Climatology of tropopause folds over a European Arctic station (Esrange)

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 113, Issue 14, 2008, Pages

  Rao, T Narayana ^a,b   Arvelius, J ^a   Kirkwood, S ^a  

^a SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF SPACE PHYSICS   (Sweden)

^b NATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLOUDS; HYDRAULICS; JETS; RADAR;

ANNUAL CYCLE; ARCTIC STATION; BACKSCATTERED SIGNAL; CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS; CUT-OFF LOW; HIGH REFLECTIVITY; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIATION; JET STREAMS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; RADAR DATA; SPATIAL VARIABILITY;

RADAR MEASUREMENT;

ALGORITHM; ANNUAL CYCLE; ANNUAL VARIATION; BACKSCATTER; CLIMATOLOGY; JET STREAM; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; TROPOPAUSE;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 72049084525     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ancellet, G., M. Beekmann, and A. Papayannis (1994), Impact of a cutoff low development on downward transport of ozone in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3451-3468, doi:10.1029/93JD02551. (Pubitemid 24403898)
2. Appenzeller, C., and H. C. Davies (1992), Structure of stratospheric intrusions into the troposphere, Nature, 358, 570-572, doi:10.1038/358570a0.
3. Appenzeller, C., H. C. Davies, and W. A. Norton (1996), Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456, doi: 10.1029/95JD02674.
4. Beekmann, M., et al. (1997), Regional and global tropopause fold occurrence and related ozone flux across the tropopause, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 29-44, doi:10.1023/A:1005897314623. (Pubitemid 27491502)
5. Bertin, F., B. Campistron, J. L. Caceia, and R. Wilson (2001), Mixing processes in a tropopause folding observed by a network of ST radar and lidar, Ann. Geophys., 19, 953-963. (Pubitemid 33705450)
6. Bithell, M., L. J. Gray, and B. D. Cox (1999), A three-dimensional view of the evolution of midlatitade stratospheric intrusions, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 673-688, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)0560673:ATDVOT>2.0.CO;2.
7. Bjerknes, J., and E. Palmen (1937), Investigations of selected European cyclones by means of serial ascents, Geophys. Publ., 12, 1-62.
8. Blonsky, S., and P. Speth (1998), An algorithm to detect tropopause folds from ozone soundings, Meteorol. Z., 7, 153-162. (Pubitemid 128483651)
9. Browell, E. V., E. F. Danielsen, S. Ismail, G. L. Gregory, and S. M. Beck (1987), Tropopause fold structure determined from airborne lidar and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2112-2120, doi:10.1029/JD092iD02p02112.
10. Caceia, J. L., and J. P. Cammas (1998), VHF-ST radar observations of an upper-level front using vertical and oblique-beam C2n measurements, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 483-501, doi:10.1175/15200-0493(1998) 126<0483: VSROOA>2.0.CO;2.
11. Caceia, J. L., F. Bertin, B. Campistron, V. Klaus, Y. Pointin, J. van Baelen, and R. Wilson (2000), Cut-off low monitoring by the French VHF-STradar network during the ESTIME campaign, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 639-651, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00045-6.
12. Campistron, B., Y. B. Pointin, F. Lohou, and J. P. Pages (1999), Aspect sensitivity of VHF radar echoes observed in the middle and upper troposphere during the passage of a cut-off low, Radio Sci., 34, 667-779, doi:10.1029/1998RS900032.
13. Chilson, P. B., S. Kirkwood, and A. Nilsson (1999), The Esrange MST radar: A brief introduction and procedure for range validation using balloons, Radio Sci., 34, 427-436, doi:10.1029/1998RS900023.
14. Cristofanelli, P., P. Bonasoni, L. Tositti, U. Bonafè, F. Calzolari, F. Evangelisti, S. Sandrini, and A. Stohl (2006), A 6-year analysis of stratospheric intrusions and their influence on ozone at Mt. Cimone (2165 m above sea level), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006553.
15. Danielsen, E. F. (1968), Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-528, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0502:STEBOR>2.0.CO;2.
16. Danielsen, E., R. S. Hipskind, W. Starr, J. Vedder, S. Gaines, D. Kley, and K. Kelly (1991), Irreversible transport in the stratosphere by internal waves of short vertical wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17, 433-17, 452.
