메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 174, Issue 1-3, 2010, Pages 215-225

Biosorption of Acid Yellow 17 from aqueous solution by non-living aerobic granular sludge

Author keywords

Acid Yellow 17; Biosorption; Isotherm; Kinetic; Non living aerobic granular sludge

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGES; AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS; BEFORE AND AFTER; BIOSORBENTS; BIOSORPTION PROCESS; CONCENTRATION RANGES; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; FREUNDLICH; FTIR ANALYSIS; INTRA-PARTICLE DIFFUSION; KINETICS STUDIES; LANGMUIR ISOTHERM; NACL CONCENTRATION; NON-LIVING AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE; PH VALUE; PSEUDO-SECOND ORDER MODEL; SOLUTION PH; TEMKIN ISOTHERM; THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES;

EID: 72149123178     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.039     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (163)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 67349110450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal-a review
    • Gupta V.K., and Suhas. Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal-a review. J. Environ. Manage. 90 (2009) 2313-2342
    • (2009) J. Environ. Manage. , vol.90 , pp. 2313-2342
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Suhas2
  • 2
    • 72149125645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospect and prospect on the development of China's dyestuff and organic pigment in 2007
    • Tian L. Retrospect and prospect on the development of China's dyestuff and organic pigment in 2007. Shanghai Dyestuffs 36 (2008) 1-7
    • (2008) Shanghai Dyestuffs , vol.36 , pp. 1-7
    • Tian, L.1
  • 3
    • 9644303421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review
    • Aksu Z. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: a review. Process Biochem. 40 (2005) 997-1026
    • (2005) Process Biochem. , vol.40 , pp. 997-1026
    • Aksu, Z.1
  • 4
    • 26244435130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of Acid Red 274 (AR 274) on Enteromorpha prolifera in a batch system
    • Özer A., Akkaya G., and Turabik M. Biosorption of Acid Red 274 (AR 274) on Enteromorpha prolifera in a batch system. J. Hazard. Mater. 126 (2005) 119-127
    • (2005) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.126 , pp. 119-127
    • Özer, A.1    Akkaya, G.2    Turabik, M.3
  • 5
    • 33750289923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ozonation of acid yellow 17 dye in a semi-batch bubble column
    • Lackey L.W., Mines R.O., and McCreanor P.T. Ozonation of acid yellow 17 dye in a semi-batch bubble column. J. Hazard. Mater. 138 (2006) 357-362
    • (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.138 , pp. 357-362
    • Lackey, L.W.1    Mines, R.O.2    McCreanor, P.T.3
  • 6
    • 41349097319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature
    • Crini G., and Badot P.M. Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 399-447
    • (2008) Prog. Polym. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 399-447
    • Crini, G.1    Badot, P.M.2
  • 7
    • 11144252769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption kinetics and column operations for the removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using bottom ash
    • Gupta V.K., Mittal A., Krishnan L., and Gajbe V. Adsorption kinetics and column operations for the removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using bottom ash. Sep. Purif. Technol. 40 (2004) 87-96
    • (2004) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.40 , pp. 87-96
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Mittal, A.2    Krishnan, L.3    Gajbe, V.4
  • 8
    • 14744303602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption and desorption studies of a water soluble dye, Quinoline Yellow, using waste materials
    • Gupta V.K., Mittal A., and Gajbe V. Adsorption and desorption studies of a water soluble dye, Quinoline Yellow, using waste materials. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 284 (2005) 89-98
    • (2005) J. Colloid Interface Sci. , vol.284 , pp. 89-98
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Mittal, A.2    Gajbe, V.3
  • 9
    • 11144342272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of waste materials-Bottom Ash and De-Oiled Soya, as potential adsorbents for the removal of Amaranth from aqueous solutions
    • Mittal A., Kurup L., and Gupta V.K. Use of waste materials-Bottom Ash and De-Oiled Soya, as potential adsorbents for the removal of Amaranth from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. 117 (2005) 171-178
    • (2005) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.117 , pp. 171-178
    • Mittal, A.1    Kurup, L.2    Gupta, V.K.3
  • 10
    • 17644391739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using an agricultural waste material, de-oiled soya
    • Mittal A., Krishnan L., and Gupta V.K. Removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using an agricultural waste material, de-oiled soya. Sep. Purif. Technol. 43 (2005) 125-133
    • (2005) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.43 , pp. 125-133
