Cenozoic uplift of Europe

Tectonics

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Carminati, Eugenio ^a,b   Cuffaro, Marco ^b,c   Doglioni, Carlo ^a,b  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c POLITECNICO DI MILANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; ISOSTASY; MANTLE PLUME; PARTIAL MELTING; PASSIVE MARGIN; SEAFLOOR SPREADING; TECTONIC ROTATION; UPLIFT;

ALPS; ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; EUROPE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE;

EID: 72549108600     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009TC002472     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Allen, P. A., et al. (2002), The post-Variscan thermal and denudational history of Ireland, in Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration, edited by A. G. Doré et al, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 196, 371-399, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP. 2002.196.01.20.
2. Andersen, M. S, T. Nielsen, A. B. Sørensen, L. O. Boldreel, and A. Kuijpers (2000), Cenozoic sediment distribution and tectonic movements in the Faroe region, Global Planet. Change, 24, 239-259, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00) 00011-4. (Pubitemid 30387866)
3. Anderson, D. L. (1989), Theory of the Earth, 366 pp., Blackwell, Boston, Mass.
4. Anderson, D. L. (2000), Thermal state of the upper mantle: No role for mantle plumes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(22), 3623-3626, doi:10.1029/2000GL011533.
5. Artemieva, I. M, and W. D. Mooney (2001), Thermal structure and evolution of Precambrian lithosphere: A global study, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,387-16,414, doi:10.1029/2000JB900439.
6. Bijwaard, H., W. Spakman, and E. R. Engdahl (1998), Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,055-30,078, doi:10.1029/98JB02467. (Pubitemid 128665314)
7. Blythe, A. E, and K. L. Kleinspehn (1998), Tectoni-cally versus climatically driven Cenozoic exhumation of the Eurasian plate margin Svalbard: Fission track analyses, Tectonics, 17, 621-639, doi:10.1029/98TC01890.
8. Bonatti, E, M. Seyler, and N. Sushevskaya (1993), A cold suboceanic mantle belt at the Earth's equator, Science, 261, 315-320, doi:10.1126/science. 26l.5119.315.
9. Bonatti, E, M. Ligi, D. Brunelli, A. Cipriani, P. Fabretti, V. Ferrante, L. Gasperini, and L. Ottolini (2003), Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the oceanic lithosphere, Nature, 423, 499-505, doi:10.1038/ nature01594.
10. Bond, G. C. (1979), Evidence for some uplifts of large magnitude in continental platforms, Tectonophysics, 61, 285-305, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79) 90302-0.
11. Bonow, J. M, P. Japsen, K. Lidmar-Bergström, J. A. Chalmers, and A. K. Pedersen (2006a), Cenozoic uplift of Nuussuaq and Disko, west Greenland - Elevated erosion surfaces as uplift markers of a passive margin, Geomorphology, 80, 325-337, doi:10.10167/j.geomorph.2006.03.006.
12. Bonow, J. M, K. Lidmar-Bcrgström, and P. Japsen (2006b), Palaeosurfaces in central west Greenland as reference for identification of tectonic movements and estimation of erosion, Global Planet. Change, 50, 161-183, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha. 2005.12.011.
13. Bostrom, R. C. (1971), Westward displacement of the lithosphere, Nature, 234, 536-538, doi:10.1038/234536a0.
14. Burov, E., and L. Guillou-Frottier (2005), The plume head-continental lithosphere interaction using a technically realistic formulation for the lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int., 161, 469-490, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2005.02588. X. (Pubitemid 40706683)
15. Casas-Sainz, A. M, and G. de Vicente (2009), On the tectonic origin of Iberian topography, Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.01.030, in press.
16. Cavanagh, A. J, R. Di Primio, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and B. Horsfield (2006), Severity and timing of Cenozoic exhumation in the southwestern Barents Sea, J. Geol. Soc, 163, 761-774, doi:10.1144/0016-76492005-146. (Pubitemid 44383038)
17. Cazenave, A, A. Souriau, and K. Dominh (1989), Global coupling of Earth surface topography with hot-spots, geoid and mantle heterogeneities, Nature, 340, 54-57, doi:10.1038/340054a0. (Pubitemid 19316039)
18. Chalmers, J. A. (2000), Offshore evidence for Neogene uplift in central west Greenland, Global Planet. Change, 24, 311-318, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00) 00015-1. (Pubitemid 30387870)
19. Champagnac, J. D, P. Molnar, R. S. Anderson, C. Sue, and B. Delacou (2007), Quaternary erosion-induced isostatic rebound in the western Alps, Geology, 35, 195-198, doi:10.1130/G23053A.l.
