An appraisal of the potential use of fly ash for reclaiming coal mine spoil

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 91, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 603-617

  Ram, Lal C ^a   Masto, Reginald E ^a  

^a CSIR CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF MINING AND FUEL RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Amendments; Coal mining; Fly ash; Land degradation; Mine spoil; Reclamation

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; COAL; COAL ASH; COAL COMBUSTION; COAL FIRED POWER PLANT; COAL MINES; FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS; MINING; RECLAMATION; SOILS; THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

AMENDMENT; COAL MINE SPOILS; COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT; COAL-MINING; ELECTRICAL GENERATION; ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES; LAND DEGRADATION; MINE SPOIL; PULVERIZED COALS; THERMAL-POWER PLANTS;

FLY ASH;

INORGANIC COMPOUND; ORGANIC COMPOUND; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TRACE METAL;

BULK DENSITY; COAL MINING; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; FLY ASH; LAND DEGRADATION; LAND RECLAMATION; SOIL AMENDMENT; THERMAL POWER;

ALKALINITY; BULK DENSITY; COAL MINING; COMBUSTION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); COST UTILITY ANALYSIS; ECONOMIC EVALUATION; ELECTRIC POWER PLANT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL RECLAMATION; FLY ASH; INDIA; PARTICLE SIZE; PH MEASUREMENT; PLANT NUTRIENT; REVIEW; SOIL ACIDITY; SOIL AMENDMENT; SOIL FERTILITY; SOIL QUALITY; WASTE DISPOSAL;

INDIA;

EID: 72149106457     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.10.004     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. ACAA (American Coal Ash Association). Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Use (1998), ACAA, Alexandria, VA
2. Adriano D.C., Page A.L., Elseewi A.A., Chang A., and Straughan I.A. Utilization and disposal of fly ash and other coal residues in terrestrial ecosystem: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality 9 (1980) 333-344
3. Adriano D.C., Page A.L., Chang A.C., and Elsweei A.A. Cd availability to Sudan grass grown on soils amended with sewage sludge and fly ash. Journal of Environmental Quality 11 (1982) 197-203
4. Adriano D.C., and Weber J.T. Influence of fly ash on soil physical properties and turfgrass establishment. Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (2001) 596-601
5. Aitken R.L., Campbell D.J., and Bell L.C. Properties of Australian fly ashes relevant to their agronomic utilization. Australian Journal of Soil Research 22 (1984) 443-453
6. Aitken R.L., and Bell L.C. Plant uptake and phytotoxicity of boron in Australian fly ashes. Plant and Soil 84 (1985) 245-257
7. Alberts J.J., Newman M.C., and Evans D.W. Seasonal variations of trace elements in dissolved and suspended loads for coal ash ponds and pond effluents. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 26 (1985) 111-128
8. Alloway B.J. Heavy Metals in Soil. second ed. (1995), Blackie, London
9. Anguissola Scotti I., Silva S., and Botteschi G. Effect of fly ash on the availability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd to chicory. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 72 (1999) 159-163
10. 2 evolution from an agricultural soil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 22 (1984) 209-216
11. Energy for the World-Why Uranium? (2007), AUA (Australian Uranium Association). http://www.uic.com.au/whyu.htm Available from:(accessed 25 November 2007)
12. Auer S., Kuzel H.J., Pollmann H., and Sorrentino F. Investigation on MSW fly ash treatment by reactive calcium aluminates and phase formed. Cement Concrete Research 25 (1995) 1347-1359
13. Baba A. Assessment of radioactive contaminants in by-products from Yatagan (Mugla, Turkey) coal-fired power plant. Environmental Geology 41 (2002) 916-921
14. Bendfeldt E.S., Burger J.A., and Daniels W.L. Quality of amended mine soils after sixteen years. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65 (2001) 1736-1744
15. Bhattacharjee U., and Kandpal T.C. Potential of fly ash utilisation in India. Energy 27 (2002) 151-166
16. Bhattacharyya S., Donahoe R.J., and Patel D. Experimental study of chemical treatment of coal fly ash to reduce the mobility of priority trace elements. Fuel 88 (2009) 1173-1184
17. Bournonville B., Nzihou A., Sharrock P., and Depelsenaire G. Stabilization of heavy metal containing dusts by reaction with phosphoric acid: study of the reactivity of fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials B116 (2004) 64-65
18. Bowen H.J.W. Trace Elements in Biochemistry (1966), Academic Press, London
19. Bradshaw A.D. The use of natural processes in reclamation-advantages and difficulties. Landscaping and Urban Plan 51 (2000) 89-100
20. Brown T.H., Bland A.E., and Wheeldom J.M. Pressurized fluidized bed combustion ash. 2. Soil and mine spoil amendment use options. Fuel 76 (1997) 741-748
21. Campbell D.J., Fox W.E., Aitken R.L., and Bell L.C. Physical characterization of sands amended with fly ash. Australian Journal of Soil Research 21 (1983) 147-154
22. Carlson C.C., and Adriano D.C. Environmental impacts of coal combustion residues. Journal of Environmental Quality 22 (1993) 227-247
23. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Utilization of Fly ash in Agriculture, at Bakreswar Thermal Power Project, Bakreswar (West Bengal) (1996), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/C.F.R.I./1.01/96
24. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Utilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture, at Farakka Super Thermal Power Project Farakka (West Bengal) (1996), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/C.F.R.I./1.02/96
25. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Bulk Scale Utilisation of Coal Ash in Agricultural Lands of Birbhum District in West Bengal (2000), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. CFRI/3.03/1999-2000
26. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Bulk Scale Utilisation of Coal Ash in Agriculture and for Reclamation of Waste/Degraded Lands of Murshidabad District in West Bengal (2000), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/3.04/1999-2000
27. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Utilization of Fly Ash from Chandrapur and Bhusawal TPPs in Agriculture and for Reclamation of Degraded Land (2001), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/1.01/2000-2001
28. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Utilisation of Fly Ash in Agriculture at Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Neyveli (2001), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/3.01/2000-2001
29. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Role of Riparian Vegetation in Ecosystem Recovery on Fast Deteriorating Riparian Wetland Under Anthropogenic Stress (2002), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/3.01/2001-2002
30. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Bulk Utilisation of Fly Ash from Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Project in Agriculture and for Reclamation of Waste/Degraded Land (2002), CFRI CFRI Report No. TR/CFRI/1.15/2001-2002
31. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute), 2002c. A synergistic fly ash based soil conditioner cum fertilizer composition. Indian Patent No. 031 NF 2002.
32. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Demonstration trials in Farmer's Field for the Popularization of Bulk Use of Fly-ash from Anpara, Obra and Hardugang TPPs of UPRVUNL in Agriculture and for Reclamation of Degraded/Wasteland (2003), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI TR/CFRI/1.08/2002-2003
33. CFRI (Central Fuel Research Institute). Bio-restoration of O.B. Dumps Through the Plantation of Selected Efficient Photosynthetic/Soil Conserver Species in Eastern Jharia Coalfields (Sponsored by SSRC, Dept. of Coal) (2003), CFRI, Dhanbad, Jharkhand CFRI Report No.TR/CFRI/1.01/2002-2003
34. Chabbi A., and Rumpel C. Chemical composition of organic matter in extremely acid, lignite-containing lake sediments impacted by fly ash contamination. Journal of Environmental Quality 33 (2004) 628-636
35. Chambers J.C., Brown R.W., and Williams B.D. An evaluation of reclamation success of Idaho's phosphate mines. Restorative Ecology 2 (1994) 4-16
36. Chatterjee T., Mukhopadhya M., Dutta M., and Gupta S.K. Studies on some agro-chemical properties of fly ash. Clay Research 7 (1988) 19-23
37. Choi S.K., Lee S., Song Y.K., and Moon H.S. Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implications for the groundwater composition near the ash disposal mound. Fuel 81 (2002) 1083-1090
38. Chu C.W., and Poon C.S. The feasibility of planting on stabilized sludge-amended soil. Environmental International 25 (1999) 465-477
39. Clark R.B., Ritchey K.D., and Baligar V.C. Benefits and constraints for use of FGD products on agricultural land. Fuel 80 (2001) 821-828
40. Coal Reserves in India. Available from: (2007), Coal India Ltd. http://www.coalindia.nic.in/coalreserve.htm (accessed on 20 November 2007)
41. Cobbet C., and Goldsbrough P. Phytochelatins and metalothioneins: role in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 53 (2002) 159-182
42. Corbett E.A., Anderson R.C., and Rodgers C.S. Prairie revegetation of a strip mine in Illinois: fifteen years after establishment. Restoration Ecology 4 (1996) 346-354
43. Davison R.L., Natusch D.F.S., Wallace J.R., and Evans Jr. C.A. Trace elements in fly ash: dependence of concentration on particle size. Environmental Science & Technology 8 (1974) 1107-1113
44. Dewey G.R., Sutter L.L., and Sandell J.F. Reactivity based approach for classifying fly ash. American Power Conference, Chicago, IL 6 (1996) 1-4
45. Drakonaki S., Diamadopoulos E., Vamvouka D., and Lahaniatis M. Leaching behavior of lignite fly ash. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A 33 (1998) 237-248
46. Dubey P.N., Sangal S.P., Sen T.K., Chatterji S., Murali S., and Patil V.P. Physical and chemical properties of Koradi fly ash of Maharashtra for its utilization in agriculture. Agropedology 9 (1999) 71-76
47. Dutta B.K., Khanra S., and Mallick D. Leaching of elements from coal fly ash: assessment of its potential for use in filling abandoned coal mines. Fuel (2009) 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.01.00
48. Eary L.E., Rai D., Mattigod S.V., and Ainsworth C.C. Geochemical factors controlling the mobilization of inorganic constituents of fossil fuel combustion residues: II. Review of the minor elements. Journal of Environmental Quality 19 (1990) 201-214
49. Ecke H., Menad N., and Lagerkvist Mater A.J. Cycles of Waste Management 4 (2002) 117
50. EIS Suppl. Report. Waste Management. Bundaberg 2K+ Industrial Development (2000), Sinclair Knight, Merz p. 11.3
51. Eisenbud M., and Thomas G. Environmental Radioactivity (1977), Academic Press, New York
52. El-Mogazi D., Lisk D.J., and Weinstein L.H. A review of physical, chemical, and biological properties of fly ash and effects on agricultural ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 74 (1988) 1-37
53. Elseewi A.A., Bingham F.T., and Page A.L. Availability of sulfur in fly ash to plants. Journal of Environmental Quality 7 (1978) 69-73
54. Elseewi A.A., Straughan I.R., and Page A.L. Sequential cropping of fly ash-amended soils: Effects on soil chemical properties and yield and elemental composition of plants. Science of the Total Environment 15 (1980) 247-259
55. Elseewi A.A., Fox C.A., Page A.L., and Doyle C.P. Utilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture (1982), Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division (Report) EPRI CS
56. Fail Jr. J.L., and Wochok Z.S. Soybean growth on fly ash amended strip mine spoils. Plant and Soil 48 (1977) 473-484
57. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Food Balance Sheets. A Handbook (2002), FAO, Rome
58. Fernandez-Turiel J.L., de Carvalho W., Cabanas M., Querol X., and Lopez-Soler A. Mobility of heavy metals from coal fly ash. Environmental Geology 23 (1994) 264-270
59. Ferreira J.C., Strecht A., Ribeiro J.R., Soeiro A., and Cotrim G. Manual de Agricultura Biológica-Fertlização e Protecção das Plantas para uma Agricultura Sustentável. 2nd ed. (1999), Associação Portuguesa de Agricultura Biológica, Lisbon
60. Fulekar M.H., and Dave J.M. Arsenic content in fly ash and its relationship with physico-chemical characteristics of ash effluents. Asian Environment 6 (1985) 35-38
