Oligocene-miocene basin evolution in se anatolia, turkey: Constraints on the closure of the eastern tethys gateway

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 311, Issue , 2009, Pages 107-132

  Hüsing, Silja K ^a   Zachariasse, Willem Jan ^a   Van Hinsbergen, Douwe J J ^a   Krijgsman, Wout ^a   Inceöz, Murat ^b   Harzhauser, Mathias ^c   Mandic, Oleg ^c   Kroh, Andreas ^c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b FIRAT UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c NATURHISTORISCHES MUSEUM WIEN   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARABIAN PLATE; BASIN EVOLUTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; COLLISION ZONE; EURASIAN PLATE; FAULT ZONE; FORELAND BASIN; GEODYNAMICS; MIOCENE; OLIGOCENE; PLATE TECTONICS; SUBDUCTION; SUTURE ZONE;

ANATOLIA; INDIAN OCEAN; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; TURKEY;

PHTHIRAPTERA;

EID: 72049107492     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP311.4     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Abels, H.A., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Kruk, R.W., Raffi, I., Turco, E. & Zachariasse, W.J. 2005. Long-period orbital control on middle Miocene global cooling: Integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Blue Clay Formation on Malta. Paleoceanography, 20, 1-17.
2. Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L. & Mouthereau, F. 2005. Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94, 401-419.
3. Aksoy, E., Türkmen, I. & Turan, M. 2005. Tectonics and sedimentation in convergent margin basins: an example from the Tertiary Elazig basin, Eastern Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 25, 459-492.
4. Aktaş, G. & Robertson, A.H.F. 1984. The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin. In:Dixon, J.E. & Robertson, A.H.F. (eds) The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 375-402.
5. Allmendinger, R.W., Reilinger, R. & Loveless, J. 2007. Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia and the Altiplano. Tectonics, 26, TC3013, doi: 10.1029/2006TC002030.
6. Báldi, T. 1973. Mollusc fauna of the Hungarian Oligocene (Egerian). Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó.
7. Bandel, K. & Wedler, E. 1987. Hydroid, amphineuran and gastropod zonation in the littoral of the Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Senckenbergiana maritima, 19, 1-130.
8. Barka, A. 1992. The North Anatolian fault zone. Annales Tectonicae, 6, 164-195.
9. Bartoli, G., Sarnthein, M., Weinelt, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Garbe-Schönberg, D. & Lea, D.W. 2005. Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 33-44.
10. Bellahsen, N., Faccenna, C., Funiciello, F., Daniel, J.-M. & Jolivet, L. 2003. Why did Arabia separate from Africa? Insights from 3-D laboratory experiments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 216, 365-381.
11. Berckhemer, H. 1977. Some aspects of the evolution of marginal seas deduced from observations in the Aegean region. In:Montadert, L. (ed.) Structural History of the Mediterranean Basins. Technip. Paris, Split, Yugoslavia, 303-313.
12. Berger, W.H. & Miller, K.G. 1988. Paleogene tropical planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and magnetobiostratigraphy. Micropaleontology, 34, 362-380.
13. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher III, C.C. & Aubry, M.P. 1995. A revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy. SEPM Special Publication, 54, 129-212.
14. Besse, J. & Courtillot, V. 2002. Apparent and true polar wander and the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Ma. Journal Geophysical Research, 107 (B11), 2300, doi:10.1029/2000JB000050.
15. Bicchi, E., Ferrero, E. & Gonera, M. 2003. Paleoclimatic interpretation based on Middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera: the Silesia Basin (Paratethys) and Monferrato (Tethys) records. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 196, 265-303.
16. Bingöl, E. 1984. Geology of the Elazig area in the Eastern Taurus region. In: Geology of the Taurus Belt. MTA (Turkish Geological Survey), Ankara, 209-216.
17. Blow, W.H. 1969. Late middle Eocene to Recent planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. In:Bronnimann, P. & Renz, H.H. (eds) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Planktonic Microfossils (Geneva, 1967), Volume 1: E.J. Brill, Leiden, 199-421.
18. Boulton, S.J. & Robertson, A.H.F. 2007. The Miocene of the Hatay area, S Turkey: Transition form the Arabian passive margin to an underfilled foreland basin related to the closure of the Southern Neotethys Ocean. Sedimentary Geology, 198, 93-124.