20. Champion, M. E. S, N. Y. White, S. M. Jones, and J. P. B. Lovell (2008), Quantifying transient mantle convective uplift: An example from the Faroe-Shetland Basin, Tectonics, 27, TC1002, doi:10.1029/2007TC002106.
21. Clausen, O. R, M. Huuse, and O. Michelsen (1998), Palaeogene onset of the "Neogene uplift": Tectonics and sequence stratigraphy in the Danish North Sea, in Neogene Uplift and Tectonics round the North Atlantic. International Workshop, edited by L. Boldreel and P. Japsen, pp. 57-63, Geol. Surv. of Den. and Greenl, Copenhagen.
22. Clausen, O. R, O. B. Nielsen, M. Huuse, and O. Michelsen (2000), Geological indications for Palaeogene uplift in the eastern North Sea Basin, Global Planet. Change, 724, 175-187, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00007-2. (Pubitemid 30387862)
23. Clift, P. D., A. Carter, and A. J. Hurford (1998), The erosional and uplift history of NE Atlantic passive margins: Constraints on a passing plume, J. Geol. Soc., 155, 787-800, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.l55.5.0787.
24. Cloetingh, S, and J. D. van Wees (2005), Strength reversal in Europe's intraplate lithosphere: Transition from basin inversion to lithospheric folding, Geology, 33, 285-288, doi:10.1130/G21051.1. (Pubitemid 40518079)
25. Cloetingh, S, F. M. Gradstein, H. Kooi, A. C. Grant, and M. A. Kaminski (1990), Plate reorganization: A cause of rapid late Neogene subsidence and sedimentation around the North Atlantic?, J. Geol Soc, 147, 495-506, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.l47.3.0495.
26. Cloetingh, S, P. A. Ziegler, F. Beekman, P. A. M. Andriessen, L. Matenco, G. Bada, D. Garcia-Castellanos, N. Hardebol P. Dezes, and D. Sokoutis (2005), Lithospheric memory, state of stress andrheology: Neotectonic controls on Europe's intraplate continental topography, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 241-304, doi:10.10167j.quascirev.2004.06.015.
27. Cloetingh, S., et al. (2007), TOPO-EUROPE: The geoscience of coupled deep Earth-surface processes, Global Planet. Change, 58, 1-118, doi:10.1016/j. gloplacha.2007.02.008. (Pubitemid 46924862)
28. Cloetingh, S, F. Beekman, P. A. Ziegler, J. D. van Wees, and D. Sokoutis (2008), Post-rift compres-sional reactivation potential of passive margins and extensional basins, in The Nature and Origin of Compression in Passive Margins, edited by H. Johnson et al, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ, 306, 27-70, doi:10.1144/SP306.2.
29. Crespi, M, M. Cuffaro, C. Doglioni, F. Giannone, and F. Riguzzi (2007), Space geodesy validation of the global lithospheric flow, Geophys. J. Int., 168, 491-506, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03226.X. (Pubitemid 46189244)
30. Cruciani, C, E. Carminati, and C. Doglioni (2005), Slab dip vs. lithosphere age: No direct function, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 238, 298-310, doi:10. 1016/j.epsl.2005.07.025. (Pubitemid 41511621)
31. Cuffaro, M, and C. Doglioni (2007), Global kinematics in deep versus shallow hotspot reference frames, in The Origins of Melting Anomalies: Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes, edited by G. R. Foulger and D. M. Jurdy, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 430, 359-374.
32. Cuffaro, M, and D. M. Jurdy (2006), Microplate motions in the hotspot reference frame, Terra Nova, 18, 276-281.
33. Dam, G, M. Larsen, and J. C. Sørensen (1998), Sedimentary response to mantle plumes: Implications from Paleocene onshore successions, west and east Greenland, Geology, 26, 207-210, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0207: SRTMP1>2.3.CO;2.