61. Fulekar M.H., and Dave J.M. Disposal of fly ash-an environmental problem. International Journal of Environmental Studies 26 (1986) 191-215
62. Fulekar M.H., and Dave J.M. Leaching of fly ash constituents along streambed owing to Yamuna River. New Delhi (India). Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 9 (1989) 773
63. Fulekar M.H. The pH effects on leachability of fly-ash heavy metals: laboratory experiment. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 13 (1993) 185-192
64. Furr A.K., Parkinson T.F., Hinrichs R.A., Van Campen D.R., Bache C.A., Gutenmann W.H., St. John Jr. L.E., Pakkala I.S., and Lisk D.J. National survey of elements and radioactivity in fly ashes. Absorption of elements by cabbage grown in fly ash-soil mixtures. Environmental Science & Technology 11 (1977) 1194-1201
65. Furr A.K., Parkinson T.F., Gutenmann W.H., Pakkala I.S., and Lisk D.J. Elemental content of vegetables, grains, and forages field-grown on fly ash amended soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26 (1978) 357-359
66. Furr A.K., Parkinson T.F., Helfron C.L., Reid J.T., Haschek W.M., Gutenmann W.H., Bache C.A., St. John Jr. L.E., and Lisk D.J. Elemental contents of tissues and excreta of lambs, goats and kids fed white clover growing on fly-ash. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26 (1978) 847-851
67. Ghodrati M., Sims J.T., and Vasilas B.L. Evaluation of fly ash as a soil amendment for the Atlantic Coastal Plain: I. Soil hydraulic properties and elemental leaching. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 81 (1995) 349-361
68. Ghose M.K. Mining in 2000 AD: Challenges for India. Journal of Industrial Engineering 39 (1990) 1-11
69. Goyal V., Angar M.R., and Srivastava D.K. Studies on the effects of fly ash treated soil on the increased protein contents in the seeds of Glycine max (soybean). Asian Journal of Chemistry 14 (2002) 328-332
70. Goyal D., Kaur K., Garg R., Vijayan V., Nanda S.K., Nioding A., Khanna S., and Ramamurthy V. Industrial fly ash as a soil amendment agent for raising forestry plantations. In: Taylor P.R. (Ed). EPD Congress and Fundamental of Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion (2002), TMS Publication, Warrendale 251-260
71. Gracia G., Zabaleta I., Canibano J.G., and Gyeyo M.A. Use of coal ash/mine waste in agriculture; their properties from agriculture point of view. Coal Abstracts 95 (1995) 3246
72. Guo G.L., Zhou Q., and Ma L.Q. Availability and assessment of fixing additives for the in situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 116 (2006) 513-528
73. Gupta M., Kumar A., and Yunus M. Effect of fly-ash on metal composition and physiological responses in Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) De Wit. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 61 (2000) 399-406
74. Gupta D.K., Rai U.N., Tripathi R.D., and Inouhe M. Impacts of fly-ash on soil and plant responses. Journal of Plant Research 115 (2002) 401-409
75. Gupta A.K., and Sinha S. Role of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (var. Vaibhav) in the phytoextraction of Ni from soil amended with fly ash: Selection of extractant for metal bioavailability. Journal of Hazardous Materials 136 (2006) 371-378
76. Haynes R.J. Reclamation and revegetation of fly ash disposal sites: challenges and research needs. Journal of Environmental Management 90 (2009) 43-53
77. Hodgson D.R., and Holliday R. The agronomic properties of pulverized fuel ash. Chemistry & Industry 26 (1996) 785-790
78. ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research). Handbook of Agriculture (1996), ICAR, New Delhi, India
79. Ishiguro Y., Kamata E., and Nakashima R. Study of the leachability of elements in coal fly ash with an outdoor long-term weathering test. Nagoya Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku 6 (1986) 35-38
80. Iyer R.S., and Scott J.A. Power station fly ash-a review of value-added utilization outside of the construction industry. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 31 (2001) 217-228
81. Iyer R. The surface chemistry of leaching of coal fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials B93 (2002) 321-329
82. Jackson B.P., Miller W.P., Schumann A.W., and Sumner M.E. Trace element solubility from land application of fly ash/organic waste mixtures. Journal of Environmental Quality 28 (1999) 639-647
83. Jala S., and Goyal D. Fly ash as a soil ameliorant for improving crop production-a review. Bioresource Technology 97 (2006) 1136-1147
84. Jankowski J., Ward C.R., French D., and Groves S. Mobility of trace elements from selected Australian fly ashes and its potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. Fuel 85 (2006) 243-256
85. Jastrow J.D., Zimmerman C.A., Dvorak A.J., and Hinchman R.R. Comparison of Lime and Fly Ash as Amendment to Acidic Coalmine Refuse: Growth Responses and Trace Element Uptake of Two Grasses (1979), Agronne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 43 pp.
