Constrains on the origin and history of the Eastern Mediterranean basin

Tectonophysics

Volumn 298, Issue 1-3, 1998, Pages 5-35

  Garfunkel, Z ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Africa; Mediterranean; Mesozoic; Middle East; Rifting

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL BREAKUP; MESOZOIC; PASSIVE MARGIN; RIFTING;

MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 0032583003     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00176-0     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Al-Saad D., Sawaf T., Gebran A., Barazangi M., Best J.A., Chaimov T.A. Crustal structure of central Syria: the intracontinental Palmyride mountain belt. Tectonophysics. 207:1992;345-358.
2. Al-Youssef, W., Ayed, H., 1992. Evolution of Upper Paleozoic sequences and the application of stratigraphy as a tool for hydrocarbon exploration in Syria. EGPC 11th Exploration Seminar, Cairo, Vol. 2, pp. 636-657.
3. Andrews, I.J., 1992. Permian, Triassic and Jurassic lithostratigraphy in the subsurface of Jordan. Natural Resources Authority, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Subsurface Geology Bull. 4, 60 pp.
4. Bandel K. New stratigraphic and structural evidence for lateral dislocation in the Jordan Rift connected with description of the Jurassic rock column in Jordan. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 161:1981;271-308.
5. Bandel K., Khouri H. Lithostratigraphy of the Triassic in Jordan. Facies. 4:1981;1-26.
6. Barakat M.G., Arafa A.A. Matruh Shales, contributions to their stratigraphy and sedimentary environment, Egypt. J. Geol. 25:1981;85-94.
7. Bein, A., Gvirtzman, G., 1977. A Mesozoic fossil edge of the Arabian plate along the Levant coastline and its bearing on the evolution of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Biju-Duval, B., Montadert, L. (Eds.), International Symposium on the Structural History of the Mediterranean Basins, Split. Ed. Technip, Paris, pp. 95-109.
8. Bein A., Weiler Y. The Cretaceous Talme Yafe Formation: a contour current shaped sedimentary prism of calcareous detritus at the continental margin of the Arabian craton. Sedimentology. 23:1976;511-532.
9. Ben-Avraham Z. Multiple opening and closure of the East Mediterranean and South China basins. Tectonics. 8:1989;351-362.
10. Ben-Avraham Z., Hall J.K. Geophysical survey of Mt. Carmel structure and its extension into the Eastern Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 82:1977;793-802.
11. Ben-Avraham Z., Shoham Y., Ginzburg A. Magnetic anomalies in the Eastern Mediterranean and the tectonic setting of the Eratosthenes Seamount. Geophys. J.R. Astron. Soc. 45:1976;105-123.
12. Bender, F., 1968. Geologie von Jordanien. Borntraeger, Berlin, 230 pp.
13. Best J.A., Barazangi M., Al-Saad D., Sawaf T., Gebran A. Continental margin evolution of the northern Arabian platform in Syria. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., Bull. 77:1993;173-193.
14. Beydoun R.Z., Habib G.J. Lebanon revisited: new insights into Triassic hydrocarbon prospects. J. Pet. Geol. 18:1995;75-90.
15. Biju-Duval B., Dercourt J. Les bassins de la Méditerranée orientales représentent-ils les restes d'un domain oceanique, la Mésogée, ouvert au Mésozoique et distinct de la Téthys? Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 22:1980;43-60.
16. Biju-Duval, B., Letouzey, J., Montadert, L., 1978. Structure and evolution of the Mediterranean basins. Init. Rep. DSDP 42 (Part 1), pp. 951-984.
17. Blendinger, W., van Vliet, A., Hughes Clarke, M.W., 1990. Updoming, rifting and continental margin development during the Late Paleozoic in northern Oman. In: Robertson, A.H.F., Searle, M., Ries, A.C. (Eds.), The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 49, 27-38.
18. Camerlenghi A., Cita M.B., Hieke W., Ricchiuto T. Geological evidence for mud diapirism on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 109:1992;493-504.