34. de Graciansky, P. C, and T. Jacquin (2003), Evolution des structures et de la paléogéographie au passage Lias-Dogger dans le bassin de Paris d'après les données de la subsurface, Bull. Soc Geol. Fr., 174(1), 3-17, doi:10.2113/174.1.3.
35. de Jager, J. (2007), Geological development, in Geology of the Netherlands, edited by T. E. Wong, D. A. J. Batjes, and J. de Jager, pp. 5-26, R. Neth. Acad, of Arts and Sci, Amsterdam.
36. Dèzes, P, S. M. Schmid, and P. A. Ziegler (2004), Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: Interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 389, 1-33, doi:10.1016/j.tecto. 2004.06.011. (Pubitemid 39332993)
37. Doglioni, C. (1993), Geological evidence for a global tectonic polarity, J. Geol. Soc., 150, 991-1002, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.5.0991.
38. Doglioni, C. (1994), Foredeeps versus subduction zones, Geology, 22, 271-274, doi:10.l130/0091-7613(1994)022<0271:FVSZ>2.3.CO;2.
39. Doglioni, C, E. Carminati, and E. Bonatti (2003), Rift asymmetry and continental uplift, Tectonics, 22(3), 1024, doi:10.1029/2002TC001459.
40. Doglioni, C, D. Green, and F. Mongelli (2005), On the shallow origin of hotspots and the westward drift of the lithosphere, in Plates, Plumes and Paradigms, edited by G. R. Foulger et al. Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 388, 735-749.
41. Doglioni, C, E. Carminati, M. Cuffaro, and D. Scrocca (2007), Subduction kinematics and dynamic constraints, Earth Sci. Rev., 83, 125-175, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.04.001. (Pubitemid 47082328)
42. Dorè, A. G, and E. R. Lundin (1996), Cenozoic com-pressional structures on the NE Atlantic margin: Nature, origin and potential significance for hydrocarbon exploration, Petrol. Geosci., 2, 299-311.
43. Dziewonski, A. M, and D. L. Anderson (1981), Preliminary reference earth model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 25, 297-356, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046- 7.
44. Ebbing, J, and 0. Olesen (2005), The northern and southern Scandes - Structural differences revealed by an analysis of gravity anomalies, the geoid and regional isostasy, Tectonophysics, 411, 73-87, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.09. 002. (Pubitemid 43024589)
45. Engen, A, J. I. Faleide, and T. K. Dyreng (2008), Opening of the Fram Strait gateway: A review of plate tectonic constraints, Tectonophysics, 450, 51-69, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.01.002.
46. Foulger, G. R, and D. M. Jurdy (Eds.) (2007), Plates, Plumes and Planetary Processes, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 430, 997 pp.
47. Goes, S, J. J. P. Loohuis, M. J. R. Wortel, and R. Govers (2000), The effect of plate stresses and shallow mantle temperatures on tectonics of northwestern Europe, Global Planet. Change, 27, 23-38, doi:10.1016/S0921- 8181(01)00057-1. (Pubitemid 32333360)
48. Gölke, M, and D. Coblentz (1996), Origins of the European regional stress field, Tectonophysics, 266, 11-24, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00180-1.
49. Gripp, A. E, and R. G. Gordon (2002), Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 321-361, doi:10.1046/j.l365- 246X.2002.01627.x.
50. Grunthal, G, and D. Stromeyer (1992), The recent crustal stress field in central Europe: Trajectories and finite element modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,805-11,820, doi:10.1029/91JB01963.
51. Gurnis, M. (1990), Bounds on global dynamic topography from Phanerozoic flooding of continental platforms. Nature, 344, 754-756, doi:10.1038/344754a0. (Pubitemid 20415430)
52. Gurnis, M, R. D. Müller, and L. Moresi (1998), Cretaceous vertical motion of Australia and the Australian-Antarctic discordance, Science, 279, 1499-1504, doi:10.1126/science.279.5356.1499. (Pubitemid 28217068)
53. Gurnis, M, J. Mitrovica, J. Ritsema, and H. J. van Heijst (2000), Constraining mantle density structure using geological evidence of surface uplift rates: The case of the African superplume, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1(7), 1020, doi:10.1029/1999GC000035.
