47-53.
    • (1946) Biometr. Bull. , vol.2 , pp. 47-53
    • Berkson, J.1
  • 79
    • 0000025871 scopus 로고
    • Science and statistics
    • Box, G. E. P. (1976) Science and statistics. J. Am. Statist Ass., 71, 791-799.
    • (1976) J. Am. Statist Ass. , vol.71 , pp. 791-799
    • Box, G.E.P.1
  • 80
    • 85026886379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Box, G. E. P. and Tiao, G. C. (1973) Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • 81
    • 0000245743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical modeling: The two cultures
    • Breiman, L. (2001) Statistical modeling: the two cultures (with discussion). Statist. Sci., 16, 199-231.
    • (2001) Statist. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 199-231
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 82
    • 0032944813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian approaches to the value of information: Implications for the regulation of new pharmaceuticals
    • Claxton, K. (1999) Bayesian approaches to the value of information: implications for the regulation of new pharmaceuticals. Hlth Econ., 8, 269-274.
    • (1999) Hlth Econ. , vol.8 , pp. 269-274
    • Claxton, K.1
  • 83
    • 85026854791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cochran, W. G. (1953) Sampling Techniques, 1st edn. New York: Wiley.
  • 84
    • 85026861353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cole, S. R., Chu, H. and Greenland, S. (2005) A simulation study of multiple-imputation for measurement error correction. Am. J. Epidem., to be published.
  • 85
    • 0035540921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local sensitivity approximations for selectivity bias
    • Copas, J. and Eguchi, S. (2001) Local sensitivity approximations for selectivity bias. J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 63, 871-895.
    • (2001) J. R. Statist. Soc. B , vol.63 , pp. 871-895
    • Copas, J.1    Eguchi, S.2
  • 86
    • 1642293155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A bound for publication bias based on the fraction of unpublished studies
    • Copas, J. B. and Jackson, D. (2004) A bound for publication bias based on the fraction of unpublished studies. Biometrics, 60, 146-153.
    • (2004) Biometrics , vol.60 , pp. 146-153
    • Copas, J.B.1    Jackson, D.2
  • 87
    • 85026850992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal, D. and Crystal, B. (2002) Shakespeare's Words. London: Penguin.
  • 88
    • 0037322022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Mendelian randomization': Can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?
    • Davey Smith, G. and Ebrahim, S. (2003) 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidem., 32, 1-22.
    • (2003) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.32 , pp. 1-22
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 89
    • 2942644937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian sample size determination for prevalence and diagnostic test studies in the absence of a gold standard test
    • Dendukuri, N., Rahme, E., Belisle, P. and Joseph, L. (2004) Bayesian sample size determination for prevalence and diagnostic test studies in the absence of a gold standard test. Biometrics, 60, 388-397.
    • (2004) Biometrics , vol.60 , pp. 388-397
    • Dendukuri, N.1    Rahme, E.2    Belisle, P.3    Joseph, L.4
  • 90
    • 21844484840 scopus 로고
    • Inference and hierarchical modeling in the social sciences
    • Draper, D. (1995) Inference and hierarchical modeling in the social sciences (with discussion). J. Educ. Behav. Statist., 20, 115-147, 233-239.
    • (1995) J. Educ. Behav. Statist. , vol.20 , pp. 115-147
    • Draper, D.1
  • 91
    • 85026860005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eddy, D. M., Hasselblad, V. and Shachter, R. (1992) Meta-analysis by the Confidence Profile Method. Boston: Academic Press.
  • 92
    • 0026337612 scopus 로고
    • Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement
    • Flegal, K. M., Keyl, P. M. and Nieto, F. J. (1991) Differential misclassification arising from nondifferential errors in exposure measurement. Am. J. Epidem., 134, 1233-1244.
    • (1991) Am. J. Epidem. , vol.134 , pp. 1233-1244
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Keyl, P.M.2    Nieto, F.J.3
  • 93
    • 85026876183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fox, M. P., Lash, T. L. and Greenland, S. (2005) A SAS macro to automate probabilistic sensitivity analyses of misclassified binary variables.
  • 94
    • 85026854218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good, I. J. (1950) Probability and the Weighing of Evidence. London: Griffin.
  • 95
    • 85026886153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good, I. J. (1983) Good Thinking. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • 96
    • 0035701428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis, Monte-Carlo risk analysis, and Bayesian uncertainty assessment
    • Greenland, S. (2001) Sensitivity analysis, Monte-Carlo risk analysis, and Bayesian uncertainty assessment. Risk Anal., 21, 579-583.
    • (2001) Risk Anal. , vol.21 , pp. 579-583
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 97
    • 0032924944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research
    • Greenland, S., Pearl, J. and Robins, J. M. (1999) Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology, 10, 37-48.
    • (1999) Epidemiology , vol.10 , pp. 37-48
    • Greenland, S.1    Pearl, J.2    Robins, J.M.3
  • 98
    • 85026875659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gustafson, P. (2003) Measurement Error and Misclassification in Statistics and Epidemiology. New York: Chapman and Hall.