17. Ebel, A., H. Hass, H. J. Jakobs, M. Laube, M. Memmesheimer, A. Oberreuter, H. Geiss, and Y. H. Kuo (1991), Simulation of ozone intrusion caused by a tropopause fold and cut-off low, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 25, 2131-2144.
18. Ebel, A., H. Elbem, J. Hendricks, and R. Meyer (1996), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its impact on the structure of the lower stratosphere, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr, 48, 135-144. (Pubitemid 126778261)
19. Elbem, H., J. Kowol, R. Sladkovic, and A. Ebel (1997), Deep stratospheric intrusions: A statistical assessment with model guided analyses, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3207-3226, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00063-0.
20. Elbem, H., J. Hendricks, and A. Ebel (1998), A climatology of tropopause folds by global analysis, Theor. Appl. Climatol, 59, 181-200, doi:10.1007/s007040050023. (Pubitemid 28344345)
21. Fuenzalida, H. A., R. Sanchez, and R. Garreaud (2005), A climatology of cutoff lows in the Southern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18101, doi:10.1029/2005JD005934.
22. Gage, K. S., and J. L. Green (1979), Tropopause detection by partial specular reflection with very-high-frequency radar, Science, 203, 1238-1240, doi:10.1126/science.203.4386.1238.
23. Holton, J. R., P. Haynes, M. Mclntyre, A. Douglass, R. Rood, and L. Pfister (1995), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, doi:10.1029/95RG02097.
24. Hooper, D. A., and J. Arvelius (2000), Monitoring of the Arctic winter tropopause: A comparison of radiosonde, ozonesonde and MST radar observations, paper presented at 9th International Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, Sci. Comm. on Sol. Terr. Phys., Toulouse, France, 13-18 March.
25. Hooper, D. A., J. Arvelius, and K. Stebel (2004), Retrieval of atmospheric static stability from MST radar return signal power, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3781-3788.
26. Hoskins, B. J., and F. P. Bretherton (1972), Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 11-37, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1972)0290011 :AFMMFA>2.0.CO;2.
27. James, P., A. Stohl, C. Forster, S. Eckhardt, P. Seibert, and A. Frank (2003), A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8522, doi:10.1029/2002JD002639.
28. Kentarchos, A. S., and T. D. Davies (1998), A climatology of cutoff lows at 200 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere, 1990-1994, Int. J. Climatol, 18, 379-390, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19980330)18:4<379::AIDJOC257>3.0.CO;2-F. (Pubitemid 28281950)
29. Keyser, D., and M. A. Shapiro (1986), A review of the structure and dynamics of upper-level frontal zones, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 452-499, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)1140452:AROTSA>2.0.CO;2.
30. Kiladis, G. N. (1998), Observations of Rossby waves linked to convection over the eastern tropical Pacific, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 321-339, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)0550321:OORWLT>2.0.CO;2.
31. Lamarque, J. F., and P. Hess (1994), Cross-tropopause mass exchange and potential vorticity budget in a simulated tropopause folding, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2246-2269, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2246:CTMEAP> 2.0.CO;2.
32. Larsen, M. F., and J. Rottger (1985), Observations of frontal zone and tropopause structures with a VHF Doppler radar and radiosondes, Radio Sci., 20, 1223-1232, doi:10.1029/RS020i006p01223.
33. Lucas, C., P. T. May, and R. A. Vincent (2001), An algorithm for the detection of fronts in wind profiler data, Weather Forecast, 16, 234-247, doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2001)0160234:AAFTDO>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 32974546)
34. Luce, H., M. Crochet, and F. Falaudier (2001), Temperature sheets and aspect sensitive radar echoes, Ann. Geophys., 19, 899-920. (Pubitemid 33340210)
35. Luce, H., G. Hassenpflug, M. Yamamoto, and S. Fukao (2007), Comparisons of refractive index gradient and stability profiles measured by balloons and the MU radar at a high vertical resolution in the lower stratosphere, Ann. Geophys., 25, 47-57. (Pubitemid 46224882)