54. Hall, A, and P. Bishop (2002), Scotland's denudational history: An integrated view of erosion and sedimentation at an uplifted passive margin, in Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration, edited by A. G. Doné et al, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ, 196, 271-290.
55. Hansen, K. (2000), Tracking thermal history in east Greenland: An overview, Global Planet. Change, 24, 303-309, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00014-X. (Pubitemid 30387869)
56. Harrison, C. G. A, K. J. Miskell, G. W. Brass, E. S. Saltzman, and L. Sloan (1983), Continental hypso-graphy, Tectonics, 2, 357-377, doi:10.1029/TC002i004p00357.
57. Hillis, R. R, S. P. Holford, P. F. Green, A. G. Doré, R. W. Gatliff, M. S. Stoker, K. Thomson, J. P. Turner, J. R. Underhill, and G. A. Williams (2008), Cenozoic exhumation of the southern British Isles, Geology, 36, 371-374, doi:10.1130/G24699A.1. (Pubitemid 351903379)
58. Jackson, M. P. A, M. R. Hudec, and K. A. Hegarty (2005), The great West African Tertiary coastal uplift: Fact or fiction? A perspective from the Angolan divergent margin, Tectonics, 24, TC6014, doi:10.1029/2005TC001836. (Pubitemid 43263198)
59. Japsen, P. (1997), Regional Neogene exhumation of Britain and the western North Sea, J. Geol. Soc., 154, 239-247, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.l54.2.0239.
60. Japsen, P, and J. A. Chalmers (2000), Neogene uplift and tectonics around the North Atlantic: Overview, Global Planet. Change, 24, 165-173, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00006-0. (Pubitemid 30387861)
61. Japsen, P, P. F. Green, N. H. Nielsen, E. S. Rasmussen, and T. Bidstrup (2007), Mesozoic-Cenozoic exhumation events in the eastern North Sea Basin: A multi-disciplinary study based on palaeothermal, palaeoburial, stratigraphic and seismic data. Basin Res., 19, 451-490, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00329.x. (Pubitemid 350213837)
62. Jensen, L. N. and B. J. Schmidt (1992), Late Tertiary uplift and erosion in the Skagerrack area: Magnitude and consequences. Nor. Geol. Ttdsskr., 72, 275-279.
63. Johnson, C., and K. Gallagher (2000), A preliminary Mesozoic and Cenozoic denudation history of the north east Greenland onshore margin, Global Planet. Change, 24, 261-274, doi:10.1016/ S0921-8181(00)00012-16
64. Jones, S. M, N. White, and B. Lovell (2001), Cenozoic and Cretaceous transient uplift in the Porcupine Basin and its relationship to a mantle plume, in The Petroleum Exploration of Ireland's Offshore Basins, edited by P. M. Shannon, P. D. W. Haughton, and D. V. Corcoran, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 188, 345-360.
65. Jones, S. M., N. White, B. J. Clarke, E. Rowley, and K. Gallagher (2002), Present and past influence of the Iceland plume on sedimentation, in Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration, edited by A. G. Doré et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 196, 13-25.
66. Jordt, H., J. I. Faleide, K. Bjørlykke, and M. T. Ibrahim (1995), Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of the central and northern North Sea Basin: Tectonic development, sediment distribution and provenance areas, Mar. Pet. Geol, 12, 845-879, doi:10.1016/0264-8172(95)98852-V.
67. Knopoff, L., and A. Leeds (1972), Lithospheric momenta and the deceleration of the Earth, Nature, 237, 93-95, doi:10.1038/237093a0.
68. Korenaga, J., and T. H. Jordan (2004), Physics of multi-scale convection in Earth's mantle: Evolution of sublithospheric convention, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B01405, doi:10.1029/2003JB002464.
69. Krzywiec, P. (2006), Structural inversion of the Pomeranian and Kuiavian segments of the Mid-Polish Trough - Lateral variations in timing and structural style, Geol. Q., 50, 151-168.
70. Lambeck, K. (1980), The Earths Variable Rotation: Geophysical Causes and Consequences, edited by G. K. Batchelor and J. W. Miles, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
71. Lawver, L. A., and R. D. Muller(1994), Iceland hotspot track. Geology, 22, 311-314, doi:10.H30/0091-7613(1994)022<0311:IHT>2.3.CO;2.