  • 99
    • 15844429309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gustafson, P. (2005) On model expansion, model contraction, identifiability, and prior information: two illustrative scenarios involving mismeasured data (with discussion). Statist. Sci., to be published.
  • 100
    • 0000125534 scopus 로고
    • Sample selection bias as a specification error
    • Heckman, J. (1979) Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47, 153-161.
    • (1979) Econometrica , vol.47 , pp. 153-161
    • Heckman, J.1
  • 101
    • 0000993483 scopus 로고
    • Ignorability and coarse data
    • Heitjan, D. F. and Rubin, D. B. (1991) Ignorability and coarse data. Ann. Statist., 19, 2244-2253.
    • (1991) Ann. Statist. , vol.19 , pp. 2244-2253
    • Heitjan, D.F.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 102
    • 0011525632 scopus 로고
    • Discussion of "Fisher scoring algorithm for variance component analysis of data with multilevel structure"
    • by Longford NT (ed. R. D. Block). San Diego: Academic Press
    • Holland, P. (1989) Discussion of "Fisher scoring algorithm for variance component analysis of data with multilevel structure," by Longford NT. In Multilevel Analysis of Educational Data (ed. R. D. Block), pp. 311-317. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1989) Multilevel Analysis of Educational Data , pp. 311-317
    • Holland, P.1
  • 103
    • 2442678802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomized trial evidence?
    • Lawlor, D. A., Davey Smith, G., Bruckdorfer, K. R., Kundu, D. and Ebrahim, S. (2004a) Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomized trial evidence? Lancet, 363, 1724-1727.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1724-1727
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Bruckdorfer, K.R.3    Kundu, D.4    Ebrahim, S.5
  • 104
    • 3242892070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: Is this the death of observational epidemiology?
    • Lawlor, D. A., Davey Smith, G. and Ebrahim, S. (2004b) The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: is this the death of observational epidemiology? Int. J. Epidem., 33, 464-467.
    • (2004) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.33 , pp. 464-467
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Ebrahim, S.3
  • 105
    • 85026893594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leonhardt, D. (2001) Adding art to the rigor of statistical science. The New York Times, Apr. 28th. (Available from www.nytimes.com.)
  • 106
    • 0035889418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic estimators with moderating influence: The carry-over in cross-over trials revisited
    • Longford, N. T. (2001) Synthetic estimators with moderating influence: the carry-over in cross-over trials revisited. Statist. Med., 20, 3189-3203.
    • (2001) Statist. Med. , vol.20 , pp. 3189-3203
    • Longford, N.T.1
  • 107
    • 0000770002 scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric bounds on treatment effects
    • Manski, C. F. (1990) Nonparametric bounds on treatment effects. Am. Econ. Rev. Pap., 80, 319-323.
    • (1990) Am. Econ. Rev. Pap. , vol.80 , pp. 319-323
    • Manski, C.F.1
  • 108
    • 0035739784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for assessing the credibility of clinical trial outcomes
    • Matthews, R. A. J. (2001) Methods for assessing the credibility of clinical trial outcomes. Drug Inform. J., 35, 1469-1478.
    • (2001) Drug Inform. J. , vol.35 , pp. 1469-1478
    • Matthews, R.A.J.1
  • 109
    • 85026873563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McCandless, L. (2004) Assessing sensitivity to unmeasured confounding in observational studies - a Bayesian approach. MSc Thesis. Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
  • 110
    • 0035650307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity analysis for incomplete contingency tables: The Slovenian plebiscite case
    • Molenberghs, G., Kenward, M. G. and Goetghebeur, E. (2001) Sensitivity analysis for incomplete contingency tables: the Slovenian plebiscite case. Appl. Statist., 50, 15-29.
    • (2001) Appl. Statist. , vol.50 , pp. 15-29
    • Molenberghs, G.1    Kenward, M.G.2    Goetghebeur, E.3
  • 111
    • 85026862817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosteller, F. and Wallace, D. (1954) Inference and Disputed Authorship: the Federalist. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  • 112
    • 0042334724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binomial regression with misclassification
    • Pauline, C. D., Scares, P. and Neuhaus, J. (2003) Binomial regression with misclassification. Biometrics, 59, 670-675.
    • (2003) Biometrics , vol.59 , pp. 670-675
    • Pauline, C.D.1    Scares, P.2    Neuhaus, J.3
  • 113
    • 3242888502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: Four lessons
    • Petitti, D. B. (2004) Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: four lessons. Int. J. Epidem., 33, 461-463.
    • (2004) Int. J. Epidem. , vol.33 , pp. 461-463
    • Petitti, D.B.1
  • 114
    • 0019422226 scopus 로고
    • Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?
    • Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J. D. and Sporn, M. B. (1981) Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature, 290, 201-208.
    • (1981) Nature , vol.290 , pp. 201-208
    • Peto, R.1    Doll, R.2    Buckley, J.D.3    Sporn, M.B.4
  • 115
    • 0027126364 scopus 로고
    • Domiciliary thrombolysis by general practitioners
    • Pocock, S. J. and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1992) Domiciliary thrombolysis by general practitioners. Br. Med. J., 305, 1015.