19. Boulton, S.J., Roberts, A.H.F., Ellam, R.M., Şafak, Ü. & Ünlügenç, U.C. 2007. Strontium isotopic and micropaleontological dating used to help redefine the stratigraphy of the neotectonic Hatay Graben, Southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, 141-179.
20. Bozkurt, E. 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 16, 61-81.
21. Brocchi, G.B. 1814. Conchiologia fossile subappenina, con osservazioni geologiche sugli Appennini e sul suolo adiacente. Milano.
22. Chamley, H., Meulenkamp, J.E., Zachariasse, W.J. & Van Der Zwaan, G.J. 1986. Middle to late Miocene marine ecostratigraphy: clay mineral, planktonic foraminifera and stable isotopes from Sicily. Oceanological Acta, 9, 227-238.
23. Cronin, B.T., Hartley, A.J., Celik, H., Hurst, A., Türkmen, I. & Kerey, E. 2000a. Equilibrium profile development in graded deep-water slopes: Eocene, Eastern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 946-955.
24. Cronin, B.T., Hurst, A., Celik, H. & Türkmen, I. 2000b. Superb exposure of a channel, levee and overbank complex in an ancient deep-water slope environment. Sedimentary Geology, 132, 205-216.
25. D'Archiac, A.S. & Haime, J. 1853. Description des animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique de l'Inde précédé d'un resuméegéologique et d'une monographie de Nummulites. Gide & Baudry, Paris.
26. D'Orbigny, A. 1852. Prodrome de Paléontologie Stratigraphique Universelle des Animaux Mollusques & Rayonnés faisant suite au Cours Élémentaire de Paléontologie et de Géologie Stratigraphique. 2, Paris, Masson, 1-427.
27. Derman, A.S. 1999. Braided river deposits related to progressive Miocene surface uplift in Kahraman Maras area, SE Turkey. Geological Journal, 34, 159-174.
28. Derman, A.S. & Atalik, E. 1993. Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of Miocene Sediments in Maras Miocene Basin and Effect of Tectonism in the Development of Sequences. Special Publications Sequence Stratigraphy, Sedimentology Study Group, 1,43-52 [in Turkish].
29. Deshayes, G.-P. 1824-1837. Description des coquilles fossiles des environs de Paris. Part I. Paris.
30. Dewey, J.F. & Şengör, A.M.C. 1979. Aegean and surrounding regions: Complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 84-92.
31. Dewey, F.J., Hempton, M.R., Kidd, W.S.F., Şaroǧlu, F. & Şengör, A.M.C. 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of eastern Anatolia - a young collision zone, In:Coward, M.P. & Ries, A.C. (eds) Collision Tectonics, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 19, 3-36.
32. Duncan, P.M. & Sladen, W.P. 1883. The Fossil Echinoidea of Kachh and Kattywar. Palaeontologia Indica, Ser. XIV, 1/4, 1-91.
33. Faccenna, C., Bellier, O., Martinod, J., Piromallo, C. & Regard, V. 2006. Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian Fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 242, 85-97.
34. Flower, B.P. & Kennett, J. 1993. Middle Miocene Ocean-Climate Transition: High-Resolution Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Records from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 558A, Southwest Pacific. Paleoceanography, 8, 811-843.
35. Flower, B.P. & Kennett, J.P. 1994. The middle Miocene climate transition, East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycle. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 108, 537-555.
36. Foresi, L.M., Iaccarino, S., Mazzei, R. & Salvatorini, G. 1998. New data on calcareous plankton biostratigraphy of the middle-late Miocene (Serravallian/Tortonian) of the Mediterranean area. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 104, 95-114.
37. Foresi, L.M., Bonomo, S., Caruso, A., Di Stefano, E., Salvatorini, G. & Sprovieri, R. 2002a. Calcareous plankton high resolution biostratigraphy (foraminifera and nannofossils) of the uppermost Langhian-lower Serravallian 'Ras-il-Pellegrin' section (Malta). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 337-353.