72. Le Pichon, X. (1968), Sea-floor spreading and continental drift, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 3661-3697, doi:10.1029/JB073i012p03661.
73. Lidmar-Bergström, K., C. D. Oilier, and J. C. Sulebak (2000), Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway, Global Planet. Change, 24, 211-231, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-16
74. Lithgow-Bertelloni, C, and M. Gurnis (1997), Cenozoic subsidence and uplift of continents from time-varying dynamic topography, Geology, 25, 735-738, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0 735:CSAUOC> 2.3.CO;2.
75. Lundin, E., and A. G. Doré (2002), Mid-Cenozoic post-breakup deformation in the 'passive' margins bordering the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mar Pet. Geol, 19, 79-93, doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00046-0. (Pubitemid 34412487)
76. Lustrino, M., and E. Carminati (2007), Phantom plumes in Europe and the circum-Mediterranean region, in The Origins of Melting Anomalies: Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes, edited by G. R. Foulger and D. M. Jurdy, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 430, 723-745.
77. MacLennan, J., and S. M. Jones (2006), Regional uplift, gas hydrate dissociation and the origins of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 65-80, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.069.
78. Mathiesen, A., T. Bidstrup, and F. G. Christiansen (2000), Denudation and uplift history of the Jameson Land Basin, east Greenland - Constrained tram previous maturity and new apatite fission track data, Global Planet. Change, 24, 275-301, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00013-8. (Pubitemid 30387868)
79. Medvedev, S., E. H. Hartz, and Y. Y. Podladchikov (2008), Vertical motions of the fjord regions of central east Greenland: Impact of glacial erosion, deposition, and isostasy, Geology, 36, 539-542, doi:10.1130/G24638A.l.
80. Michon, L., and O. Merle (2005), Discussion on "Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: Interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere" by P. Dèzes, S. M. Schmid and P. A. Ziegler, Tectonophysics 389 (2004) 1-33
81. Tectonophysics, 401, 251-256, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.01.006.
82. Mitrovica, J. X., C. Beaumont, and G. T. Jarvis (1989), Tilting of continental interiors by the dynamical effects of subduction, Tectonics, 8, 1079-1094, doi:10.1029/TC008i005p01079.
83. Montgomery, D. R. (1994), Valley incision and the uplift of mountain peaks, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,913-13,921, doi:10.1029/94JB00122.
84. Mosar, J., G. Lewis, and T. H. Torsvik (2002), North Atlantic sea-floor spreading rates: Implications for the Tertiary development of inversion structures of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, J. Geol. Soc, 159, 503-515, doi:10.1144/0016-764901-093.
85. Mudge, D. C, and S. M. Jones (2004), Palaeocene uplift and subsidence events in the Scotland-Shetland and North Sea region and their relationship to the Iceland Plume, J. Geol. Soc., 161, 381-386.
86. Müller, B., M. L. Zoback, K. Fuchs, L. Mastin, S. Gregersen, N. Pavoni, O. Stephansson, and C. Ljunggren (1992), Regional patterns of tectonic stress in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,783-11,803, doi:10.1029/91JB01096.
87. Nadin, P. A., N. J. Kusznir, and J. Toth (1995), Transient regional uplift in the early Tertiary of the northern North Sea and the development of the Iceland Plume, J. Geol. Soc., 152, 953-958, doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1995.152.01. 12.
88. Nadin, P. A., N. J. Kusznir, and M. J. Cheadle (1997), Early Tertiary plume uplift of the North Sea and Faeroe-Shetland basins, Earth Planet Sci. Lett, 148, 109-127, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00035-6.
89. Nelson, T. H., and P. G. Temple (1972), Mainstream mantle convection: A geologic analysis of plate motion, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 56, 226-246.
90. Nielsen, S. B., G. E. Paulsen, D. L. Hansen, L. Gemmer, O. R. Clausen, B. H. Jacobsen, N. Balling, M. Huuse, and K. Gallagher (2002), Paleocene initiation of Cenozoic uplift in Norway, in Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration, edited by A. G. Doré et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 196, 45-65, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.196.01.04.
