Redefining citizenship in Russia

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 51-65

  Henry, Laura ^a  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 72449134058     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216560605     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. See, for example, Timothy J. Colton, Transitional Citizens: Voters and What In"luences Them in the New Russia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
2. Anna Politkovskaya, Putin's Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy (New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2005);
3. M. Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005);
4. Jonathan Weiler, Human Rights in Russia: A Darker Side of Reform (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004);
5. Michael McFaul, Nikolai Petrov, and Andrei Ryabov, Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Russian Post-Communist Political Reform (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2004).
6. Freedom House, "Country Report: Russia," Freedom in the World, 2008;
7. see also Freedom House, "Comparative Scores for All Countries from 1973 to 2008," available at www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=15.
8. Fond "Obshchestvennoe Mnenie," "Pravda i svobody-deklarirovannye i realnye" [Rights and Freedoms-Declared and Real], November 1, 2007, bd.fom.ru/report/map/d074423.
9. A notable exception is Salmenniemi's analysis of nongovernmental organizations' embrace of tactical versus paternalist models of citizenship. See Suvi Salmenniemi, Democratization and Gender in Contemporary Russia (New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 195-220.
10. Marc Morje Howard, "Comparative Citizenship: An Agenda for Cross-National Research," Perspectives on Politics 4, no.3 (2006): 443-55;
11. Oxana Shevel, "The Politics of Citizenship Policy in New Post-Soviet States," Working paper for the Politics and Economics Group (Davis Center, Harvard University, 2008).
12. T.H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development: Essays by T.H. Marshall (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964).
13. Gosta Esping-Anderson, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
14. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, "The American Road to Democratic Socialism," Democracy 3, no.3 (1982): 58-69.
15. Joe Soss and Sanford F. Schram, "A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback," American Political Science Review 101, no.1 (2007): 113.
16. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992);
17. Piven and Cloward, "American Road to Democratic Socialism";
18. Paul Pierson, Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
19. Robert R. Kaufman, "Market Reform and Social Protection: Lessons from the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland," East European Politics and Societies 21, no.1 (2008): 111-125
20. E.E. Schattschneider, Politics, Pressure, and the Tariff (New York: Prentice Hall, 1935).
21. Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980);
22. Walter D. Connor, Socialism's Dilemma: State and Society in the Soviet Bloc (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988);
23. Linda J. Cook, The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
24. James R. Millar and Sharon L. Wolchik, eds., The Social Legacy of Com munism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
25. World Bank, Russia's Social Protection Malaise: How to Begin a Turnaround? (Washington, DC, March 1999);
26. Linda J. Cook, "State Capacity and Pension Provision," in The State After Communism: Governance in the New Russia ed. Timothy Colton and Stephen Holmes (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 121-154
27. Linda J. Cook, Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007).
28. Stephen K. Wegren, "The Rise, Fall, and Transformation of the Rural Social Contract in Russia," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36 (2003): 1-27;
29. J.V. Brown and N.L. Rusinova, "Russian Medical Care in the 1990s: A User's Perspective," Social Science and Medicine 45, no.8 (1997): 1265-1276
30. Susanne Wengle and Michael Rasell, "The Monetisation of Lgoty: Changing Patters of Welfare Politics and Provision in Russia," Europe-Asia Studies 60, no.5 (2008): 739-756
31. Ibid. Susanne Wengle and Michael Rasell, Europe-Asia Studies, p. 746.
32. Cook, Postcommunist Welfare States, pp. 125, 138;
33. Kirill Danishevski, Dina Balabanova, Martin McKee, and Sarah Atkinson, "The Fragmentary Federation: Experiences with the Decentralized Health System in Russia," Health Policy Plan 21, no.3 (2005): 190.
34. BBC Monitoring, "Putin Says Fighting Poverty in Russia Is His Greatest Challenge," October 18, 2007, via Johnson's Russia List #218 (October 18, 2007).
35. Peter Finn, "Putin Finds Expedient Hero in Four-Term U.S. President," Washington Post (October 19, 2007), A1.
36. Linda J. Cook, "Oil Wealth and Welfare in the Russian Federation" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Philadelphia, November 20-23, 2008).
37. RFE/RL Newsline (September 7, 2005).
38. Vladimir Isachenkov, "Russia Toughens Penalties for Extremism," Washington Post (April 18, 2007).
39. Cook, Postcommunist Welfare States, pp. 190-192
40. Anastassia Alexandrova and Raymond Struyk, "Reform of In-Kind Benefits in Russia: High Cost for Small Gain," Journal of European Social Policy 17, no.2 (2007): 153-66;
41. Kirill Danishevski and Martin McKee, "Reforming the Russian Health-Care System," Lancet 365, no.9464 (2005): 1012-14;
42. Andrea Chandler, "Globalization, Social Welfare Reform and Democratic Identity in Russia and Other Post-Communist Countries," Global Social Policy 1, no.3 (2001): 310-37;
43. Judyth L. Twigg, "Balancing the State and the Market: Russia's Adoption of Obligatory Medical Insurance," Europe-Asia Studies 50, 4 (1998): 583-602.