38. Foresi, L.M., Caruso, A., Di Stefano, E., Lirer, F., Iaccarino, S., Salvatorini, G. & Sprovieri, R. 2002b. High-resolution biostratigraphy of the upper Serravallian/lower Tortonian sequence of the Tremiti Islands. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 108, 257-253.
39. Garfunkel, Z. 1998. Constrains on the origin and history of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Tectonophysics, 298, 5-35.
40. Garfunkel, Z. 2004. Origin of the Eastern Mediterranean basin: a re-evaluation. Tectonophysics, 391, 11-34.
41. Golonka, J. 2004. Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics, 381, 235-273.
42. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G. (eds) 2005. A Geological Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.
43. Gül, M., Darbas, G. & Gürbüs, K. 2005. Tectono-Stratigraphic position of Alacik Formation (Latest Middle Eocene - Early Miocene) in the Kahraman Maras Basin. In Turkish with English abstract and summary. Istanbul University Mühendislik Fakültesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 18, 183-197.
44. Hafkenscheid, E., Wortel, M.J.R. & Spakman, W. 2006. Subduction history of the Tethyan region derived from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstructions. Journal Geophysical Research, 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003791.
45. Harzhauser, M. 2004. Oligocene Gastropod Faunas of the Eastern Mediterranean (Mesohellinic Trough/Greece and Esfahan-Sirjan Basin/Central Iran). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 248, 93-181.
46. Harzhauser, M., Kroh, A., Mandic, O., Piller, W.E., Göhlich, U., Reuter, M. & Berning, B. 2007. Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: A key study all around the Oligo-Miocene Tethyan Seaway. Zoologischer Anzeiger, doi: 10.1016/j.jcz.2007.05.001.
47. Harzhauser, M., Piller, W.E. & Steininger, F.F. 2002. Circum-Mediterranean Oligo-Miocene biostratigraphic evolution - the gastropods' point of view. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 183, 103-133.
48. Hendler, G., Miller, J.E., Pawson, D.L. & Kier, P.M. 1995. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies - Echinoderms of Florida and the Carribbean. Smithonian Institute Press, Washington, London, 1-390.
49. Hessami, K., Koyi, H.A., Talbot, C.J., Tabasi, H. & Shabanian, E. 2001. Progressive unconformities within an evolving foreland fold-thrust belt, Zagros Mountains. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 158, 969-981.
50. Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Raffi, I., Turco, E. & Zachariasse, W.J. 2000. Integrated stratigraphy and astronomical calibration of the Serravallian/Tortonian boundary section at Monte Gibliscemi (Sicily, Italy). Marine Micropaleontology, 38,181-211.
51. Hilgen, F.J., Abdul Aziz, H., Krijgsman, W., Raffi, I. & Turco, E. 2003. Integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of the Serravallian and lower Tortonian at Monte dei Corvi (Middle-Upper Miocene, northern Italy). Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 199, 229-264.
52. Hilgen, F.J., Abdul Aziz, H., Bice, D., Iaccarino, S., Krijgsman, W., Kuiper, K.F., Montanari, A., Raffi, I., Turco, E. & Zachariasse, W.J. 2005. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte dei Corvi. Episodes, 28, 6-17.
53. Hsü, K.J., Ryan, W.B.F. & Cita, M.B. 1973. Late Miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean. Nature, 242, 240-244.
54. Hubert-Ferrari, A., Armijo, R., King, G.C.P., Meyer, B. & Barka, A. 2002. Morphology, displacement and slip rates along the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). Journal Geophysical Research, 107, 101029-101059.
55. Hüsing, S.K., Hilgen, F.J., Abdul Aziz, H. & Krijgsman, W. 2007. Completing the Neogene geological time scale between 8.5 and 12.5 Ma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 253, 340-358.
56. Hubert-Ferrari, A., King, G., Van Der Woerd, J., Villa, I., Altunel, E. & Armijo, R. 2009. Long-term evolution of the North Anatolian Fault. In: Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Edwards, M.A. & Govers, R. (eds) Collision and Collapse of the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Subduction Zone. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 311, 133-154.
57. IGRS-IFP, 1966. Étude Géologique de l'Épire (Grèce nord-occidentale). Paris, Institut Francais du Petrol.
58. Jacobs, E., Weissert, H. & Shields, G. 1996. The Monterey event in the Mediterranean: A record from shelf sediments of Malta. Paleoceanography, 11, 717-728.
