Cryptosporidium in wild placental mammals

Experimental Parasitology

Volumn 124, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 128-137

  Feng, Yaoyu ^a  

^a EAST CHINA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Genotype; Prevalence; Public health; Wildlife; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; ARTIODACTYLA; CARNIVORE; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GENOTYPE; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PLACENTAL MAMMALS; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RESERVOIR; RODENT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; ARTIODACTYLA; CARNIVORA; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; MAMMALS; PREVALENCE; PRIMATE DISEASES; PRIMATES; PUBLIC HEALTH; RODENT DISEASES; RODENTIA; ZOONOSES;

ANIMALIA; CERVIDAE; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; EUTHERIA;

EID: 72449163678     PISSN: 00144894     EISSN: 10902449     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.11.005     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Abe N., and Iseki M. Identification of genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from ferrets in Japan. Parasitology Research 89 (2003) 422-424
2. Abe N., Takami K., Kimata I., and Iseki M. Molecular characterization of a Cryptosporidium isolate from a banded mongoose Mungos mungo. Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 167-171
3. Abe N., Matsubayashi M., Kimata I., and Iseki M. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from humans and animals in Japan using the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene sequences. Parasitology Research 99 (2006) 303-305
4. Alves M., Xiao L., Sulaiman I., Lal A.A., Matos O., and Antunes F. Subgenotype analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans, cattle, and zoo ruminants in Portugal. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41 (2003) 2744-2747
5. Alves M., Xiao L., Lemos V., Zhou L., Cama V., da Cunha M.B., Matos O., and Antunes F. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in mammals and reptiles at the Lisbon Zoo. Parasitology Research 97 (2005) 108-112
6. Alves M., Xiao L., Antunes F., and Matos O. Distribution of Cryptosporidium subtypes in humans and domestic and wild ruminants in Portugal. Parasitology Research 99 (2006) 287-292
7. Appelbee A.J., Thompson R.C., and Olson M.E. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife-current status and future needs. Trends in Parasitology 21 (2005) 370-376
8. Atwill E.R., Camargo S.M., Phillips R., Alonso L.H., Tate K.W., Jensen W.A., Bennet J., Little S., and Salmon T.P. Quantitative shedding of two genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (2001) 2840-2843
9. Atwill E.R., Phillips R., Pereira M.D., Li X., and McCowan B. Seasonal shedding of multiple Cryptosporidium genotypes in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 6748-6752
10. Bajer A., Bednarska M., Pawelczyk A., Behnke J.M., Gilbert F.S., and Sinski E. Prevalence and abundance of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp. in wild rural rodents from the Mazury Lake District region of Poland. Parasitology 125 (2002) 21-34
11. Bajer A., Caccio S., Bednarska M., Behnke J.M., Pieniazek N.J., and Sinski E. Preliminary molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates of wildlife rodents from Poland. Journal of Parasitology 89 (2003) 1053-1055
12. Bednarska M., Bajer A., Sinski E., Girouard A.S., Tamang L., and Graczyk T.K. Fluorescent in situ hybridization as a tool to retrospectively identify Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in samples from terrestrial mammalian wildlife. Parasitology Research 100 (2007) 455-460
13. Bull S.A., Chalmers R.M., Sturdee A.P., and Healing T.D. A survey of Cryptosporidium species in Skomer bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus skomerensis. Journal of Zoology (London) 244 (1998) 119-122
14. Chalmers R.M., Sturdee A.P., Casemore D.P., Curry A., Miller A., Parker N.D., and Richmond T.M. Cryptosporidium muris in wild house mice (Mus musculus) First report in the UK. European Journal of Protistology 30 (1994) 151-155
15. Chalmers, R.M., Sturdee, A.P., Bull, S.A., Miller, A.M., 1995. Rodent reservoirs of Cryptosporidium, In: Betts, W.B., Casemore, D., Fricker, C., Smith, H., Watkins, J., (Eds.), Protozoan Parasites and Water. The Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication No. 168, CUP, UK 63-66.