86. Jastrow J.D., Zimmerman C.A., Dvorak A.J., and Hinchman R.R. Plant growth and trace-element uptake on acidic coal refuse amended with lime or fly ash. Journal of Environmental Quality 10 (1981) 154-160
87. Jegadeesan G., Al-Abed S.R., and Pinto P. Influence of trace metal distribution on its leachability from coal fly ash. Fuel 87 (2008) 1887-1893
88. Kalra N., Joshi H.C., Chaudhary A., Chaudhary R., and Sharma S.K. Impact of fly ash incorporation in soil on germination of crops. Bioresource Technology 61 (1997) 39-41
89. Kandlakuntha V., Punna R., Paruchuri U., Sangras B., Krishnaswamy K., Qadri S., Putcha U., and Boindala S. Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of wheat grown on soils with or without fly ash treatment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89 (2009) 384-389
90. Kene D.R., Lanjewar S.A., Ingole B.M., and Chapalle S.D. Effect of application of fly ash on physico-chemical properties of soil. Journal of Soil and Crops 1 (1991) 11-18
91. Khan S., Begum T., and Singh J. Effect of fly ash on physico-chemical properties and nutrient status of soil. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 38 (1996) 41-46
92. Khan S.U., Bhardwaj R.K., Jabin S., and Khan J.A. Influence of some chemical fertilizers on the mobility of trace metals through soil amended with fly ash. Pollution Research 19 (2000) 241-244
93. Khan M.R., and Singh W.N. Effects of soil application of fly ash on the fusarial wilt on tomato cultivars. International Journal of Pest Management 47 (2001) 293-297
94. Khandkar U.R., Gangwar M.S., Srivastava P.C., and Singh M. Edaphological characteristics of unweathered and weathered fly ashes from Gondwana and lignite coal. Environmental Pollution 79 (1993) 297-302
95. Khandkar U.R., Gangwar M.S., Srivastava P.C., and Singh M. Effect of coal fly ash application on the elemental composition and yield of some crops and on the properties of a calcareous soil. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 44 (1996) 141-151
96. Khanra S., Mallick D., Dutta S.N., and Chaudhuri S.K. Studies on the phase mineralogy and leaching characteristics of coal fly ash. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 107 (1998) 251-275
97. Kim A.G. The effect of alkalinity of class F PC fly ash on metal release. Fuel 85 (2006) 1403-1410
98. Klose S., and Makeschin F. Properties in coniferous forest stands along a fly ash deposition gradient in eastern Germany. Pedosphere 15 (2005) 681-694
99. Koukouzas, N.R., Zeng, R., Perdikatsis, V., Xu, W., Kakaras, E., 2005. Mineralogy and geochemistry of Greek and Chinese coal fly ash: research for potential applications. In: Proceedings, World of Coal Ash (WOCA), Kentucky.
100. Kukier U., Sumner M.E., and Miller W.P. Boron release from fly ash and its uptake by corn. Journal of Environmental Quality 23 (1994) 596-603
101. Kukier U., Ishak C.F., Summer M.E., and Muller W.P. Composition and element solubility of magnetic and non-magnetic fly ash fractions. Environmental Pollution 123 (2003) 255-266
102. Kumar V., Singh G., and Rai R. A material for another green revolution. In: Kumar V., Mathur S.M., and Singh G. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference 'Fly Ash India'. Flyash Utilization Programme. Technical Session XII vol. 5 (2005), TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi 2.1-12.16 Flyash
103. Lai K.M., Ye D.Y., and Wong J.W.C. Enzyme activities in sandy soil amended with sewage sludge and coal fly ash. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 113 (1999) 261-272
104. Lau S.S.S., Fang M., and Wong J.W.C. Effects of composting process and fly ash amendment on phytotoxicity of sewage sludge. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40 (2001) 184-191
105. Leekie J.O., Benjamin M.M., Hayes K.A., and Altman S. Adsorption/Co-Precipitation of Trace Elements from Water with Iron Oxyhydroxide (1980), Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA Final Report, EPRI RP-910
106. Lee H., Ho S.H., Lee C.H., Lee Y.B., and Kim P.J. Fly ash effect on improving soil properties and rice productivity in Korean paddy soils. Bioresource Technology 97 (2006) 1490-1497
107. Logan T.J., and Traina S.J. Trace metals in agricultural soils. In: Allen H.E., Perdue E.M., and Brown D.S. (Eds). Metals in Groundwater (1993), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 309-348
108. Lu S., and Zhu L. Effect of fly ash on physical properties of ultisols from subtropical China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35 (2004) 703-717
109. Mac Nieol R.D., and Beckett P.H.T. Critical tissue concentrations of potentially toxic elements. Plant and Soil 89 (1985) 107
110. Mahato M.K., Masto R.E., Selvi V.A., Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi R.C., Jha S.K., and Sinha A.K. Phosphorus adsorption, fixation and fractions in fly ash and ash amended soil. Proceedings Fly Ash India, 2005, International Congress. Flyash Utilization Programme vol. 12 (2005), TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi 12.1-12.8
111. Maiti S.K., Singh G., and Srivastava S.B. Study of the possibility of utilizing fly ash for back filling and reclamation of opencast mines: Plot and field scale study with Chandrapura fly ash. Proceedings Fly Ash India, 2005, International Congress. Flyash Utilization Programme vol. 12 (2005), TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi 31.1-31.13
112. Maiti S.K., and Nandhini S. Bioavailability of metals in fly ash and their bioaccumulation in naturally occurring vegetation: a pilot scale study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 116 (2006) 263-273
113. Malik A., and Thaplial A. Eco-friendly fly ash utilization: potential for land application. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 39 (2009) 333-366
114. Manz O.E. Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look. Fuel 78 (1999) 133-136
115. Martinez-Tarazona M.R., and Spears D.A. The fate of trace elements and bulk minerals in pulverized coal combustion in a power station. Fuel Processing Technology 47 (1996) 79-92
116. Mattigod S.V., Rai D., Eary L.F., and Ainsworth C.C. Geochemical factors controlling the mobilization of inorganic constituents from fossil fuel combustion residues: I. Review of the major elements. Journal of Environmental Quality 19 (1990) 188-201
117. McCarty G.W.R., Siddarmappa R.J., Wright E.E., and Gao G. Evaluation of coal combustion byproducts as soil liming materials: Their influence on soil pH and enzyme activities. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17 (1994) 147-172
118. McCarthy M.J., and Dhar R.K. Towards maximizing the use of fly ash as a binder. Fuel 78 (1999) 121-132
119. Menon M.P., Sajwan K.S., Ghuman G.S., James J., and Chandra K. Fly ash-amended compost as a manure for agricultural crops. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering 28 (1993) 2167-2182
120. Miller R.M., and Jastrow J.D. Hierarchy of root and Myccorhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22 (1990) 579-584
121. Mishra L.C., and Shukla K.N. Effect of fly ash deposition on growth, metabolism and dry matter production of maize and soybean. Environmental Pollution 42 (1986) 1-13
122. Mishra L.C., and Shukla K.N. Elemental concentration of corn and soybean grown on fly ash amended soil. Environmental Pollution Series B: Chemical and Physical 12 (1986) 313-321
