Regional hegemon or regional bystander: South Africa's Zimbabwe policy 2000-2005

Politikon

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 193-218

  Prys, Miriam ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 72149111107     PISSN: 02589346     EISSN: 14701014     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02589340903240138     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Adebajo, A. and Landsberg, C. (2003), 'South Africa and Nigeria as Regional Hegemons', in: M. Baregu and C. (eds), From Cape to Congo: Southern Africa's Evolving Security Challenges (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
2. Ajulu, R. (2001), 'Zimbabwe at the Crossroads-What Next?' Global Insights, 12, pp. 1-12.
3. Akokpari, J.K. (2004), 'The AU, NEPAD and the Promotion of Good Governance in Africa', Nordic Journal of African Studies, 13(3), pp. 243-263.
4. Alden, C. and le Pere, G. (2004), 'South Africa's Post-Apartheid Foreign Policy: From Reconciliation to Ambiguity?' Review of African Political Economy, 31(100), pp. 283-297.
5. Alden, C. and Schoeman, M. (2003), 'The Hegemon that Wasn't: South Africa's Foreign Policy towards Zimbabwe', Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 25(1), pp. 1-28.
6. Alden, C. and Soko, M. (2005), 'South Africa's Economic Relations with Africa: Hegemony and Its Discontents', Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(3), pp. 367-392.
7. Alden, C. and Vieira, M.A. (2005), 'The New Diplomacy of the South: South Africa, Brazil, India and Trilateralism', Third World Quarterly, 26(7), pp. 1077-1095.
8. All Africa (2000), 'Zimbabwe Loan Freeze Sparks Regional Alert', 8 October. Available online at: http://allafrica.com/zimbabwe (accessed 10 October, 2006).
9. ANC (1994), Foreign Policy Perspective in a Democratic South Africa (Pretoria: ANC).
10. Ayoob, M. (1999), 'From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order', Australian Journal of International Affairs, 53(3), pp. 247-260.
11. Barber, J. (2004), Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990-99 (Oxford: James Currey)
12. Barber, J. (2005), 'The New South Africa's Foreign Policy: Principles and Practice', International Affairs, 81(5), pp. 1079-1096.
13. Bauer, G. and Taylor, S.D. (2005), Politics in Southern Africa: State and Society in Transition (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
14. Bischoff, P-H. (2003), 'External and Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy Ambiguity: South African Foreign Policy and the Projection of Pluralist Middle Power', Politikon: The South African Journal of Political Studies, 30(2), pp. 183-201.
15. Black, D.R. (2003), 'The New South Africa Confronts Abacha's Nigeria: The Politics of Human Rights in a Seminal Relationship', Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 41(2), pp. 35-54.
16. Bratton, M. and Masunungure, E. (2007), 'Popular Reactions to State Repression: Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe', African Affairs, 106(422), pp. 21-45.
17. Buzan, B. and Waever, O. (2003), Regions and Powers. The Structure of International Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
18. Checkel, J.T. (2005), 'International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework', International Organization, 59(4), pp. 801-826.
19. Cooper, A., Higgott, R. and Nossal, K. (1991), 'Bound to Follow? Leadership and Followership in the Gulf Conflict', Political Science Quarterly, 106(3), pp. 391-410.
20. Daniel, J., Naidoo, V. and Naidu, S. (2003), 'The South Africans Have Arrived: Post-Apartheid Corporate Expansion into Africa', in: J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall (eds), State of the Nation: South Africa, 2003-2004 (Cape Town: HSRC Press).
21. Department of Defence (1998), South African Defence Review (Pretoria: Department of Defence).
22. Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) (1999), White Paper on South African Participation in International Peace Missions (Pretoria: DFA).
23. Department of Foreign Affairs (2001), Strategic Plan: 2002-2005 (Pretoria: DFA).
24. Department of Foreign Affairs (2004), Strategic Plan: 2005-2008 (Pretoria: DFA).
25. Dlamini, K. (ed.) (2003), 'Is Quiet Diplomacy an Effective Conflict Resolution Strategy?' in: South African Yearbook of International Affairs, 2002/03 (Johannesburg: SAIIA).