16. Chalmers R.M., Sturdee A.P., Bull S.A., Miller A., and Wright S.E. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. Muris in Mus domesticus, Apodemus sylvaticus and Clethrionomys glareolus in an agricultural system. Parasitology Research 83 (1997) 478-482
17. Chilvers B.L., Cowan P.E., Waddington P.J., Kelly P.J., and Brown T.J. The prevalence of infection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals on farmland, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 (1998) 59-64
18. Cox P., Griffith M., Angles M., Deere D., and Ferguson C. Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the Sydney watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 5929-5934
19. da Silva A.J., Caccio S., Williams C., Won K.Y., Nace E.K., Whittier C., Pieniazek N.J., and Eberhard M.L. Molecular and morphologic characterization of a Cryptosporidium genotype identified in lemurs. Veterinary Parasitology 111 (2003) 297-307
20. Delgado E., Fonseca I.P., Fazendeiro I., Matos O., Antunes F., and Cunha M.B. Cryptosporidium spp. in ruminants at the Lisbon Zoo. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34 (2003) 352-356
21. Deng M.Q., and Cliver D.O. Improved immunofluorescence assay for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium from asymptomatic adult cervine animals. Parasitology Research 85 (1999) 733-736
22. Ekanayake D.K., Arulkanthan A., Horadagoda N.U., Sanjeevani G.K., Kieft R., Gunatilake S., and Dittus W.P. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild non-human primates in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74 (2006) 322-329
23. Fayer R., Phillips L., Anderson B.C., and Bush M. Chronic cryptosporidiosis in a Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22 (1991) 228-232
24. Fayer R., Santin M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus). Journal of Parasitology 91 (2005) 624-629
25. Fayer R., Santin M., Trout J.M., DeStefano S., Koenen K., and Kaur T. Prevalence of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in beavers (Castor canadensis) in Massachusetts. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37 (2006) 492-497
26. Feng Y., Alderisio K.A., Yang W., Blancero L.A., Kuhne W.G., Nadareski C.A., Reid M., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium genotypes in wildlife from a New York watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 6475-6483
27. Feng Y., Ortega Y., He G., Das P., Xu M., Zhang X., Fayer R., Gatei W., Cama V., and Xiao L. Wide geographic distribution of Cryptosporidium bovis and the deer-like genotype in bovines. Veterinary Parasitology 144 (2007) 1-9
28. Foo C., Farrell J., Boxell A., Robertson I., and Ryan U.M. Novel Cryptosporidium genotype in wild Australian mice (Mus domesticus). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 7693-7696
29. Gaydos J.K., Miller W.A., Gilardi K.V., Melli A., Schwantje H., Engelstoft C., Fritz H., and Conrad P.A. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in marine-foraging river otters (Lontra canadensis) from the Puget Sound Georgia Basin ecosystem. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 198-202
30. Gomez M.S., Vila T., Feliu C., Montoliu I., Gracenea M., and Fernandez J. A survey for Cryptosporidium spp. in mammals at the Barcelona Zoo. International Journal of Parasitology 26 (1996) 1331-1333
31. Gomez M.S., Torres J., Gracenea M., Fernandez-Moran J., and Gonzalez-Moreno O. Further report on Cryptosporidium in Barcelona zoo mammals. Parasitology Research 86 (2000) 318-323
32. Graczyk T.K., DaSilva A.J., Cranfield M.R., Nizeyi J.B., Kalema G.R., and Pieniazek N.J. Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 infections in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Parasitology Research 87 (2001) 368-370
33. Hajdusek O., Ditrich O., and Slapeta J. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in animal and human hosts from the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 122 (2004) 183-192
34. Hamnes I.S., Gjerde B., Robertson L., Vikoren T., and Handeland K. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in free-ranging wild cervids in Norway. Veterinary Parasitology 141 (2006) 30-41