    • Mittal, A.1    Krishnan, L.2    Gupta, V.K.3
  • 11
    • 0037769191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of industrial waste products as adsorbents for the removal of dyes
    • Jain A.K., Gupta V.K., Bhatnagar A., and Suhas. Utilization of industrial waste products as adsorbents for the removal of dyes. J. Hazard. Mater. 101 (2003) 31-42
    • (2003) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.101 , pp. 31-42
    • Jain, A.K.1    Gupta, V.K.2    Bhatnagar, A.3    Suhas4
  • 12
    • 0043288139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium uptake and sorption dynamics for the removal of a basic dye (basic red) using low-cost adsorbents
    • Gupta V.K., Ali I., Suhas, and Mohan D. Equilibrium uptake and sorption dynamics for the removal of a basic dye (basic red) using low-cost adsorbents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 265 (2003) 257-264
    • (2003) J. Colloid Interface Sci. , vol.265 , pp. 257-264
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Ali, I.2    Suhas3    Mohan, D.4
  • 13
    • 0037272470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of adsorbents prepared from industrial wastes for removal of dyes
    • Jain A.K., Gupta V.K., Bhatnagar A., and Suhas. A comparative study of adsorbents prepared from industrial wastes for removal of dyes. Sep. Sci. Technol. 38 (2003) 463-481
    • (2003) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.38 , pp. 463-481
    • Jain, A.K.1    Gupta, V.K.2    Bhatnagar, A.3    Suhas4
  • 14
    • 7944239074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by peat in single and binary component systems
    • Allen S.J., Mckay G., and Porter J.F. Adsorption isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by peat in single and binary component systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 280 (2004) 322-333
    • (2004) J. Colloid Interface Sci. , vol.280 , pp. 322-333
    • Allen, S.J.1    Mckay, G.2    Porter, J.F.3
  • 15
    • 0034275102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of basic dyes (rhodamine B and methylene blue) from aqueous solutions using bagasse fly ash
    • Gupta V.K., Mohan D., Sharma S., and Sharma M. Removal of basic dyes (rhodamine B and methylene blue) from aqueous solutions using bagasse fly ash. Sep. Sci. Technol. 35 (2000) 2097-2113
    • (2000) Sep. Sci. Technol. , vol.35 , pp. 2097-2113
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Mohan, D.2    Sharma, S.3    Sharma, M.4
  • 16
    • 34547804757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of Astrazone Blue basic dye from an aqueous solution using dried biomass of Baker's yeast
    • Farah J.Y., El-Gendy N.S., and Farahat L.A. Biosorption of Astrazone Blue basic dye from an aqueous solution using dried biomass of Baker's yeast. J. Hazard. Mater. 148 (2007) 402-408
    • (2007) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.148 , pp. 402-408
    • Farah, J.Y.1    El-Gendy, N.S.2    Farahat, L.A.3
  • 17
    • 33646499667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reuse of dried activated sludge for adsorption of reactive dye
    • Gulnaz O., Kaya A., and Dincer S. The reuse of dried activated sludge for adsorption of reactive dye. J. Hazard. Mater. 134 (2006) 190-196
    • (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.134 , pp. 190-196
    • Gulnaz, O.1    Kaya, A.2    Dincer, S.3
  • 18
    • 41349117780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption
    • Vijayaraghavan K., and Yun Y.S. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnol. Adv. 26 (2008) 266-291
    • (2008) Biotechnol. Adv. , vol.26 , pp. 266-291
    • Vijayaraghavan, K.1    Yun, Y.S.2
  • 19
    • 0034943792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review
    • Fu Y., and Viraraghavan T. Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 79 (2001) 251-262
    • (2001) Bioresour. Technol. , vol.79 , pp. 251-262
    • Fu, Y.1    Viraraghavan, T.2
  • 20
    • 65549108823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sewage sludge-based adsorbents: a review of their production, properties and use in water treatment applications
    • Smith K.M., Fowler G.D., Pullket S., and Graham N. Sewage sludge-based adsorbents: a review of their production, properties and use in water treatment applications. Water Res. 43 (2009) 2569-2594
    • (2009) Water Res. , vol.43 , pp. 2569-2594
    • Smith, K.M.1    Fowler, G.D.2    Pullket, S.3    Graham, N.4
  • 21
    • 34147110983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of radiation technology to sewage sludge processing: a review
    • Wang J.L., and Wang J.Z. Application of radiation technology to sewage sludge processing: a review. J. Hazard. Mater. 143 (2007) 2-7
    • (2007) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.143 , pp. 2-7
    • Wang, J.L.1    Wang, J.Z.2
  • 22
    • 0033229715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous biosorption of phenol and nickel(II) from binary mixtures onto dried aerobic activated sludge
    • Aksu Z., Akpinar D., Kabasakal E., and Köse B. Simultaneous biosorption of phenol and nickel(II) from binary mixtures onto dried aerobic activated sludge. Process Biochem. 35 (1999) 301-308