    • (1992) Br. Med. J. , vol.305 , pp. 1015
    • Pocock, S.J.1    Spiegelhalter, D.J.2
  • 116
    • 0033480864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information on sexual behaviour when some data are missing
    • Raab, G. M. and Donnelly, C. A. (1999) Information on sexual behaviour when some data are missing. Appl. Statist., 48, 117-133.
    • (1999) Appl. Statist. , vol.48 , pp. 117-133
    • Raab, G.M.1    Donnelly, C.A.2
  • 117
    • 0034360783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian sample size determination for estimating binomial parameters from data subject to misclassification
    • Rahme, E., Joseph, L. and Gyorkos, T. W. (2000) Bayesian sample size determination for estimating binomial parameters from data subject to misclassification. Appl. Statist., 49, 119-128.
    • (2000) Appl. Statist. , vol.49 , pp. 119-128
    • Rahme, E.1    Joseph, L.2    Gyorkos, T.W.3
  • 118
    • 0141505958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Full-likelihood techniques for misclassification of exposure in matched case control studies
    • Rice, K. M. (2003) Full-likelihood techniques for misclassification of exposure in matched case control studies. Statist. Med, 22, 3177-3194.
    • (2003) Statist. Med , vol.22 , pp. 3177-3194
    • Rice, K.M.1
  • 119
    • 2942628278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equivalence between conditional and mixture approaches to the Rasch model and matched case-control studies, with applications
    • Rice, K. M. (2004) Equivalence between conditional and mixture approaches to the Rasch model and matched case-control studies, with applications. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 99, 510-522.
    • (2004) J. Am. Statist. Ass. , vol.99 , pp. 510-522
    • Rice, K.M.1
  • 120
    • 0000555875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference for imputation estimators
    • Robins, J. M. and Wang, N. S. (2000) Inference for imputation estimators. Biometrika, 87, 113-124.
    • (2000) Biometrika , vol.87 , pp. 113-124
    • Robins, J.M.1    Wang, N.S.2
  • 121
    • 85026854678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rothman, K. J. and Greenland, S. (1998) Modern Epidemiology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
  • 122
    • 0017133178 scopus 로고
    • Inference and missing data
    • Rubin, D. B. (1976) Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63, 581-592.
    • (1976) Biometrika , vol.63 , pp. 581-592
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 123
    • 0001354633 scopus 로고
    • Formalizing subjective notions about the effect of nonrespondents in sample surveys
    • Rubin, D. B. (1977) Formalizing subjective notions about the effect of nonrespondents in sample surveys. J. Am. Statist. Ass., 72, 538-543.
    • (1977) J. Am. Statist. Ass. , vol.72 , pp. 538-543
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 124
    • 0002531157 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference for causal effects: The role of randomization
    • Rubin, D. B. (1978) Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization. Ann. Statist., 6, 34-58.
    • (1978) Ann. Statist. , vol.6 , pp. 34-58
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 125
    • 0347807759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus and controversy in pharmaceutical statistics
    • Senn, S. J. (2000) Consensus and controversy in pharmaceutical statistics (with discussion). Statistician, 49, 135-176.
    • (2000) Statistician , vol.49 , pp. 135-176
    • Senn, S.J.1
  • 126
    • 0003174553 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian statistics without tears: A sampling-resampling perspective
    • Smith, A. F. M. and Gelfand, A. E. (1992) Bayesian statistics without tears: a sampling-resampling perspective. Am. Statistn, 46, 84-88.
    • (1992) Am. Statistn , vol.46 , pp. 84-88
    • Smith, A.F.M.1    Gelfand, A.E.2
  • 127
    • 0029612242 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian approaches to random-effect meta-analysis: A comparative study
    • Smith, T. C., Spiegelhalter, D. J. and Thomas, A. (1995) Bayesian approaches to random-effect meta-analysis: a comparative study. Statist. Med., 14, 2685-2699.
    • (1995) Statist. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 2685-2699
    • Smith, T.C.1    Spiegelhalter, D.J.2    Thomas, A.3
  • 129
    • 0025981467 scopus 로고
    • Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence
    • Stampfer, M. J. and Colditz, G. A. (1991) Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev. Med., 20, 47-63.
    • (1991) Prev. Med. , vol.20 , pp. 47-63
    • Stampfer, M.J.1    Colditz, G.A.2
  • 130
    • 85026871611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verzilli, C. and Carpenter, J. R. (2002) Estimating uncertainty in parameter estimates with incomplete data: an application to repeated ordinal measurements. Technical Report. Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London. (Available from www.missingdata.org.uk.)
  • 131
    • 85026885316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White, I., Carpenter, J., Evans, S. and Schroter, S. (2004) Eliciting and using expert opinions about non-response bias in randomised controlled trials. Submitted to Clin. Trials. (Available from www.missingdata.org.uk.)


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.