35. Heitman T.L., Frederick L.M., Viste J.R., Guselle N.J., Morgan U.M., Thompson R.C., and Olson M.E. Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from wildlife, human, and agricultural sources in the North Saskatchewan River Basin in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48 (2002) 530-541
36. Heuschele W.P., Oosterhuis J., Janssen D., Robinson P.T., Ensley P.K., Meier J.E., Olson T., Anderson M.P., and Benirschke K. Cryptosporidial infections in captive wild animals. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22 (1986) 493-496
37. Hikosaka K., and Nakai Y. A novel genotype of Cryptosporidium muris from large Japanese field mice, Apodemus speciosus. Parasitology Research 97 (2005) 373-379
38. Hope K., Goldsmith M.L., and Graczyk T. Parasitic health of olive baboons in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Veterinary Parasitology 122 (2004) 165-170
39. Hurkova L., Hajdusek O., and Modry D. Natural infection of Cryptosporidium muris (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) in Siberian chipmunks. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39 (2003) 441-444
40. Iseki M. Two species of Cryptosporidium naturally infecting house rats, Rattus norvegicus. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 35 (1986) 521-526
41. Jiang J., Alderisio K.A., and Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 4446-4454
42. Karanis P., Plutzer J., Halim N.A., Igori K., Nagasawa H., Ongerth J., and Liqing M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from animal sources in Qinghai province of China. Parasitology Research 101 (2007) 1575-1580
43. Kimura A., Edagawa A., Okada K., Takimoto A., Yonesho S., and Karanis P. Detection and genotyping of Cryptosporidium from brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) captured in an urban area of Japan. Parasitology Research 100 (2007) 1417-1420
44. Klesius P.H., Haynes T.B., and Malo L.K. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium sp isolated from wild mice for calves and mice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189 (1986) 192-193
45. Korsholm H., and Henriksen S.A. Infection with Cryptosporidium in Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). A preliminary report. Nordic Veterinary Medicine 36 (1984) 266
46. Kvac M., Hofmannova L., Bertolino S., Wauters L., Tosi G., and Modry D. Natural infection with two genotypes of Cryptosporidium in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Italy. Folia Parasitologica (Praha) 55 (2008) 95-99
47. Kvac M., Sak B., Kvetonova D., Ditrich O., Hofmannova L., Modry D., Vitovec J., and Xiao L. Infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 153 (2008) 363-367
48. Laakkonen J., Soveri T., and Henttonen H. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. in peak density Microtus agrestis, Microtus oeconomus and Clethrionomys glareolus populations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30 (1994) 110-111
49. Legesse M., and Erko B. Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica 90 (2004) 231-236
50. Lourenço A.M., Bruno de Sousa C., Matos O., Alves M., Pereira da Fonseca I., and Antunes F. Estudo preliminar da criptosporidiose em gamos (Dama dama L.) da Tapada Nacional de Mafra (Portugal). Acta Parasitologica Port 7 (2000) 29-31
51. Martin H.D., and Zeidner N.S. Concomitant cryptosporidia, coronavirus and parvovirus infection in a raccoon (Procyon lotor). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28 (1992) 113-115
52. Matsubayashi M., Abe N., Takami K., Kimata I., Iseki M., Nakanishi T., Tani H., Sasai K., and Baba E. First record of Cryptosporidium infection in a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). Veterinary Parasitology 120 (2004) 171-175
53. Matsui T., Fujino T., Kajima J., and Tsuji M. Infectivity to experimental rodents of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) originated in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 62 (2000) 487-489
54. Meireles M.V., Soares R.M., Bonello F., and Gennari S.M. Natural infection with zoonotic subtype of Cryptosporidium parvum in Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 147 (2007) 166-170
55. Miller R.A., Bronsdon M.A., Kuller L., and Morton W.R. Clinical and parasitologic aspects of cryptosporidiosis in nonhuman primates. Laboratory Animal Science 40 (1990) 42-46