19. Catalano R., Di Stefano P., Kozur H. Permian circum-Pacific deep-water faunas from the western Tethys (Sicily, Italy) - new evidences of the position of the Permian Tethys. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 87:1991;75-108.
20. Chaumillon E., Mascle J., Hoffmann H.J. Deformation of the western Mediterranean Ridge: importance of Messinian evaporitic formations. Tectonophysics. 263:1996;163-190.
21. Cochran J.R. The magnetic quiet zone in the eastern Gulf of Aden: implications for the early development of the continental margin. Geophys. J.R. Astron. Soc. 68:1982;171-201.
22. Cita, M.B., Ryan, W.B.F, Paggi, L., 1981. Prometheus mud breccia. An example of shale diapirism in the western Mediterranean ridge. Ann. Géol. Pays Hellen. 30, 543-570.
23. Cohen Z. Early Cretaceous buried canyon: influence on accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Helez oilfield, Israel. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 60:1976;108-114.
24. Cohen, Z., Kaptsan, V, Flexer, A., 1990. The tectonic mosaic of the southern Levant: implications for hydrocarbon prospects. J. Pet. Geol. 13, 437-462.
25. Conway, B.H., 1990. Palynostratigraphy of the Jurassic succession in the subsurface of Israel. Geol. Surv. Isr. Bull. 82, 39 pp.
26. Dean W.T., Monod O. Revised stratigraphy and relationships of Lower Palaeozoic rocks, eastern Taurus Mountains, south central Turkey. Geol. Mag. 127:1990;333-347.
27. Delaune-Mayere, M., 1984. Evolution of a Mesozoic passive continental margin: Baër -Bassit (NW Syria). In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 147-150.
28. Demirtasli, E., 1984. Stratigraphic evidence of Variscan and early Alpine tectonics in Southern Turkey. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 129-145.
29. Dercourt, J., Ricou, L.E., Vrielynck, B. (Eds.), 1993. Atlas Tethys Paleo-environmental Maps. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 307 pp. + 14 maps.
30. Derin, B., 1974. The Jurassic of Central and Northern Israel (in Hebrew with English abstract). Ph.D. thesis, The Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 152 pp.
31. DeVoogd B., Truffet C., Chamot-Rooke N., Huchon P., Lallemant S., LePichon X. Two-ship deep seismic sounding in the basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Pasiphae cruise). Geophys. J. Int. 109:1992;536-552.
32. Dewey J.F., Ryan W.B.F., Bonin J. Plate tectonics and the evolution of the Alpine system. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 84:1973;3137-3180.
33. Druckman, Y., 1974. The stratigraphy of the Triassic sequence in southern Israel. Isr. Geol. Surv., Bull. 64, 92 pp.
34. Druckman Y. Differential subsidence during the deposition of the Lower Jurassic Ardon Formation in western Jordan, southern Israel and northern Sinai. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 26:1977;45-54.
35. Druckman, Y., 1984. Evidence for Early-Middle Triassic faulting and possible rifting from the Helez Deep borehole and the coastal plain of Israel. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 203-212.
36. Druckman Y., Gill D., Fleischer L., Gelberman E., Wolff O. Subsurface geology and structural evolution of the northwestern Negev, southern Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 44:1995;115-136.
37. Dubertret, L., 1963. Lexique Stratigraphique International, Vol. III, Fasc 10 c1: Liban, Syrie. CNRS Paris, 289 pp.
38. Duronio, P., Dakshe, A., Bellini, E., 1991. In: Salem, M.J., Hammuda, O.S., Eliagoubi, B.A. (Eds.), The Geology of Libya, Vol. 4. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1589-1620.
39. El-Isa Z.H., Mechie J., Prodehl C., Makris J., Rihm R. A crustal structure study in Jordan derived from seismic refraction data. Tectonophysics. 138:1987;235-253.
40. Elzarka, M.H., Radwan, I.A., 1985. Tectonic history of the northeastern sector of the Western Desert during Mesozoic era. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol., Monatsh., pp. 257-276.
41. Emery K.O., Heezen B.C., Allan T.D. Bathymetry of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Res. 13:1966;173-192.