123. Mohapatra R., and Rao J.R. Some aspects of characterisation, utilisation and environmental effects of fly ash. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 76 (2001) 9-26
124. Mukherjee A.B., and Zevenhoven R. Mercury in coal ash and its fate in the Indian subcontinent: a synoptic review. Science of the Total Environment 368 (2006) 384-392
125. Mulford F.R., and Martens D.C. Response of alfalfa to boron in fly ash. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35 (1971) 296-300
126. Nable R.O., Bañuelos G.S., and Paull J.G. Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil 193 (1997) 181-198
127. Natusch D.F.S., and Wallace J.R. Urban aerosol toxicity: The influence of particle size. Science 186 (1974) 695-699
128. NCMFA (National Consultation Meeting on Fly Ash). Flyash Utilization Programme, TIFAC (2 March 2007), Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
129. OECD/IEA(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/International Energy Agency). Coal in the Energy Supply of India (2002), OECD/IEA, Paris, France
130. Page A.L., Elseevi A.A., and Straughan I.R. Physical and chemical properties of fly ash from coal fired power plants with reference to environmental impact. Residue Review 71 (1979) 83-120
131. Palumbo A.V., McCarthy J.E., Amonette J.F., Fisher L.S., Wullschlege S.D., and Daniels W.L. Properties for enhancing carbon sequestration and reclamation of degraded lands with fossil fuel combustion by-products. Advances in Environmental Research 8 (2004) 425-438
132. Parkinson D., and Coleman D.C. Microbial communities, activity and biomass. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 34 (1991) 3-33
133. Pendias K.A., and Pendias H. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants (1984), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 315 pp.
134. Pathan S.M., Aylmore L.A.G., and Colmer T.D. Properties of several fly ash materials in relation to use as soil amendments. Journal of Environmental Quality 32 (2003) 687-693
135. Perkins P.V. A theoretical approach to the assessment of boron phytotoxicity resulting from the amelioration of minespoil with pulverized fuel ash. Land Degradation & Development 7 (1996) 239-256
136. Phair J.W., van Deventer J.S.J., and Smith J.D. Effect of Al source and alkali activation on Pb and Cu immobilization in fly ash based geopolymers. Applied Geochemistry 19 (2004) 423-434
137. Phung H.T., Lam H.V., Page A.L., and Lund L.J. The practice of leaching boron and soluble salts from fly ash-amended soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 12 (1979) 247-254
138. Phung H.T., Lund L.J., Page A.L., and Bradford G.R. Trace elements in fly ash and their release in water and treated soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 8 (1979) 171-175
139. Phunshon T., Adriano D.C., and Weber J.T. Restoration of drastically eroded land using coal fly ash and poultry bio-solid. Science of the Total Environment 296 (2002) 209-225
140. Pichtel J.R., and Hayes J.M. Influence of fly ash on soil microbial activity and populations. Journal of Environmental Quality 19 (1990) 593-597
141. Pichtel J.R., Dick W.A., and Sutton P. Comparison of amendments and management practices for long-term reclamation of abandoned mine lands. Journal of Environmental Quality 23 (1994) 766-772
142. Pierzynski G.M., Heitman J.L., Kulakow P.A., Kluitenberg G.J., and Carlson J. Re-vegetation of waste fly ash landfills in a semiarid environment. Journal of Rangeland Ecology & Management 57 (2004) 312-319
143. Pietz R.I., Carson Jr. C.R., Peterson J.R., Zenz D.R., and Lue-Hing C. Application of sewage sludge and other amendments to coal refuse material: I. Effects on chemical composition. Journal of Environmental Quality 18 (1989) 164-169
144. Piha M.I., Vallack H.W., Reeler B.M., and Michael N. A low input approach to vegetation establishment on mine and coal ash water in semiarid regions. II. Lagooned pulverized fuel ash in Zimbabwe. Journal of Applied Ecology 32 (1995) 382-390
145. Plank C.O., and Martens D.C. Boron availability as influenced by an application of fly ash to soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 38 (1974) 974-977
146. Praharaj T., Powell M.A., Hart B.R., and Tripathy S. Leachability of elements from sub-bituminous coal fly ash from India. Environment International 27 (2002) 609-615
147. Qian G., Zhang H., Zhang X., and Chui P. Modification of MSW fly ash by anionic chelating surfactant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 121 (2005) 251-258
148. Querol X., Umana J., Alastuey A., Lopez-Soler A., and Plana F. Extraction of soluble major and trace elements from fly ash in open and closed leaching system. Fuel 80 (2001) 801-813
149. Rai U.N., Tripathi R.D., and Singh N. Integrated biotechnological approach for phytoremediation of fly ash dykes. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Plants and Environmental Pollution (2002), International Society of Environmental Botanists, Lucknow (India) p. 35
150. Ram, L.C., 1992. Moessbauer spectroscopic and gamma radiolytic studies of some indian coals. PhD thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
151. Ram L.C., Tripathi P.S.M., and Mishra S.P. Moessbauer spectroscopic studies on the transformations of Fe-bearing minerals during combustion of coal: correlation with fouling and slagging. Fuel Processing Technology 42 (1995) 47-60
152. Ram L.C., Jha S.K., Jha G.K., Das M.C., and Singh G. Effect of fly ash from FSTPP on the cultivation of wheat and paddy crops in alluvial soil of Murshidabad district. In: Ram L.C. (Ed). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Bulk Utilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture and for Value-added Products. Technical Session V (1999), CFRI, Dhanbad, India 200-210
153. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Das M.C., and Singh G. Leaching behavior of fly ash under simulated conditions vis-à-vis quality of the leachate. In: Ram L.C. (Ed). Proceedings of the National Seminar on Bulk Utilization of Fly Ash in Agriculture and for Value-added Products. Technical Session I (1999), CFRI, Dhanbad, India 14-25
154. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., and Singh G. Prediction of leaching behavior of TPP Ash under simulated conditions by column studies. In: Varma C.V.J., Rao S.V.R., Kumar V., and Krishnamurthy R. (Eds). Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fly ash Disposal and Utilization. Session IV vol. I (2000), Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi 16-28
155. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Jha S.K., Singh M.K., Vaishya N.K., Gupta K.C., and Singh G. Agro-forestry a potential area for sustainable bulk use of fly ash. Proceedings Fly Ash India, 2005, International Congress. Flyash Utilization Programme. Session XII (2005), TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi 1-14
156. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi R.C., Jha S.K., Sinha A.K., Singh G., and Manoharan V. Management of mine spoil for crop productivity with lignite fly ash and biological amendments. Journal of Environmental Management 79 (2006) 173-187
157. Ram, L.C., Srivastava, N.K., Jha, S.K., Sinha, A.K., 2006b. Eco-friendly reclamation of mine spoil for agro-forestry through fly ash and biological amendments. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Session 52, pp. 1-25.
158. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi R.C., Thakur S.K., Sinha A.K., Jha S.K., Masto R.E., and Mitra S. Leaching behavior of lignite fly ash with shake and column tests. Environmental Geology 51 (2007) 1119-1132
159. Ram L.C., Srivastava N.K., Jha S.K., Sinha A.K., Masto R.E., and Selvi V.A. Management of lignite fly ash through its bulk use via biological amendments for improving the fertility and crop productivity of soil. Environmental Management 40 (2007) 438-452
160. Ramesh A., and Kozinski J.A. Investigations of ash topography/morphology and their relationship with heavy metals leachability. Environmental Pollution 111 (2001) 255-262
161. Ramesh V., and Chhonkar P.K. Growth and uptake of nutrients by rice and lettuce grown on an acid sulphate soil amended with fly ash and lime. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 49 (2001) 222-225
162. Reardon E.J., Czank C.A., Warren C.J., Dayal R., and Johnston H.M. Determining controls on element concentrations in fly ash leachate. Waste Management Research 13 (1995) 435-450
163. Riley W. Benchmarking of fly ash. CCSD Research Report No. 67 (2007), CRC for Coal in sustainable Development, Pullenvale, Qld, Australia
164. Rubenstein R., and Segal S.A. Risk assessment of metals in groundwater. In: Allen H.E., Perdue E.M., and Brown D.S. (Eds). Metals in Groundwater (1993), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 209-221
165. Sadasivan S., and Negi B.S. Chemical characterization of fly ash from coal-fired thermal power plants in India. Science of the Total Environment 103 (1991) 151-158
166. Sahu K.C. Environmental aspects of ash pond: A critical appraisal. In: Dayal U., Sinha R., and Kumar V. (Eds). Proceedings, Symposium on Fly Ash Disposal and Deposition Beyond 2000 AD (1990), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi 84-90
167. Sajwan K.S., Paramasivam S., Alva A.K., Adriano D.C., and Hooda P.S. Assessing the feasibility of land application of fly ash, sewage sludge and their mixtures. Advances in Environmental Research 8 (2003) 77-91
168. Salé L.Y., Naeth M.A., and Chanasyk D.S. Growth response of barley on unweathered fly ash-amended soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 25 (1996) 684-691
169. Sarkar A., Rano R., Mishra K.K., and Sinha I.N. Particle size distribution profile of some Indian fly ash: a comparative study to assess their possible uses. Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2005) 1221-1238
170. Sarkar A., and Rano R. Water holding capacities of fly ashes: effect of size fractionation. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 29 (2007) 471-482
171. Saxena M., Ashokan P., Srimanth S., Chauhan A., and Mandal S. Impact of fly ash on vegetation. Journal of Environmental Studies and Policy 1 (1997) 55-60
172. Schnappinger Jr. M.G., Martens D.C., and Plank C.O. Zinc availability as influenced by application of fly ash to soil. Environmental Science & Technology 9 (1975) 258-261
173. Schramke J. Clay formation during weathering of alkaline coal fly ash. Applied Geochemistry 7 (1992) 481-492
174. Schumann A.W., and Sumner M.E. Chemical evaluation of nutrient supply from fly ash - biosolids mixtures. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 (2000) 419-426
175. Schutter M.E., and Fuhrmann J.J. Microbial responses to coal fly ash under field conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality 28 (1999) 648-652
176. Schutter M.E., and Fuhrmann J.J. Soil microbial community responses to fly ash amendment as revealed by analyses of whole soils and bacterial isolates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33 (2001) 1947-1958
177. Sehgal J. Pedology: Concepts and Applications (1996), Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India
178. Sell N., McIntosh T., Severance C., and Peterson A. The agronomic landspreading of coal bottom ash: Using a regulated solid waste as a resource. Resources Conservation and Recycling 2 (1989) 119-129
179. Seoane S., and Leirós M.C. Acidification-neutralization processes in a lignite mine spoil amended with fly ash or limestone. Journal of Environmental Quality 30 (2001) 1420-1431
180. Sharma S.K., Kalra N., and Singh G.R. Fly ash incorporation: Effect on soil health and yield of maize and rice. Journal of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 60 (2001) 580-585
181. Sheps-pelleg S., and Cohen H. Evaluation of the leaching potential of trace elements from coal ash to the (groundwater) aquifer. Proceedings of the International Ash Utilization Symposium (1999), Center for Applied Research, University of Kentucky
182. Sims J.T., Vasilas B.L., and Ghodrati M. Effect of coal fly ash and composted sewage sludge on emergence and easy growth of cover crops. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24 (1993) 503-512
183. Sims J.T., Vasilas B.L., and Ghodrati M. Evaluation of fly ash as a soil amendment for the Atlantic Coastal Plain: II. Soil chemical properties and crop growth. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 81 (1995) 363-372
184. Sinha S., and Gupta A.K. Translocation of metals from fly ash amended soil in the plant of Sesbania cannabina L. Ritz: effect on antioxidants. Chemosphere 61 (2005) 1204-1214
185. Sinha S., Rai U.N., Bhatt K., Pandey K., and Gupta A.K. Fly-ash-induced oxidative stress and tolerance in Prosopis juliflora L. grown on different amended substrates. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 102 (2005) 447-457
186. Skodras G., Grammelis P., Kakaras E., Karangelos D., Anagnostakis M., and Hinis E. Quality characteristics of Greek fly ashes and potential uses. Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 77-85