59. Jolivet, L. 2001. A comparison of geodetic and finite strain pattern in the Aegean, geodynamic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 187, 95-104.
60. Jolivet, L. & Faccenna, C. 2000. Mediterranean extension and the Africa-Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 19, 1094-1106.
61. Karig, D.E. & Kozlu, H. 1990. Late Paleogene-Neogene evolution of the triple junction region near Maraş, south-central Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 1023-1034.
62. Kaymakçi, N., Inceöz, M. & Ertepinar, P. 2006. 3D-Architecture and Neogene Evolution of the Malatya Basin: Inferences from the Kinematics of the Malatya and Ovacik Fault Zones. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 15, 123-154.
63. Keskin, M. 2003. Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction-accretion complex: An alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, doi:10.1029/2003GL018019, 2003.
64. Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C.G., Daams, R. & Van Der Meulen, A.J. 1994. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the middle Miocene change in the continental deposits of the Aragonian type area in the Calayud-Terueal basin (Central Spain). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 513-526.
65. Lamarck, J.-B.P.A. De M. 1804. Suite des mèmoires sur les fossiles des environs de Paris. Annales de Museum Histoire Naturelle, 5, 179-357.
66. Le Pichon, X., Angelier, J. & Sibuet, J.-C. 1982. Plate boundaries and extensional tectonics. Tectonophysics, 81, 239-256.
67. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. - Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae.
68. Livermore, R., Nankivell, A., Eagles, G. & Morris, P. 2005. Paleogene opening of Drake Passage. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236, 459-470.
69. Lourens, L.J., Hilgen, F.J., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J. & Wilson, D. 2004. The Neogene Period. In:Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G. (eds) A geological time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, 409-440.
70. Mandic, O. 2000. Oligocene to Early Miocene pectinid bivalves of Western Tethys (N-Greece, S-Turkey, Central Iran and NE-Egypt) - taxonomy and paleobiogeography. Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of Vienna.
71. Mandic, O. & Piller, W.E. 2001. Pectinid coquinas and their paleoenvironmental implications - examples from the early Miocene of northeastern Egypt. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 172, 171-191.
72. Martini, E. 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In:Farinacci, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the Second Planktonic Conference Roma, Edizioni Technoscienza, Roma. 739-785.
73. Mcclusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, A., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I. et Al. 2000. Global Positioning System constrains on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal Geophysical Research, 105, 5695-5719.
74. Meulenkamp, J.E. & Sissingh, W. 2003. Tertiary paleogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Northern and Southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 196, 209-228.
75. Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D. & Fairbanks, R.G. 1991. Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustacy, and margin erosion. Journal Geophysical Research, 96, 6829-6848.
76. Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D. & Browning, J.V. 2005. Visions of ice sheets in a greenhouse world. Marine Geology, 217, 215-231.
77. Nyst, H. 1836. Recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de Kleyn-Spauwen et Housselt (Province du Limbourg). Messager des Sciences et des Arts de la Belgique, ou Nouvelles Archives Historiques, Litteraires et Scientifiques, 4, 139-180.
78. Pearce, J.A., Bender, J.F., De Long, S.E., Kidd, W.S.F., Low, P.J., Guner, Y., Şaroǧlu, F., Yilmaz, Y., Moorbath, S. & Mitchell, J.G. 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 44, 189-229.
79. Perinçek, D. 1979. The geology of Hazro-KorudagCüngüs-Maden-Ergani-Hazar-Elazig-Malatya Area. The Geological Society of Turkey.
80. Perinçek, D. & Cemen, I. 1990. The Structural relationship between the Eastern Anatolian and Dead Sea fault zones in southeastern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 172, 331-340.
81. Perinçek, D. & Kozlu, H. 1983. Stratigraphy and structural relations of the units in the Afşin-Elbistan-Doǧanşehir region (Eastern Taurus). In:Tekeli, O. & GöNcüOglu, M.C. (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium, Geology of Taurus Belt, MTA, Ankara, Turkey, 181-198.