26. Dowden, R. (2006), 'Engaging with Mugabe', The Round Table, 95(384), pp. 283-286.
27. Eisenman, J. (2005), 'Zimbabwe: China's African Ally', China Brief, 5(15), pp. 9-11.
28. Elman, C. (2004), 'Extending Offensive Realism. The Louisiana Purchase and America's Rise to Regional Hegemony', American Political Science Review, 98(4), pp. 563-576.
29. Emmers, R. (2005), 'Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam', Asian Survey, 45(4), pp. 645-665.
30. European Commission (2006), Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Towards an EU-South Africa Strategic Partnership, COM(2006) 347 (Brussels: European Commission).
31. European Parliament (2002), European Parliament Resolution on Zimbabwe (P5_TA/(2002)0412) (Strasbourg: European Parliament).
32. Freeman, L. (2005), 'South Africa's Zimbabwe Policy: Unravelling the Contradictions', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 23(2), pp. 147-172.
33. Geldenhuys, D. (2006), 'South Africa's Role as International Norm Entrepreneur', in: W. Carlsnaes and P. Nel (eds), In Full Flight: South African Foreign Policy after Apartheid (Midrand: IGD).
34. Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) (2001), 'Transcript of Tim Sebastian's Interview with President Mbeki on BBC World's Hard Talk', (Pretoria: GCIS).
35. Government Communication and Information System (2002), 'Mbeki Meets Sector Leaders to Discuss Situation in Zimbabwe, Press Release', (Pretoria: GCIS).
36. Government of South Africa (1994), Reconstruction and Development (RDP) White Paper (Pretoria: GCIS).
37. Graham, V. (2006), 'How Firm the Handshake? South Africa's Use of Quiet Diplomacy in Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2006', African Security Review, 15(4), pp. 114-127.
38. Habib, A. and Selinyane, N. (2006), 'Constraining the Unconstrained: Civil Society and South Africa's Hegemonic Obligations in Africa', in: W. Carlsnaes and P. Nel (eds), In Full Flight: South African Foreign Policy after Apartheid (Midrand: IGD).
39. Hamill, J. and Lee, D. (2001), 'A Middle Power Paradox? South African Diplomacy in the Post-Apartheid Era', International Relations, 15(4), pp. 33-59.
40. Hammerstad, A. (2003), Defending the State or Protecting the People? SADC Security Integration at a Crossroads (Johannesburg: SAIIA).
41. Holsti, K.J. (1970), 'National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly, 14(3), pp. 233-309.
42. Holsti, K.J. (1987), 'National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy', in: S. Walker (ed.), Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
43. Ikenberry, J.G. (1998), 'Institutions, Strategic Restraints, and the Persistence of American Hegemony', International Security, 23(3), pp. 43-78.
44. Ikenberry, G.J. and Kupchan, C.A. (1990), 'Socialization and Hegemonic Power', International Organization, 44(3), pp. 283-315.
45. IRIN News (2005), 'Zimbabwe: South African "Quiet Diplomacy" Tested by Recent Events', 20 January.
46. Jordaan, E. (2003), 'The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers', Politikon: The South African Journal of Political Studies, 30(2), pp. 165-181.
47. Joseph, J. (2008), 'Hegemony and the Structure-Agency Problem in International Relations: A Scientific Realist Contribution', Review of International Studies, 34(1), pp. 109-128.
48. Kagwanja, P. (2006), 'Power and Peace: South Africa and the Refurbishing of Africa's Multilateral Capacity for Peacemaking', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 24(2), pp. 159-184.
49. Kajee, A. (2004), 'Nepad's APRM: A Progress Report, Practical Limitations and Challenges', in: South African Yearbook of International Affairs 2003/04 (Johannesburg: SAIIA).
50. Kelle, U. (2000), 'Computer-Assisted Analysis: Coding and Indexing', in: M.W. Bauer and G. Gaskell (eds), Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound (London: Sage).
51. Kindleberger, C. (1986), 'International Public Goods without International Government', American Economic Review, 76(1), pp. 1-13.