187. Skousen J.G., Johnson C.D., and Garbutt K. Natural revegetation of 15 abandoned mine land sites in West Virginia. Journal of Environmental Quality 23 (1994) 1224-1230
188. Smith I.M. Trace elements from coal combustion:emissions, Chapter 2. Source of Trace Elements (1987), IEACR/01 IEA Coal Research, London
189. Soco E., and Kalembkiewicz J. Investigations of sequential leaching behavior of Cu and Zn from coal fly ash and their mobility in environmental conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 145 (2007) 482-487
190. Sočo E., and Kalembkiewicz J. Investigations on Cr mobility from coal fly ash. Fuel (2009) 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.021
191. Song S.Q., Zhou X., Wu H., and Zhou Y.Z. Application of municipal garbage compost on revegetation of tin tailings dams. Rural Ecology and Environment 20 (2004) 59-61
192. Sparks D.L. Environmental Soil Chemistry (2003), Academic Press, Amsterdam
193. Srivastava P.C., and Gupta U.C. Trace Elements in Crop Production (1996), Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
194. Srivastava A., and Chhonkar P.K. Amelioration of coal mine spoils through fly ash application as liming material. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 59 (2000) 309-313
195. Srivastava N.K., Ram L.C., Jha S.K., Tripathi R.C., and Singh G. Role of CFRI's fly ash soil amendment technology (FASAT) in improving the socio-economic condition of farmers via improvement in soil fertility and crop productivity. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 3 (2003) 127-142
196. Srivastava N.K., Ram L.C., Jha S.K., Tripathi R.C., and Sinha A.K. Bio-restoration of wastelands/abandoned ash ponds/OB dumps in the vicinity of TPPs/coalfields on sustainable basis. In: Singh A.K., Sen K., Sinha A., and Hazra S.K. (Eds). International Seminar on Coal Science & Technology-Emerging Global Dimensions, Proceedings of Global Coal 2005 (2005), Allied Publishers, New Delhi 614-626
197. Stehouwer R.C., Dick W.A., and Sutton P. Acidic soil amendment with a magnesium-containing fluidized bed combustion by-product. Agronomy Journal 91 (1999) 24-32
198. Stout W.L., Sharpley A.N., and Pionke H.B. Reducing soil phosphorus solubility with coal combustion by-products. Journal of Environmental Quality 27 (1998) 111-118
199. Stout W.L., Sharpley A.N., Gbyrek W.J., and Pionke H.B. Reducing phosphorus export from croplands with FBC fly ash and FGD system. Fuel 78 (1999) 175-178
200. Su D.C., and Wong J.W.C. Chemical speciation and phytoavailability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soil amended with fly ash-stabilized sewage sludge. Environment International 29 (2004) 895-900
201. Sumner M.E., Miller W.P., Kookana R.S., and Hazelton P. In: Sumner M.E., and Naidu R. (Eds). Sodicity, dispersion, and environmental quality, Sodic Soils: Distribution, Properties, Management and Environmental Consequences (1998), Oxford University Press, New York 149-172
202. Tarkalson D.D., Hergert G.W., Stevens W.B., McCallister D.L., and Kachman S.D. Fly ash as a liming material for corn production. Soil Science 170 (2005) 386-398
203. Taylor Jr. E.M., and Schuman G.E. Fly ash and lime amendment of acidic coal spoil to aid revegetation. Journal of Environmental Quality 17 (1988) 120-124
204. Tiruta-Barna L., Rakotoarisoa Z., and Mehu J. Assessment of multiscale leaching behavior of compacted fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials 137 (2006) 1466-1478
205. Tripathi R.D., Vajpayee P., Singh N., Rai U.N., Kumar A., Ali M.B., Kumar B., and Yunus M. Efficacy of various amendments for amelioration of fly-ash toxicity: growth performance and metal composition of Cassia siamea Lamk. Chemosphere 54 (2004) 1581-1588
206. Tripathi R.C., Ram L.C., Sinha A.K., Jha S.K., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi P.S.M., and Singh G. Popularisation of bulk use of pond ash in agriculture through demonstration trials in farmers' fields in the vicinity of TPPs of UPRVUNL. In: Singh A.K., Sen K., Sinha A., and Hazra S.K. (Eds). International Seminar on Coal Science & Technology-Emerging Global Dimensions, Proceedings of Global Coal 2005 (2005), Allied Publishers, New Delhi 586-590
207. Tripathy A., and Sahu R.K. Effect of coal fly ash on growth and yield of wheat. Journal of Environmental Biology 18 (1997) 131-135
208. Truter, W.F., 2002. Use of waste products to enhance plant productivity on acidic and infertile substrates. MSc (Agric) thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
209. Truter W.F., Rethman N.F., Potgieter C.E., and Kruger R.A. The international scenarios on the use of fly ash in agriculture: a synopsis. Proceedings Fly Ash India 2005, International Congress. Technical Session XII (2005), FAUP, TIFAC, DST, New Delhi 1.1-1.10
210. Ulrichs C., Dolgowski D., Mucha T., Reichmuth C., and Mewis I. Insecticide and phytotoxic effects of hard coal fly ash. Gesunde Pflanzen 57 (2005) 110-116
211. UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation). Ionizing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects (1982), United Nations, New York
212. Urgurlu A., and Salman B. Phosphorus removal by fly ash. Environment International 24 (1998) 911-918
213. USEPA. Notice of regulatory determination on wastes from the comdustion of fossils fuels. 40 CFR Part 261. Federal Register 65 99 (May 22, 2000) 32,214-32,237
214. Vageesh, T.S., Siddaramappa, R., 2002. Leachate composition and soil quality assessment in coal fly ash amended soils. In: Proceedings of 17th World Congress of Soil Science, Thailand, pp. 343, 1-7.