82. Perinçek, D. & Õzkaya, I. 1981. Arabistan Levhasi Kuyzey Kenari Tektonik evrimi. Tectonic evolution of the northern margin of Arabian plate. Yerbilimleri, Hacettepe Universitesi, Bulletin of Institute of Earth Sciences of Hacettepe University Beytepe Ankara, 8, 91-101.
83. Popov, S.V. 1993. Zoogeography of the Late Eocene Basins of Western Eurasia Based on Bivalve Mollusks. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2, 103-118.
84. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R. et al. 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, V05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
85. Reuter, M., Piller, W.E., Harzhauser, M., Mandic, O., Berning, B., Rögel, F. et al. 2007. The Oligo-/Miocene Qom Formation (Iran): evidence for an early Burdigalian restriction of the Tethyan Seaway and closure of its Iranian gateways. International Journal of Earth Sciences, doi 10.1007/s00531-007-0269-9.
86. Richter, D., Mariolakos, I. & Risch, H. 1978. The main flysch stages of the Hellenides. In:Closs, H., Roeder, D. & Schmidt, K. (eds) Alps, Apennines, Hellenides. Inter-Union Commission on Geodynamics Scientific Report, 38, 434-438.
87. Robertson, A.H.F. 2000. Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonicsedimentary evolution of a south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A. & Piper, J.D.A. (eds) Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 173, 97-138.
88. Robertson, A.H.F., Unlügenç, Ü. C., Inan, N. & Tasli, K. 2004. The Misis-Andirin Complex: a Midtertiary melange related to late-stage subduction of the Southern Neotethys in S Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 22, 413-453.
89. Rögl, F. 1998. Paleogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys Seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 99, 279-310.
90. Rögl, F. 1999. Circum-Mediterranean Miocene Paleogeography. In:Rössner, G. & Heissig, K. (eds) The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Dr. Fritz Pfeil Verlag, München, 39-48.
91. Ruggieri, G. & Sprovieri, R. 1970. I microforaminiferi delle 'marne di S. Cipirello' Translated Title: Foraminifera of the San Cipirello marls. Lavori Istituto Geologia Palermo, 10,1.
92. Sancay, R.H., Bati, Z., Isik, U., Kirici, S. & Akca, N. 2006. Palynomorph, Foraminifera, and Calcareous Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of Oligo-Miocene Sediments in the Muş Basin, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 15, 259-319.
93. Şaroǧlu, F. & Yilmaz, Y. 1986. Geological evolution and basin models during neotectonic episode in the Eastern Anatolia. Bulletin Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 107, 61-83.
94. Schaffer, F.X. 1912. Das Miozän von Eggenburg. Die Fauna der ersten Mediterranstufe des Wiener Beckens und die geologischen Verhältnisse der Umgebung des Manhartsberges in Niederösterreich. Die Gastropoden der Miocänbildungen von Eggenburg. Jahrbuch der k.k. geologischen Reichsanstalt, 22, 127-193.
95. Schauroth, F.Freiherr Von, 1865. Verzeichnis der Versteinerungen in Herzoglichen Naturaliencabinett zu Coburg: mit Angabe der Synonyme und Beschreibung Vieler Neuer Arten, Sowie der Letzteren Abbildung auf 30 Tafeln. Coburg, Dietz'sche Hofbuchdruckerei.
96. Schlotheim, E.F. von. 1820. Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Überreste des Thier-und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erläutert. Gotha, Beckersche Buchhandlung.
97. Schneider, B. & Schmittner, A. 2006. Simulating the impact of the Panamanian seaway closure on ocean circulation, marine productivity and nutrient cycling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 246, 367-380.
98. Şenel, M. 2002. Geological Map of Turkey, Ankara, MTA.
99. Şengör, A.M.C. & Yilmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
100. Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N. & Şaroǧlu, F. 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In: Christie-Blick, N. (ed.) Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publications, 37, 227-264.
101. Şengör, A.M.C., Özeren, S., Genç, T. & Zor, E. 2003. East Anatolian high plateau as a mantlesupport, North-South shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017858.
102. Şengör, A.M.C., Tüysüz, O., Imren, C., Sakinc, M., Eyidogan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X. & Rangin, C. 2005. The North Anatolian Fault: a new look. Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 37-112.
103. Slack-Smith, S.M. 1998. Ostreoidea. In:Beesley, P.L., Ross, G.J.B. & Wells, A. (eds) Mollusca: The southern synthesis. Fauna of Australia, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 5, Part A, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 268-274.