52. Knodt, M. (2004), 'International Embeddedness of European Multi-level Governance', Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), pp. 701-719.
53. Lake, D.A. (1997), 'Regional Security Complexes: A Systems Approach', in: D.A. Lake and P.M. Morgan (eds), Regional Orders. Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press).
54. Lamb, C. (2006), 'Mugabe: Why Africa Applauds Him', New Statesman, 7 August.
55. Landsberg, C. (2000), 'Promoting Democracy: The Mandela-Mbeki Doctrine', Journal of Democracy, 11(3), pp. 107-121.
56. Landsberg, C. (2004), 'South Africa: A Pivotal State in Africa', Synopsis: Policy Studies Bulletin, 7(1), pp. 1-3.
57. Larson, D.W. (1988), 'Research Note: Problems of Content Analysis in Foreign-Policy Research. Notes from the Study of the Origin of Cold War Belief Systems', International Studies Quarterly, 32(2), pp. 241-255.
58. Lipset, S.M. (1996), American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton).
59. Makoa, F.K. (2001), 'Making Sense of South Africa's Africa Policy and the South Africa/Africa Leadership Thesis', Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 23(1), pp. 43-57.
60. Mandela, N. (1993), 'South Africa's Future Foreign Policy', Foreign Affairs, 72(5), pp. 86-97.
61. Mbeki, T. (2001), 'Interview with UK Channel Four News', 3 May 2001.
62. Mbeki, T. (2002), 'Letter from the President', ANC Today, 22-28 March.
63. Mbeki, T. (2003), Questions Answered in the National Assembly, 26 March (Pretoria: GCIS).
64. McGowan, P.J. and Nel, P. (2002), 'The Regional Sub-System of Southern Africa', in: P.J. McGowan and P. Nel (eds), Power, Wealth and Global Equity: An International Relations Textbook for Africa (Cape Town: UCT Press).
65. McKinley, D. (2004), 'South African Foreign Policy towards Zimbabwe under Mbeki', Review of African Political Economy, 31(100), pp. 357-364.
66. Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001), The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton).
67. Mhanda, W. (2002), 'Relations Among Liberation Movements: SA and Zimbabwe', in: South African Yearbook of International Affairs 2002/03 (Johannesburg: SAIIA).
68. Mitra, S.K. (2003), 'The Reluctant Hegemon: India's Self-Perception and the South Asian Strategic Environment', Contemporary South Asia, 12(3), pp. 399-418.
69. Myers, D.J. (1991), Regional Hegemons: Threat Perception and Strategic Response (Boulder, CO: Westview).
70. Nabers, D. (2007), Crises, Hegemony and Change in the International System: A Conceptual Framework (Hamburg: GIGA German Institute for Global and Area Studies).
71. Nathan, L. (2006), 'SADC's Uncommon Approach to Common Security 1992-2003', Journal of Southern African Studies, 32(3), pp. 605-622.
72. Neethling, T. (2006), 'Military Spending, Socio-Economic Challenges and Foreign Policy Demands: Appraising South Africa's Predicament', African Security Review, 15(4), pp. 58-78.
73. Nolte, D. (2006), Macht und Machthierarchien in den Internationalen Beziehungen: Ein Analysekonzept fur die Forschung uber Regionale Fuhrungsmachte GIGA Working Papers Vol. 29 (Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies).
74. Oden, B. (2000), 'South Africa in Southern Africa: Revisiting the Dynamo-Albatross Debate', in: L. Thompson (ed.), Development, Democracy and Aid in Southern Africa (Bellville: Centre for Southern African Studies).
75. Ougaard, M. (1988), 'Dimensions of Hegemony', Cooperation and Conflict, 23(2), pp. 197-214.
76. Pahad, A. (2002), Debate on the State of the Nation Address at the National Assembly, 12 February (Pretoria: GCIS).
77. Pahad, A. (2003), Presidential Debate at the National Assembly, 17 February (Pretoria: GCIS).
78. Pedersen, T. (2002), 'Cooperative Hegemony: Power, Ideas and Institutions in Regional Integration', Review of International Studies, 28(4), pp. 677-696.