215. Vajpayee P., Rai U.N., Choudhary S.K., Tripathi R.D., and Singh S.N. Management of fly ash landfills with Cassia surattensis Burm: a case study. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65 (2000) 675-682
216. Van der Hoek E.E., and Comans R.N.J. Leaching of As and Se from an acidic fly ash described by surface complexation processes on iron oxides. In: Allan R.J., and Nriagu O.J. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, Canada (1993) 347-350
217. Van der Sloot H.A., Wijkstra J., Dalen A.V., Das H.A., Slanina J., Dekkers J.J., and Walls G.D. Leaching of Trace Elements from Coal Solid Wastes (1982), The Netherland Energy Research Foundation ECN-120
218. Van der Sloot H.A., Heelmar T.H., Alberts G., and Wahlstrom F.A.M. Proposed leaching test for granular solid wastes. In: Petten E.C.N. (Ed). ECN-C-93-012, Ground water (1993), Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, The Netherlands
219. Vassilev S.V., and Vassileva C.G. A new approach for the classification of coal fly ashes based on their origin, composition, properties, and behavior. Fuel 86 (2006) 1490-1512
220. Vijayan V., Behera S.N., and Patil C.V. Study on radioactivity and heavy metals of crops. In: Varma V.J., Rao S.V.R., Kumar V., and Krishnamurthy R. (Eds). Proceedings of Second International Conference on Fly Ash Disposal and Utilization, New Delhi. Session IX-3 (2002) 17-23
221. Vincini M., Carini F., and Silva S. Use of alkaline fly ash as an amendment for swine manure. Bioresource Technology 49 (1994) 213-222
222. Wang W., Yong Q., Dangyu S., and Kexing W. Column leaching of coal and its combustion residues, Shizuishan, China. International Journal of Coal Geology 75 (2008) 81-87
223. Warren C.J., and Dudas M.J. Formation of secondary minerals in artificially weathered fly ash. Journal of Environmental Quality 14 (1985) 405-410
224. Wheatley A.D., and Sadhra S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid residues from waste incineration. Chemosphere 55 (2004) 743-749
225. Wong M.H., and Wong J.W.C. Effects of fly ash on soil microbial activity. Environmental Pollution. Series A. Ecological and Biological 40 (1986) 127-144
226. Wong J.W.C., and Wong M.H. Co-recycling of fly ash and poultry manure in nutrient-deficient sandy soil. Resources and Conservation 13 (1987) 291-304
227. Wong M.H., and Wong J.W.C. Germination and seedling growth of vegetable crops in fly ash-amended soils. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 26 (1989) 23-35
228. Wong J.W.C. The production of artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge. Environmental Technology 16 (1995) 741-751
229. Wong J.W.C., and Lai K.M. Effect of an artificial soil mix from coal fly ash and sewage sludge on soil microbial activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils 23 (1996) 420-424
230. Xia H.P., and Cai X.A. Ecological restoration technologies for mined lands: a review. Journal of Applied Ecology 13 (2002) 1471-1477
231. Xing S., Zhao Z., Zhou B., and Wu X. Effect of fly ash-filtered mud mixture on soil properties and radish yield and quality. Journal of Applied Ecology 12 (2001) 121-125
232. Yang, L., 2005. Evaluation of in situ chemical fixation for remediation of arsenic contaminated soil. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alabama.
233. Yoshiaki, S., Hara, K., Yamazaki, Y., Akomoto, A., Horiuchi, S., Ohnaka, A., 2005. Coal ash utilization in Japan. In: Proceedings, World of Coal Ash (WOCA), Lexington, KY.
234. Yunusa I.A.M., and Newton P.J. Plants for amelioration of subsoil constraints and hydrological control: the primer-plant concept. Plant and Soil 257 (2003) 261-281
235. Yunusa I.A.M., Eamus D., De Silva D.L., Murray B.R., Burchett M.D., Skilbeck G.C., and Heidrich C. Fly-ash: an exploitable resource for management of Australian agricultural soils. Fuel 85 (2006) 2337-2344
236. Zevenbergen C., Van der Wood T., Bradley J.P., Van der Broeck P., Orbons A.J., and Van Reeuwijk L.P. Morphological and chemical properties of MSWI bottom ash with respect to the glassy constituents. Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials 11 (1994) 371-383
237. Zevenbergen C., Bradley J.P., Reeuwijk P.V., Shyam A.K., Hjelmar O., and Comans R.N.J. Clay formation and metal fixation during weathering of coal fly ash. Environmental Science Technology 33 (1999) 3405-3409
238. Zhang M., Jiang J.H., and Xu J. Feasibility study of reclamation of copper ore tailings dam for planting peony. Shanghai Environmental Science 19 (2000) 585-587