42. Eshet, Y., 1990. Palynological aspects of the Permian-Triassic succession in the subsurface of Israel. Geol. Surv. Isr., Bull. 81, 57 pp.
43. Fawzy, A., Dahi, M., 1992. Regional geological evaluation of the Western Desert, Egypt. In: Sadek, A. (Ed.), Geology of the Arab World, Vol. 1. University of Cairo, pp. 111-149.
44. Fontaine J.M., Monod O., Braud J., Perincek D. The Hezan units: a fragment of the south Neo-Tethyan passive continental margin in SE Turkey. J. Pet. Geol. 12:1989;29-50.
45. Fourcade E.et al. Stratigraphie et paléogéographie de la marge septentrionale de la plat-forme arabe au Mésozoïque (Taurus de Sud-Est). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 162:1991;27-41.
46. Freund R., Garfunkel Z., Goldberg M., Weissbrod T., Derin B. The shear along the Dead Sea rift. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. A 267:1970;105-127.
47. Garfunkel Z. Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) and its relations to plate kinematics. Tectonophysics. 80:1981;81-108.
48. Garfunkel Z. Large-scale submarine slumps and growth faults in the Eastern Mediterranean. Mar. Geol. 55:1984;303-324.
49. Garfunkel, Z., 1988. The pre-Quaternary geology of Israel. In: Yom-Tov, Y., Tchernov, E. (Eds.), The Zoogeography of Israel. Jungk Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 7-34.
50. Garfunkel Z. Tectonic setting of Phanerozoic magmatism in Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 38:1989;51-74.
51. Garfunkel Z. Darfur-Levant array of volcanics. A 140-Ma-long record of a hotspot beneath the African-Arabian continent. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 41:1991;135-150.
52. Garfunkel, Z., Almagor, G., 1987. Active salt dome development in the Levant basin, southeast Mediterranean. In: Lerche, I., O'Brien, J., (Eds.), Dynamical Geology of Salt and Related Structures. Academic Press, London, pp. 263-300.
53. Garfunkel, Z., Derin, B., 1984. Permian-early Mesozoic tectonism and continental margin formation in Israel and its implications of the history of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 18-201.
54. Gelberman, E., Kemmis, J.L., 1987. Triassic to Late Cretaceous tectonic alignments in the southern coastal plain and the northwestern Negev. Isr. Geol. Soc. Annu. Meet., pp. 39-40 (abstr.).
55. Ginzburg A., Ben-Avraham Z. The deep structure of the central and southern Levant continental margin. Ann. Tectonicae. 1:1987;105-115.
56. Ginzburg A., Folkman Y. The crustal structure between the Dead Sea rift and the Mediterranean Sea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 51:1980;181-188.
57. Ginzburg A., Makris J., Fuchs K., Prodehl C., Kaminski W., Amitai U. A seismic study of the crust and upper mantle of the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift and their transition toward the Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 84:1979;1569-1582.
58. Ginzburg, A., Folkman, Y., Rybakov, M., Rotstein, Y., Assael, R., Yuval, Z., 1993. Israel: Bouguer gravity map, scale 1 : 500,000. Survey of Israel.
59. Goldberg, M., Friedman, G.M., 1974. Paleoenvironments and paleogeographic evolution of the Jurassic system in Southern Israel. Isr. Geol. Surv. Bull. 61, 44 pp.
60. Gutnic, M., Monod, O., Poisson, A., Dumont, J.F., 1979. Géologie des Taurides occidentales. Mém. Soc. Géol. Fr. 137, 112 pp.
61. Gvirtzman Z., Garfunkel Z. Vertical movements following intracontinental magmatism: An example from southern Israel. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1997;2645-2658.
62. Gvirtzman, G., Weissbrod, T., 1984. The Hercynian geanticline of Helez and the Late Paleozoic history of the levant. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 177-186.
63. Gvirtzman, Z., Garfunkel, Z., Gvirtzman, G., 1998. Birth and decay of an intra-continental swell: Early Cretaceous tectonics of southern Israel. Tectonics (in press).