    • (1999) Process Biochem. , vol.35 , pp. 301-308
    • Aksu, Z.1    Akpinar, D.2    Kabasakal, E.3    Köse, B.4
  • 23
    • 36248946757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ biosorption by aerobic granules
    • 2+ biosorption by aerobic granules. Sep. Purif. Technol. 58 (2008) 400-411
    • (2008) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.58 , pp. 400-411
    • Xu, H.1    Liu, Y.2
  • 25
    • 11144233381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment
    • Liu Y., and Tay J.H. State of the art of biogranulation technology for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol. Adv. 22 (2004) 533-563
    • (2004) Biotechnol. Adv. , vol.22 , pp. 533-563
    • Liu, Y.1    Tay, J.H.2
  • 27
    • 43849107330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of Malachite Green from aqueous solutions onto aerobic granules: kinetic and equilibrium studies
    • Sun X.F., Wang S.G., Liu X.W., Gong W.X., Bao N., Gao B.Y., and Zhang H.Y. Biosorption of Malachite Green from aqueous solutions onto aerobic granules: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 3475-3483
    • (2008) Bioresour. Technol. , vol.99 , pp. 3475-3483
    • Sun, X.F.1    Wang, S.G.2    Liu, X.W.3    Gong, W.X.4    Bao, N.5    Gao, B.Y.6    Zhang, H.Y.7
  • 28
    • 33645232004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous medium by biosorption onto powdered waste sludge
    • Pamukoglu M.Y., and Kargi F. Removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous medium by biosorption onto powdered waste sludge. Process Biochem. 41 (2006) 1047-1054
    • (2006) Process Biochem. , vol.41 , pp. 1047-1054
    • Pamukoglu, M.Y.1    Kargi, F.2
  • 29
    • 0007601535 scopus 로고
    • The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum
    • Langmuir I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) 1361-1403
    • (1918) J. Am. Chem. Soc. , vol.40 , pp. 1361-1403
    • Langmuir, I.1
  • 30
    • 0001674603 scopus 로고
    • Ueber die adsorption in loesungen
    • Freundlich H. Ueber die adsorption in loesungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 57 (1907) 385-470
    • (1907) Z. Phys. Chem. , vol.57 , pp. 385-470
    • Freundlich, H.1
  • 31
    • 0000124446 scopus 로고
    • Recent modification to Langmiur isotherms
    • Temkin M., and Pyzhev V. Recent modification to Langmiur isotherms. Acta Physiochim. USSR 12 (1940) 217-222
    • (1940) Acta Physiochim. USSR , vol.12 , pp. 217-222
    • Temkin, M.1    Pyzhev, V.2
  • 32
    • 0003174656 scopus 로고
    • Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe
    • Lagergren S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 24 (1898) 1-39
    • (1898) K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. , vol.24 , pp. 1-39
    • Lagergren, S.1
  • 33
    • 0033165949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes
    • Ho Y.S., and McKay G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem. 34 (1999) 451-465
    • (1999) Process Biochem. , vol.34 , pp. 451-465
    • Ho, Y.S.1    McKay, G.2
  • 34
    • 0001779735 scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution
    • Weber W.J., and Morris J.C. Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., ASCE 89 (1963) 31-59
    • (1963) J. Sanit. Eng. Div., ASCE , vol.89 , pp. 31-59
    • Weber, W.J.1    Morris, J.C.2
  • 35
    • 0028500527 scopus 로고
    • Stoichiometric model of the aerobic metabolism of the biological phosphorus removal process
    • Smolders G., Vandermeij J., Van Loosdrecht M., and Heijnen J.J. Stoichiometric model of the aerobic metabolism of the biological phosphorus removal process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44 (1994) 837-848
    • (1994) Biotechnol. Bioeng. , vol.44 , pp. 837-848
    • Smolders, G.1    Vandermeij, J.2    Van Loosdrecht, M.3    Heijnen, J.J.4
  • 36
    • 33646506828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions
    • Zheng Y.M., Yu H.Q., Liu S.H., and Liu X.Z. Formation and instability of aerobic granules under high organic loading conditions. Chemosphere 63 (2006) 1791-1800
    • (2006) Chemosphere , vol.63 , pp. 1791-1800
    • Zheng, Y.M.1    Yu, H.Q.2    Liu, S.H.3    Liu, X.Z.4
  • 37
    • 53949084655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and hydrodynamic properties of aerobic granules produced in sequencing batch reactors
    • Xiao F., Yang S.F., and Li X.Y. Physical and hydrodynamic properties of aerobic granules produced in sequencing batch reactors. Sep. Purif. Technol. 63 (2008) 634-641
    • (2008) Sep. Purif. Technol. , vol.63 , pp. 634-641
    • Xiao, F.1    Yang, S.F.2    Li, X.Y.3
  • 38
    • 33646832558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull
    • Arami M., Limaee N.Y., Mahmoodi N.M., and Tabrizi N.S. Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull. J. Hazard. Mater. 135 (2006) 171-179
    • (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.135 , pp. 171-179
    • Arami, M.1    Limaee, N.Y.2    Mahmoodi, N.M.3    Tabrizi, N.S.4
  • 39
    • 1842661950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by adsorption using agro-industry waste: a case study of Prosopis cineraria