104. Spezzaferri, S. 1994. Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Oligocene and lower Miocene in the oceanic record. An overview. Paleontographia Italica, 81, 1-187.
105. Spezzaferri, S. & Premoli Silva, I. 1991. Oligocene planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation from Hole 538A, DSDP Leg 77, Gulf of Mexico. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 83, 217-263.
106. Telegdi-Roth, K.V. 1914. Eine oberoligozäne Fauna aus Ungarn. Geologica Hungaria, 1, 1-77.
107. Turco, E., Hilgen, F.J., Lourens, L.J., Shackle-Ton, N.J. & Zachariasse, W.J. 2001, Punctuated evolution of global climate cooling during the late Middle to early Late Miocene: High-resolution planktonic foraminiferal, oxygen isotope records from the Mediterranean. Paleoceanography, 16, 405-423.
108. Tüysüz, N. & Erler, A. 1995. Geology and geotectonic implications of Kazikkaya area, Kagizman-Kars (Turkey). In:Örcen, S. (ed.) Geology of the Black Sea Region. Proceedings of the International symposium on the Geology of the Black sea Region, 7-11 September 1995, Ankara, Turkey. General directorate of mineral research and exploration and chamber of geological engineering, Ankara, 76-81.
109. Van Der Zwaan, G.J. & Gudjonsson, L. 1986. Middle Miocene-Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Mediterranean. Marine Micropaleontology, 10, 71-90.
110. Van Der Zwaan, G.J., Jorissen, F.J. & Stigter, H.C. 1990. The depth dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratios: Constrains and applications. Marine Geology, 95, 1-16.
111. Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Hafkenscheid, E., Spakman, W., Meulenkamp, J.E. & Wortel, M.J.R. 2005a. Nappe stacking resulting from subduction of oceanic and continental lithosphere below Greece. Geology, 33, 325-328.
112. Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Kouwenhoven, T.J. & Van Der Zwaan, G.J. 2005b. Paleobathymetry in the backstripping procedure: Correction for oxygenation effects on depth estimates. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 221, 245-265.
113. Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Langereis, C.G. & Meulenkamp, J.E. 2005c. Revision of the timing, magnitude and distribution of Neogene rotations in the western Aegean region. Tectonophysics, 369, 1-34.
114. Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Zachariasse, W.J., Wortel, M.J.R. & Meulenkamp, J.E. 2005d. Underthrusting and exhumation: A comparison between the External Hellenides and the 'hot' Cycladic and 'cold' South Aegean core complexes (Greece). Tectonics, 24, doi: 10.1029/2004TC001692.
115. Wade, B.S., Berggren, W.A. & Olsson, R.K. 2007. The biostratigraphy and paleobiology of Oligocene planktonic foraminifera from the equatorial Pacific Ocean (ODP Site 1218). Marine Micropaleontology, 62, 167-179.
116. Westaway, R. 2003. Kinematics of the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 5-46.
117. Westaway, R. 2004. Kinematic consistency between the Dead Sea Fault Zone and the Neogene and Quaternary left-lateral faulting in SE Turkey. Tectonophysics, 391, 203-237.
118. Woodruff, F. & Savin, S.M. 1989. Miocene deepwater oceanography. Paleoceanography, 4, 87-140.
119. Woodruff, F. & Savin, S.M. 1991. Mid-Miocene isotope stratigraphy in the deep sea: high resolution correlations, paleoclimatic cycles, and sediment preservation. Paleoceanography, 6, 755-806.
120. Wright, J.D., Miller, K.G. & Fairbanks, R.G. 1992. Early and Middle Miocene stable isotopes: implications for deepwater circulation and climate. Paleoceanography, 7, 357-389.
121. Yilmaz, Y. 1993. New evidences and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105, 251-271.
122. Yilmaz, Y., Güner, Y. & Şaroǧlu, F. 1998. Geology of the quaternary volcanic centers of east Anatolia. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 85, 173-210.
123. Zachariasse, W.J. 1992. Neogene planktonic foraminifers from Sites 761 and 762 off Northwestern Australia. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 122, 665-675.
124. Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. & Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693.