64. Hantar, G., 1990. North Western Desert. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 293-319.
65. Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G., Smith, D.G., 1989. A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 263 pp.
66. Harms, J.C., Wray, J.L., 1989. The Nile Delta. In: Said, R. (Ed.), The Geology of Egypt. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 329-344.
67. Hsü, K.J., Bernoulli, D., 1978. Genesis of the Tethys and the Mediterranean. Init. Rep. DSDP 42 (Part 1), pp. 943-949.
68. Joffe S., Garfunkel S. Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea - re-evaluation. Tectonophysics. 141:1987;5-22.
69. Kashai, E., Shilo, A., Wolf, O., 1987. North-eastern Sinai, Geology and oil exploration (in Hebrew). In: Gvirtzman, G. (Ed.), Sinai, Vol. 1. Tel Aviv University, pp. 149-164.
70. Kempler, D., 1994. Tectonic Patterns in the Easternmost Mediterranean. Ph.D. Thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 137 pp.
71. Kohn B.P., Eyal M., Feinstein S. A major Late Devonian-Early Cretaceous (Hercynian) thermotectonic event at the NW margin of the Arabian-Nubian shield: evidence from zircon fission track dating. Tectonics. 11:1992;1018-1027.
72. 39Ar dating of the Atlit-1 volcanic sequence, northern Israel. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 42:1993;17-28.
73. Koop W.J., Stoneley R. Subsidence history of the Middle East Zagraos Basin, Permian to Recent. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. A 305:1982;149-168.
74. Laws E.D., Wilson M. Tectonics and magmatism associated with Mesozoic passive continental margin development in the Middle East. J. Geol. Soc. London. 154:1997;459-464.
75. LePichon X., Gaulier J.M. The rotation of Arabia and the Levant fault system. Tectonophysics. 153:1988;271-294.
76. LePichon X., Lyberis N., Angelier J., Renards V. Strain distribution over the east Mediterranean Ridge: a synthesis incorporating Sea-Beam data. Tectonophysics. 86:1982;243-274.
77. LePichon X., Bergerat F., Roulet M.J. Plate kinematics and tectonics leading to the Alpine belt formation A new analysis. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 218:1988;111-131.
78. Livermore, R.A., Smith, A.G., 1984. Some boundary conditions for the evolution of the Mediterranean region. In: Stanley, D.J., Wezel, C.F. (Eds.), Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin. Springer, Berlin, pp. 83-110.
79. Lovelock P. A review of the tectonics of the northern Middle East region. Geol. Mag. 121:1984;577-587.
80. Makris, J., Wang, J., 1994. Bouguer gravity anomalies of the eastern Mediterranean. In: Krsheninnikov V.K., Hall, J.K. (Eds.), Geological Structure of the Northeastern Mediterranean. Jerusalem, pp. 87-98.
81. Makris J., Ben-Avraham Z., Behle A., Ginzburg A., Giese P., Steinmetz L., Whitmarsh R.B., Eleftheriou S. Seismic refraction profiles between Cyprus and Israel and their interpretation. Geophys. J.R. Astron. Soc. 75:1983;575-591.
82. Makris, J., Rihm, R., Allam, A., 1988. Some geophysical aspects of the evolution and structure of the crust in Egypt. In: El-Gaby, S., Greiling, R.O. (Eds.), The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp. 345-369.
83. Makris, J., Wang, J., Odintsnov, S.D., Udintsev, G.B., 1994. The magnetic field of the eastern Mediterranean sea. In: Krsheninnikov, V.K., Hall, J.K. (Eds.), Geological Structure of the Northeastern Mediterranean. Jerusalem, pp. 75-85.
84. Malpas J., Xenophontos C., Williams D. The Ayia Varvara Formation of SW Cyprus: a product of complex collision tectonics. Tectonophysics. 212:1992;193-211.
85. Mart Y. Superpositional tectonic patterns along the continental margin of the southeastern Mediterranean: a review. Tectonophysics. 140:1987;213-232.