56. Miyaji S., Tanikawa T., and Shikata J. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus in Japan. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 38 (1989) 368-372
57. Morgan U.M., Sturdee A.P., Singleton G., Gomez M.S., Gracenea M., Torres J., Hamilton S.G., Woodside D.P., and Thompson R.C. The Cryptosporidium "mouse" genotype is conserved across geographic areas. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37 (1999) 1302-1305
58. Morgan U.M., Xiao L., Monis P., Sulaiman I., Pavlasek I., Blagburn B., Olson M., Upton S.J., Khramtsov N.V., Lal A., Elliot A., and Thompson R.C. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium muris from various hosts. Parasitology 120 Pt. 5 (2000) 457-464
59. Mtambo M.M., Nash A.S., Blewett D.A., Smith H.V., and Wright S. Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. The Veterinary Record 129 (1991) 502-504
60. Mtambo M.M., Sebatwale J.B., Kambarage D.M., Muhairwa A.P., Maeda G.E., Kusiluka L.J., and Kazwala R.R. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in Morogoro region, Tanzania. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 31 (1997) 185-190
61. Nakai Y., Hikosaka K., Sato M., Sasaki T., Kaneta Y., and Okazaki N. Detection of Cryptosporidium muris type oocysts from beef cattle in a farm and from domestic and wild animals in and around the farm. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66 (2004) 983-984
62. Nizeyi J.B., Mwebe R., Nanteza A., Cranfield M.R., Kalema G.R., and Graczyk T.K. Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. infections in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Journal of Parasitology 85 (1999) 1084-1088
63. Nizeyi J.B., Cranfield M.R., and Graczyk T.K. Cattle near the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis for local community and free-ranging gorillas. Parasitology Research 88 (2002) 380-385
64. Nizeyi J.B., Sebunya D., Dasilva A.J., Cranfield M.R., Pieniazek N.J., and Graczyk T.K. Cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), Uganda. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66 (2002) 442-444
65. Nutter F.B., Dubey J.P., Levine J.F., Breitschwerdt E.B., Ford R.B., and Stoskopf M.K. Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara cati in feral and pet domestic cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225 (2004) 1394-1398
66. Paziewska A., Bednarska M., Nieweglowski H., Karbowiak G., and Bajer A. Distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in selected species of protected and game mammals from North-Eastern Poland. Annual for Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 14 (2007) 265-270
67. Perz J.F., and Le Blancq S.M. Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (2001) 1154-1162
68. Quy R.J., Cowan D.P., Haynes P.J., Sturdee A.P., Chalmers R.M., Bodley-Tickell A.T., and Bull S.A. The Norway rat as a reservoir host of Cryptosporidium parvum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35 (1999) 660-670
69. Rickard L.G., Siefker C., Boyle C.R., and Gentz E.J. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in fecal samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern United States. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11 (1999) 65-72
70. Ruecker N.J., Braithwaite S.L., Topp E., Edge T., Lapen D.R., Wilkes G., Robertson W., Medeiros D., Sensen C.W., and Neumann N.F. Tracking host sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw water for improved health risk assessment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 3945-3957
71. Ryan M.J., Sundberg J.P., Sauerschell R.J., and Todd Jr. K.S. Cryptosporidium in a wild cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22 (1986) 267
72. Ryan U., Xiao L., Read C., Zhou L., Lal A.A., and Pavlasek I. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (2003) 4302-4307
73. Ryan U.M., Monis P., Enemark H.L., Sulaiman I., Samarasinghe B., Read C., Buddle R., Robertson I., Zhou L., Thompson R.C., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium suis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in pigs (Sus scrofa). Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 769-773
74. Santin M., Dixon B.R., and Fayert R. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Northern Quebec, Canada. Journal of Parasitology 91 (2005) 712-716