    • Garg V.K., Kumar R., and Gupta R. Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by adsorption using agro-industry waste: a case study of Prosopis cineraria. Dyes Pigments 62 (2004) 1-10
    • (2004) Dyes Pigments , vol.62 , pp. 1-10
    • Garg, V.K.1    Kumar, R.2    Gupta, R.3
  • 40
    • 24344507783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorptive removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon-kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analyses
    • Mall I.D., Srivastava V.C., Agarwal N.K., and Mishra I.M. Adsorptive removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon-kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analyses. Colloid Surf. A 264 (2005) 17-28
    • (2005) Colloid Surf. A , vol.264 , pp. 17-28
    • Mall, I.D.1    Srivastava, V.C.2    Agarwal, N.K.3    Mishra, I.M.4
  • 41
    • 0036962286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solutions by calcined alunite and granular activated carbon
    • Özacar M., and Şengil I.A. Adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solutions by calcined alunite and granular activated carbon. Adsorption 8 (2002) 301-308
    • (2002) Adsorption , vol.8 , pp. 301-308
    • Özacar, M.1    Şengil, I.A.2
  • 42
    • 0037368149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36
    • Malik P.K. Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36. Dyes Pigments 56 (2003) 239-249
    • (2003) Dyes Pigments , vol.56 , pp. 239-249
    • Malik, P.K.1
  • 44
    • 0037053951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions
    • Annadurai G., Juang R.S., and Lee D.J. Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. 92 (2002) 263-274
    • (2002) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.92 , pp. 263-274
    • Annadurai, G.1    Juang, R.S.2    Lee, D.J.3
  • 45
    • 33745621633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption potential of Neurospora crassa cells for decolorization of Acid Red 57 (AR57) dye
    • Akar T., Demir T.A., Kiran I., Ozcan A., Ozcan A.S., and Tunali S. Biosorption potential of Neurospora crassa cells for decolorization of Acid Red 57 (AR57) dye. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 81 (2006) 1100-1106
    • (2006) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , vol.81 , pp. 1100-1106
    • Akar, T.1    Demir, T.A.2    Kiran, I.3    Ozcan, A.4    Ozcan, A.S.5    Tunali, S.6
  • 46
    • 48049087857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of Acid Red 114 from aqueous solutions using activated carbons prepared from seed shells
    • Thinakaran N., Panneerselvam P., Baskaralingam P., Elango D., and Sivanesan S. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of Acid Red 114 from aqueous solutions using activated carbons prepared from seed shells. J. Hazard. Mater. 158 (2008) 142-150
    • (2008) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.158 , pp. 142-150
    • Thinakaran, N.1    Panneerselvam, P.2    Baskaralingam, P.3    Elango, D.4    Sivanesan, S.5
  • 47
    • 0141620205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium studies for acid dye adsorption onto chitosan
    • Wong Y.C., Szeto Y.S., Cheung W.H., and McKay G. Equilibrium studies for acid dye adsorption onto chitosan. Langmuir 19 (2003) 7888-7894
    • (2003) Langmuir , vol.19 , pp. 7888-7894
    • Wong, Y.C.1    Szeto, Y.S.2    Cheung, W.H.3    McKay, G.4
  • 48
    • 64549141972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R using ZnO fine powder: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic modeling studies
    • Ada K., Ergene A., Tan S., and Yalçin E. Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue R using ZnO fine powder: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic modeling studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 165 (2009) 637-644
    • (2009) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.165 , pp. 637-644
    • Ada, K.1    Ergene, A.2    Tan, S.3    Yalçin, E.4
  • 49
    • 33747761648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biosorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution by Phanerochaete chrysosporium biomass: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics
    • Wu J., and Yu H.Q. Biosorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution by Phanerochaete chrysosporium biomass: isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics. J. Hazard. Mater. 137 (2006) 498-508
    • (2006) J. Hazard. Mater. , vol.137 , pp. 498-508
    • Wu, J.1    Yu, H.Q.2
  • 50
    • 0028539766 scopus 로고
    • Secondary structure estimation of proteins using the amide III region of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: application to analyze calcium-binding-induced structural changes in calsequestrin
    • Fu F.N., DeOliveira D.B., Trumble W.R., Sarkar H.K., and Singh B.R. Secondary structure estimation of proteins using the amide III region of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: application to analyze calcium-binding-induced structural changes in calsequestrin. Appl. Spectrosc. 48 (1994) 1432-1441
    • (1994) Appl. Spectrosc. , vol.48 , pp. 1432-1441
    • Fu, F.N.1    DeOliveira, D.B.2    Trumble, W.R.3    Sarkar, H.K.4    Singh, B.R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.