86. Mart Y. Some Cretaceous and early Tertiary structures along the distal continental margin of the southeastern Mediterranean. Isr. J. Earth Sci. 40:1991;77-90.
87. McBride J.H., Barazangi M., Best J., Al-Saad D., Sawaf T., Al-Otri M., Gebran A. Seismic reflection structure of intracratonic Palmyride fold-thrust belt and surrounding Arabian platform, Syria. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 74:1990;238-259.
88. McKenzie D.P., Davies D., Molnar P. Plate tectonics of the Red Sea and East Africa. Nature. 224:1970;125-133.
89. Monod, O., Akay, E., 1984. Evidence for a Late Triassic Early Jurassic orogenic event in the Taurides. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F., (Eds.), The Geologic Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 113-122.
90. Mouty M. Présence du Lias dans le Massif Alauite (Syrie). C.R. Soc. Géol. Fr. 3:1976;104-105.
91. Mouty M. Le Jurassique de la chaîne des Palmyrides (Syria centrale). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 168:1997;181-186.
92. Murris R.J. Middle East: stratigraphic evolution and oil habitat. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 64:1980;97-618.
93. Ogg, J.G., 1995. Magnetic polarity time scale of the Phanerozoic. In: Ahrens, T.J. (Ed.), AGU Reference Shelf. Am. Geophys. Union. 1, pp. 240-270.
94. Parrot, J.F., 1977. Assemblage ophiolitique du Baër-Bassit et termes effusives du volcan-sédimentaire. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM 72, 333 pp.
95. Picard, L., Hirsch, F., 1987. The Jurassic Stratigraphy in Israel and Adjacent Countries. Publ. Isr. Acad. Sci., Humanities, 107 pp.
96. Ponikarov, V.P., Kazmin, V.G., Kozlov, V.V., Krasheninnikov, V.A., Mikhailov, I.A., Razvlyaev, A.V., Soulidi-Kondratyev, E.D., Uflyand, S.A.K., Faradzhev, V.A., 1969. Geology and mineral resources of foreign countries: Syria (in Russian). Moscow, 216 pp.
97. Powell J.H., Mohamed B.K. Structure and sedimentation of permo-Triassic and Triassic rocks exposed in small-scale horst and grabens of pre-Cretaceous age: Dead Sea margin, Jordan. J. Afr. Geol. 17:1993;131-143.
98. Rabu, D. (Ed.), 1993. Stratigraphy and Structure of the Oman Mountains. Document du BRGM (Orléans), 221, 262 pp.
99. Ricou L.E. Le croissant ophiolitique peri-arabe, une ceinture de nappes mises en place au Crétacé supérieure. Rev. Géogr. Phys. Géol. Dyn. 2(13):1971;327-350.
100. Rigo de Righi M., Cortesini A. Gravity tectonics and foothill structure of southeast Turkey. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 48:1954;1911-1937.
101. Robertson, A.H.F., 1990. Tectonic evolution of Cyprus. In: Malpas, E., Moores, M., Panayiotou, A., Xenophontos, C. (Eds.), Ophiolies, Oceanic Crustal Analogues. Geological Survey Department, Nicosia, pp. 235-249.
102. Robertson, A.H.F., Dixon, J.E., 1984. Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 1-74.
103. Robertson, A.H.F., Searle, M., 1990. The northern Oman Tethys continental margin stratigraphy, structure, concepts. In: Robertson, A.H.F., Searle, M., Randies, A.C. (Eds.), The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 49, 3-26.
104. Robertson, A.H.F., Xenophontos, X., 1993. Development of concepts concerning the Troodos ophiolite and adjacent units in Cyprus. In: Pritchard, H.M., Alabaster, T., Harris, N.B., Neary, C.R. (Eds.), Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 76, 85-119.
105. Robertson A.H.F., Clift P.D., Degnan P.J., Jones G. Palaeogeographic and palaeotectonic evolution of the Easter Mediterranean Neotethys. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 87:1991;289-343.