75. Siefker C., Rickard L.G., Pharr G.T., Simmons J.S., and O'Hara T.M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from northern Alaskan caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Journal of Parasitology 88 (2002) 213-216
76. Sinski E., Hlebowicz E., and Bednarska M. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in wild small mammals in District of Mazury Lake (Poland). Acta Parasitologica 38 (1993) 59-61
77. Sinski E., Bednarska M., and Bajer A. The role of wild rodents in ecology of Cryptosporidiosis in Poland. Folia Parasitologica (Praha) 45 (1998) 173-174
78. Snyder D.E. Indirect immunofluorescent detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in the feces of naturally infected raccoons (Procyon lotor). Journal of Parasitology 74 (1988) 1050-1052
79. Sturdee A.P., Chalmers R.M., and Bull S.A. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wild mammals of mainland Britain. Veterinary Parasitology 80 (1999) 273-280
80. Sundberg J.P., Hill D., and Ryan M.J. Cryptosporidiosis in a gray squirrel. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 181 (1982) 1420
81. Torres J., Gracenea M., Gomez M.S., Arrizabalaga A., and Gonzalez-Moreno O. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and C. Muris in wild rodents and insectivores in Spain. Veterinary Parasitology 92 (2000) 253-260
82. Van Winkle T.J. Cryptosporidiosis in young artiodactyls. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187 (1985) 1170-1172
83. Wang R., Wang J., Sun M., Dang H., Feng Y., Ning C., Jian F., Zhang L., and Xiao L. Molecular characterization of the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype from a sika deer (Cervus nippon Temminck) in Zhengzhou, China and literature review. Parasitology Research 103 (2008) 865-869
84. Wang R., Zhang L., Feng Y., Ning C., Jian F., Xiao L., Zhao J., and Wang Y. Molecular characterization of a new genotype of Cryptosporidium from American minks (Mustela vison) in China. Veterinary Parasitology 154 (2008) 162-166
85. Webster J.P., and Macdonald D.W. Cryptosporidiosis reservoir in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the UK. Epidemiology and Infection 115 (1995) 207-209
86. Xiao L., Escalante L., Yang C., Sulaiman I., Escalante A.A., Montali R.J., Fayer R., and Lal A.A. Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999) 1578-1583
87. Xiao L., Sulaiman I.M., Ryan U.M., Zhou L., Atwill E.R., Tischler M.L., Zhang X., Fayer R., and Lal A.A. Host adaptation and host-parasite co-evolution in Cryptosporidium: implications for taxonomy and public health. International Journal of Parasitology 32 (2002) 1773-1785
88. Xiao L., Fayer R., Ryan U., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 (2004) 72-97
89. Xiao L., and Feng Y. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 52 (2008) 309-323
90. Yamura H., Shirasaka R., Asahi H., Koyama T., Motoki M., and Ito H. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among house rats, Rattus rattus and R. Norvegicus, in Tokyo, Japan and experimental cryptosporidiosis in roof rats. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 39 (1990) 439-444
91. Yang W., Chen P., Villegas E.N., Landy R.B., Kanetsky C., Cama V., Dearen T., Schultz C.L., Orndorff K.G., Prelewicz G.J., Brown M.H., Young K.R., and Xiao L. Cryptosporidium source tracking in the Potomac River watershed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74 (2008) 6495-6504
92. Zhou L., Fayer R., Trout J.M., Ryan U.M., Schaefer III F.W., and Xiao L. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species infecting fur-bearing mammals differ from those of species infecting humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 7574-7577
93. Ziegler P.E., Wade S.E., Schaaf S.L., Chang Y.F., and Mohammed H.O. Cryptosporidium spp. From small mammals in the New York City watershed. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43 (2007) 586-596
94. Ziegler P.E., Wade S.E., Schaaf S.L., Stern D.A., Nadareski C.A., and Mohammed H.O. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in wildlife populations within a watershed landscape in southeastern New York State. Veterinary Parasitology 147 (2007) 176-184