91. Nielsen, S. B., E. Thomsen, D. L. Hansen, and O. R. Clausen (2005), Plate-wide stress relaxation explains European Palaeocene basin inversions. Nature, 435, 195-198, doi:10.1038/nature03599. (Pubitemid 40685942)
92. Nielsen, S. B., R. Stephenson, and E. Thomsen (2007), Dynamics of mid-Palaeocene North Atlantic rifting linked with European intra-plate deformations, Nature, 450, 1071-1074, doi:10.1038/nature06379. (Pubitemid 350273609)
93. Olesen, O., E. Lundin, Oø. Nordgulen, P. T. Osmundsen, J. R. Skilbrei, M. A. Smethurst, A. Solli, T. Bugge, and C. Fichier (2002), Bridging the gap between the onshore and offshore geology in Nordland, northern Norway, Nor. Geol. Tidsskr., 82, 243-262.
94. Oxburgh, E. R., and E. M. Parmentier (1977), Compositional and density stratification in oceanic lithosphere - Causes and consequences, J. Geol. Soc., 133, 343-355, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.l33.4.0343.
95. Panza, G. F. (1980), Evolution of the Earth's lithosphere, in Mechanisms of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics, edited by P. A. Davies and S. K. Runcorn, pp. 75-87, Academic, New York.
96. Parmentier, E. M. (1987), Dynamic topography in rift zones: Implications for lithospheric heating, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 321(1557), 23-25, doi:10.1098/rsta.1987.0002.
97. Pelletier, J. D. (2004), Estimate of three-dimensional flexural-isostatic response to unloading: Rock uplift due to late Cenozoic glacial erosion in the western United States, Geology, 32, 161-164, doi:10.1130/ G20059.1. (Pubitemid 38306256)
98. Peulvast, J. P. (1978), Le bourrelet Scandinave et les Caledonides: Un essai de reconstitution des modalités de la morphogenese en Norvege, Geogr. Phys. Quat., 32, 295-320.
99. Phipps Morgan, J. P., W. J. Morgan, and E. Price (1995), Hotspot melting generates both hotspot vol-canism and a hotspot swell?, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8045-8062, doi:10.1029/94JB02889.
100. Pilidou, S., K. Priestley, E. Debayle, and O. Gudmundsson (2005), Rayleigh wave tomography in the North Atlantic: High resolution images of the Iceland, Azores and Eifel mantle plumes, Lithos, 79, 453-474, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.012. (Pubitemid 40071795)
101. Redfield, T. F., P. T. Osmundsen, and B. W. H. Hendriks (2005), The role of fault reactivation and growth in the uplift of western Fennoscandia, J. Geol. Soc., 162, 1013-1030, doi:10.1144/0016-764904-149. (Pubitemid 41638340)
102. Ricard, Y, C. Doglioni, and R. Sabadini (1991), Differential rotation between lithosphere and mantle: A consequence of lateral viscosity variations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8407-8415, doi:10.1029/91JB00204.
103. Riis, F. (1996), Quantification of Cenozoic vertical movements of Scandinavia by correlation of morphological surfaces with offshore data, Global Planet Change, 12, 331-357, doi:10.1016/0921-8181(95)00027-5.
104. Rittmann, A. (1943), Zur Thermodynamik der Oroge- nese, Geol. Rundsch., 33, 485-498, doi:10.1007/ BF02198643.
105. Rohrman, M., and P. van der Beek (1996), Cenozoic postrift domal uplift of North Atlantic margins: An asthenospheric diapirism model, Geology, 24, 901-904, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0901: CPDUON>2.3.CO;2.