106. Robertson, A.H.F., Kidd, R.B., Ivanov, M.K., Limonov, A.F., Woodside, J.M., Galindo-Zalivar, J., Nieto, L. and the Scientific Party of the 1993 'TTR-3' Cruise, 1995. Eratosthenes Seamount: collisional processes in the easternmost Mediterranean in relation to the Plio-Quaternary uplift of southern Cyprus. Terra Nova 7, 254-264.
107. Robertson, A.H.F., Dixon, J.E., Brown, S., Collins, A., Morris, A., Pickett, E., Sharp, I., Ustaömer, T., 1996. Alternative tectonic models for the Late Paleozoic-Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Moris, A., Tarling, D.H. (Eds.), Palaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 105, 239-263.
108. Ross D.A., Uchupi E. Structure and sedimentary history of southeastern Mediterranean - Nile cone area. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 61:1977;872-902.
109. Said, R., 1962. The Geology of Egypt. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 377 pp.
110. Said, R., 1981. The Geological Evolution of the River Nile. Springer, Berlin, 111 pp.
111. Savostin L.A., Sibuet J.C., Zonenshain L.P., LePichon X., Roulet M.J. Kinematic evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pamirs since the Triassic. Tectonophysics. 123:1986;1-35.
112. Sengör A.M.C. Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature. 279:1979;590-593.
113. Sengör, A.M.C., 1990. A new model for the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Irn and implications for Oman. In: Robertson, A.H.F., Searle, M., Ries, A.C. (Eds.), The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 49, 797-831.
114. Sengör A.M.C., Yilmaz Y. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics. 75:1981;181-241.
115. Sengör, A.M.C., Yilmaz, Y., Sungurlu, O., 1984. Tectronics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Paleo-Tethys: In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17, 77-113.
116. Sengör A.M.C., Görür N., Saroglu F. Strike-slip deformation, basin formation and sedimentation. Soc. Econ. Palaeontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 37:1985;227-264.
117. Shinaq R. Subsurface Triassic sediments in Jordan: stratigraphic and depositional characteristics, and hydrocarbon potential. J. Pet. Geol. 19:1996;57-76.
118. Smith A.G., Livermore R.A. Pangea in Permian to Jurassic time. Tectonophysics. 187:1991;135-179.
119. Smith A.G., Woodcock N.H. Tectonic synthesis of the Alpine-Mediterranean region: a review. Am. Geophys. Union, Geodyn. Ser. 7:1982;15-38.
120. Stampfli, G., Pillevuit, A., 1993. Alternative Permo-Triassic reconstruction of the kinematics of the Tethyan realm. In: Dercourt, J., Ricou, L.E., Vrielynck, B. (Eds.), Atlas Tethys Paleoenvironmental Maps. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, pp. 55-62.
121. Stampfli G., Marcoux J., Baud A. Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 87:1991;373-410.
122. Swarbrick R.E., Robertson A.H.F. Revised stratigraphy of the Mesozoic rocks of southern Cyprus. Geol. Mag. 177:1980;547-563.
123. Tait J., Bachtadse V., Soffel H. New paleomagnetic constraints on the position of central Bohemia during Early Ordovician times. Geophys. J. Int. 116:1994;131-140.
124. Temple P.G., Perry L.I. Geology and oil occurrence in southeast Turkey. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 46:1962;1526-1612.
125. Torsvik T.H., Smethurst M.A., Van der Voo R., Trench A., Abrahamsen N., Halvorsen E. Baltica. A synopsis of Vendian-Permian paleomagnetic data and their paleotectonic implications. Earth Sci. Rev. 33:1992;133-152.
126. Van der Voo, R., 1993. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 411 pp.
127. Weissbrod, T., 1981. The Paleozoic of Israel and adjacent countries. Geol. Surv. Isr. Rep. MP 600/81, 276 pp. (In Hebrew, English summary).
128. Woodside J.M. Tectonic elements and crust of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Geophys. Res. 3:1977;317-354.
129. Yankauskas T.V., Talli S. The Paleozoic of the Syrian Arab Republic (in Russian). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. 11:1978;92-97.
130. Yilmaz Y. New evidence and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 105:1993;251-271.