44. "People Want Vladimir Putin for a Third Term," Kommersant (October 25, 2007), available at www.kommersant.com/p818482/Rallies-in-support- of- Putin-are-staged-by-the-United-Russia,-the-opposition-believes/.
45. Carolynne Wheeler, "Russia's Poor Cut Adrift by Putin's Revolution," Guardian (August 12, 2004): 16.
46. Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Amy Fried, John L. Sullivan, and Mary Dietz, "Mixing Methods: A Multistage Strategy for Studying Patriotism and Citizen Participation," Political Analysis 3, no.1 (1995): 91.
47. Ibid. Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Amy Fried, John L. Sullivan, and Mary Dietz, Political Analysis, p. 92.
48. For example, these focus groups, taking place in St. Petersburg, were too small to test hypotheses about how class or ethnicity might affect conceptions of citizenship.
49. While the participants were not randomly selected, they were recruited through different institutional and professional contacts and were not previously acquainted with one another. Focus group participants were guaranteed anonymity.
50. Although an attempt was made to achieve gender balance, it proved easier to recruit women for the focus groups. The student group included four male and four female participants, but the middle-aged professional group consisted of one male and five female participants, and the pensioner group included two males and five females.
51. Salmenniemi also notes the phenomenon of these babushki-aktivistki (granny activists), Democratization and Gender in Contemporary Russia, p. 102.
52. The use of connections to resolve problems was mentioned in all the focus groups and supports earlier research on citizen activism. See Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom and Laura A. Henry, "Russian Civil Society: Tensions and Trajectories," in Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment, ed. Alfred B. Evans, Jr., Laura A. Henry, and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2006), pp. 311-312
53. Joakim Ekman and Jonas Linde, "Communist Nostalgia and the Consolidation of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 21, no.3 (September 2005): 354-374
54. As one participant described the relationship to the constitution, "My po nei zhivem" (We live by it).
55. The salience of inequality as a political issue may rise further due to the global economic crisis that has affected Russia's steady economic growth.
56. David Stark and Laszlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
57. Kaufman, "Market Reform and Social Protection";
58. Tatyana Teplova, "Welfare State Transformation, Childcare, and Women's Work in Russia," Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 14, no.3 (2007): 284-322;
59. Wengle and Rasell, "Monetisation of Lgoty."
60. Graeme Robertson, "Strikes and Labor Organization in Hybrid Regimes," American Political Science Review 101, no.4 (November 2007): 781-98;
61. Regina Smyth, Candidate Strategies and Electoral Competition in the Russian Federation: Democracy Without Foundation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006);
62. Marc Morje Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
63. Nancy Ries, Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation During Perestroika (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997);
64. Elena A. Bogdanova, "Regulirovanie pravovykh otnoshenii v usloviiakh nepravogo obshchestva: Opyt poslednikh Sovetskikh desiatiletii" (Control of Lawful Relationships in Conditions of Unlawful Society: Experience of the Last Soviet Decades), Kultura i obshchestvo, www.e-culture.ru/Articles/2006/ Bogdanova.pdf;
65. Leon Boim, " 'Ombudsmanship' in the Soviet Union," American Journal of Comparative Law 22, no.3 (summer 1974): 509-40;
66. Sheila Fitzpatrick, "Supplicants and Citizens: Public Letter-Writing in Soviet Russia in the 1930s," Slavic Review 55, no.1 (spring 1996): 78-105.
67. Leninskii Sbornik 21, no.227
68. as cited in Boim, " 'Ombudsmanship' in the Soviet Union," p. 516.
69. Laura M. Luerhmann, "Facing Citizen Complaints in China, 1951-1996," Asian Survey 43, no.5 (September/October 2003): 845-66;
70. Alan S. Zuckerman and Darrell M. West, "The Political Bases of Citizen Contacting: A Cross-National Analysis," American Political Science Review 79, no.1 (March 1985): 117-211
71. See Medvedev's first State of the Nation address and interview with Medvedev in Novaya gazeta (April 15, 2009).
72. See, for example, Arkady Ostrovsky, "Reversal of Fortune," Foreign Policy, no.171 (March/April 2009): 70-74.
73. "In These Difficult Times, We Must Remain Human and Strengthen Friendship," Gazeta (January 1, 2009 (as quoted in Johnson's Russia List 2009-1).
74. President of Russia, "Interview with Novaya Gazeta," (April 13, 2009), available at www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2009/04/13/2258- type82916-215119.shtml.