106. Rohrman, M., P. van der Beek, P. Andriessen, and S. Cloetingh (1995), Meso-Cenozoic morphotec-tonic evolution of southern Norway: Neogene domal uplift inferred from apatite fission track thermochro-nology, Tectonics, 14, 704-718, doi:10.1029/95TC00088. (Pubitemid 26455694)
107. Rosenbaum, G., G. S. Lister, and C. Duboz (2002), Relative motions of Africa, Iberia and Europe during Alpine orogeny, Tectonophysics, 359, 117-129, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00442-0. (Pubitemid 35255537)
108. Sandoval, S., E. Kissling, J. Ansorge, and the SVEKALAPKO STWG (2004), High-resolution body wave tomography beneath the SVEKALAPKO array: II. Anomalous upper mantle structure beneath central Baltic Shield, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 200-214, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02131.x. (Pubitemid 38516858)
109. Scoppola, B., D. Boccaletti, M. Bevis, E. Carminati, and C. Doglioni (2006), The westward drift of the lithosphere: A rotational drag?, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 118, 199-209, doi:10.1130/B25734.1. (Pubitemid 43149964)
110. Scott, D. R., and D. J. Stevenson (1989), A self-consistent model of melting, magma migration and buoyancy-driven circulation beneath mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2973-2988, doi:10.1029/JB094iB03p02973.
111. Sengör, A. M. C. (2003), The Large-Wavelength Deformations of the Lithosphere: Materials for a History of the Evolution of Thought From the Earliest Times to Plate Tectonics, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 196, 347 pp.
112. Shaw, H. R. (1973), Mantle convection and volcanic periodicity in the Pacific: Evidence from Hawaii, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1505-1526, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1505:MCAVPI>2.0. CO;2.
113. Srivastava, S. P., and W. R. Roest (1999), Extent of oceanic crust in the Labrador Sea, Mar. Pet. Geol., 16, 65-84, doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(98)00041-5. (Pubitemid 29178446)
114. Stern, T. A., A. K. Baxter, and P. J. Barrett (2005), Isostatic rebound due to glacial erosion within the Transantarctic Mountains, Geology, 33, 221-224, doi:10.1130/G21068.1. (Pubitemid 40413062)
115. Storey, M., R. A. Duncan, and C. Tegner (2007), Timing and duration of volcanism in the North Atlantic Igneous Province: Implications for geodynamics and links to the Iceland hotspot, Chem. Geol, 241, 264-281, doi:10.1016/j. chemgeo.2007.01.016. (Pubitemid 46852135)
116. Thybo, H. (2006), The heterogeneous upper mantle low velocity zone, Tectonophysics, 416, 53-79, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.021.
117. Torsvik, T. H., R. Van der Voo, J. G. Meert, J. Mosar, and H. J. Walderhaug (2001), Reconstructions of the continents around the North Atlantic at about the 60th parallel, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 187, 55-69, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00284-9. (Pubitemid 32473787)
118. Trampert, J., F. Deschamps, J. Resovsky, and D. Yuen (2004), Probabilistic tomography maps chemical heterogeneities throughout the lower mantle, Science, 306, 853-856, doi:10.1126/science.1101996. (Pubitemid 39446990)
119. Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (2002), Geodynamics, 456 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
120. Vogt, P. R., P. T. Taylor, L. C. Kovacs, and G. L. Johnson (1979), Detailed aeromagnetic investigations of the Arctic Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1071-1089, doi:10.1029/JB084iB03p01071.
121. Ware, P. D., and J. P. Turner (2002), Sonic velocity analysis of the Tertiary denudation of the Irish Sea basin, in Exhumation of the North Atlantic Margin: Timing, Mechanisms and Implications for Petroleum Exploration, edited by A. G. Doré et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ, 196, 355-370, doi:10.l144/GSL.SP.2002.196.01.19.
122. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (1995), New version of Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 76(33), 329, doi:10.1029/95EO00198.
123. White, N. J., and B. Lovell (1997), Measuring the pulse of a plume with the sedimentary record. Nature, 387, 888-891, doi:10.1038/43151. (Pubitemid 27289586)
124. Ziegler, P. A. (1987), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic intra-plate compressional deformations in the Alpine foreland - A geodynamic model, Tectonophysics, 137, 389-420, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90330-1.
125. Ziegler, P. A. (1988), Evolution of the Arctic - North Atlantic and the Western Tethys, AAPG Mem., 43, 198 pp.
126. Ziegler, P. A., and P. Dèzes (2007), Cenozoic uplift of Variscan Massifs in the Alpine foreland: Timing and controlling mechanisms, Global Planet. Change, 58, 237-269, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha. 2006.12.004.
127. Ziegler, P. A., J. D. van Wees, and S. Cloetingh (1998), Mechanical controls on collision-related compressional intraplate deformation, Tectonophysics, 300, 103-129, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951 (98)00236-244