79. Perlman, S. (1991), 'Hegemony and Arkhe in Greece: Fourth-Century BC Views', in: R.N. Lebow and B.S. Strauss (eds), Hegemonic Rivalry. From Thucydides to the Nuclear Age (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).
80. Peters-Berries, C. (2002), 'The Zimbabwe Crisis and SADC: How to Deal with a Deviant Member States', in: D. Hansohm, C. Peters-Berries and W. Breytenbach (eds), Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook: Volume 2 (Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan).
81. Pew Global Attitudes Project (2007), Global Opinion Trends 2002-2007: A Rising Tide Lifts Mood in the Developing World (Washington: Pew Research Centre).
82. Prys, M. (2008a), Regions, Power and Hegemony: India and South Africa Compared. D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford (unpublished).
83. Prys, M. (2008b), Hegemonie in der internationalen Politik: Analyse eines umstrittenen Konzepts (Saarbrucken: VDM Verlag).
84. Rapkin, D. (1990), 'The Contested Concept of Hegemonic Leadership', in: D. Rapkin (ed.), World Leadership and Hegemony (London: Lynne Rienner).
85. Refugees International (2007), 'Zimbabwe Exodus: Too Little, but Not Too Late', 11 June. Available online at: http://www.refugeesinternational.org (accessed 20 February, 2008).
86. Schoeman, M. (2003), 'South Africa as an Emerging Middle Power: 1994-2003', in: J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall (eds), State of the Nation: South Africa, 2003-2004 (Cape Town: HSRC Press).
87. South African National Assembly (2000), Parliamentary Question No. 618 for Written Reply, 15 May (Cape Town: SANA).
88. South African National Assembly (2001), Parliamentary Question No. 6 to the President of the Republic, 30 May (Cape Town: SANA).
89. Southern African Development Community (SADC) (2002), Session of the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee of the SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation, 7-9 August (Luanda: SADC).
90. Southern African Development Community (2003), Post-Summit Briefing to Gaborone-based Ambassadors and Heads of International Organizations by Mr. Albert M Muchanga, Acting Executive Secretary, 29 August (Gaborone: SADC).
91. Spence, J.E. (2006), '"Point Man" on Zimbabwe: South Africa's Role in the Crisis', The Round Table, 95(384), pp. 191-199.
92. Stalgren, P. (2000), Regional Public Goods and the Future of International Development Co-operation. A Review of the Literature on Regional Public Goods, Working Paper 2000: 2 (Stockholm: Expert Group on Development Issues).
93. Stubig, S. (2007), Wirkungsloser Druck: 'Pariastaat' Simbabwe zwischen westlichen Sanktionen und regionaler Solidaritat, GIGA Focus No. 5 (Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies).
94. Taylor, I. (2002), 'Africa's Leaders and the Crisis in Zimbabwe', Contemporary Review, 280(1637), pp. 344-348.
95. Tjonneland, E.N., Isaksen, J. and le Pere, G. (2005), SADC's Restructuring and Emerging Policies. Options for Norwegian Support (Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute).
96. Triepel, H. (1938), Die Hegemonie. Ein Buch von den Fuhrenden Staaten (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer).
97. US Department of State (2003), Press Availability with President Bush and President Mbeki of South Africa, 9 July (Pretoria: US Department of State).
98. van Aardt, M. (1996), 'A Foreign Policy to Die For: South Africa's Response to the Nigerian Crisis', Africa Insight, 26(2), pp. 107-119.
99. van Wyk, J-A. (2002), 'The Saga Continues... The Zimbabwe Issue in South Africa's Foreign Policy', Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 1(4), Available online at: http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume1/number4/wyk.htm (accessed 16 September 2009).
100. van Wyk, J-A. (2004), 'South Africa's Post-Apartheid Foreign Policy: A Constructivist Analysis', Politeia, 23(3), pp. 103-136.
101. Young, M.D. and Schafer, M. (1998), 'Is There Method in Our Madness? Ways of Assessing Cognition in International Relations', International Studies Review, 42(1), pp. 63-96.