36. Martius, O., C. Schwierz, and H. C. Davies (2007), Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological analyses of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2 Classification, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2576-2593, doi:10.1175/JAS3977.1. (Pubitemid 47233152)
37. Nastrom, G. D., J. L. Green, M. R. Peterson, and K. S. Gage (1989), Tropopause folding and the variability of the tropopause height as seen by the Flatland VHF radar, J. Appl. Meteorol, 28, 1271-1281, doi: 10.1175/1520- 0450(1989)028<1271 :TFATVO>2.0.CO;2.
38. Nieto, R., et al. (2005), Climatological features of cutoff low systems in the Northern Hemisphere, J. Clim., 18, 3085-3103, doi:10.1175/JCLI3386.1. (Pubitemid 41461344)
39. Ottersten, H. (1969), Mean vertical gradient of potential refractive index in turbulent mixing and radar detection of CAT, Radio Sci., 4, 1247-1249, doi: 10.1029/RS004i012p01247.
40. Price, J. D., and G. Vaughan (1992), Statistical studies of cutoff low systems, Ann. Geophys., 10, 96-102.
41. Price, J. D., and G. Vaughan (1993), The potential for stratosphere-troposphere exchange in cutoff low systems, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 343-365, doi:10.1002/qj.49711951007. (Pubitemid 23381871)
42. Rao, T. N., and S. Kirkwood (2005), Characteristics of tropopause folds over Arctic latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005374.
43. Rao, T. N., S. Kirkwood, J. Arvelius, P. von der Gathen, and R. Kivi (2003), Climatology of UTLS ozone and the ratio of ozone and potential vorticity over northern Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 4703, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003860.
44. Reed, R. J., and E. F. Danielsen (1959), Fronts in the vicinity of the tropopause, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol B, A11, 1 -17.
45. Reid, S. J., and G. Vaughan (1991), Lamination in ozone profiles in the lower stratosphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 117, 825-844, doi:10.1002/qj. 49711750009.
46. Rottger, J. (1979), VHF radar observations of a frontal passage, J. Appl. Meteorol, 18, 85-91, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1979)0180085:VROOAF> 2.0.CO;2.
47. Seo, K.-H., and K. P. Bowman (2001), A climatology of isentropic crosstropopause exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28, 159-28, 172, doi:10.1029/2000JD000295.
48. Shapiro, M. A. (1980), Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and the troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994-1004, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980) 0370994:TMWTFA>2.0.CO;2.
49. Sprenger, M., and H. Wernli (2003), A Northern Hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979-1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636.
50. Sprenger, M., M. Croci Maspoli, and H. Wernli (2003), Tropopause folds and cross-tropopause exchange: A global investigation based upon ECMWF analysis for the time period March 2000 to February 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8518, doi:10.1029/2002JD002587.
51. Sprenger, M., H. Wemli, and M. Bourqui (2007), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its relation to potential vorticity streamers and cut-offs near the extratropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1587-1602, doi:10.1175/JAS3911.1. (Pubitemid 46882310)
52. Stohl, A. (2001), A one-year Lagrangian "climatology" of airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7263-7279, doi:10.1029/2000JD900570.
53. Stohl, A., et al. (2003a), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8516, doi:10.1029/2002JD002490.
54. Stohl, A., H. Wernli, P. James, M. Bourqui, C. Forster, M. A. Liniger, P. Seibert, and M. Sprenger (2003b), A new perspective on stratospheretroposphere exchange, Bull Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1565-1573. doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-11-1565.
55. Thomas, L., R. M. Worthington, and A. J. McDonald (1999), Inertia-gravity waves in the troposphere and lower stratosphere associated with a jet stream exit region, Ann. Geophys., 17, 115-121, doi: 10.1007/s005850050741.
56. Van Haver, P., D. De Muer, M. Beekmann, and C. Mancier (1996), Climatology of tropopause folds at midlatitades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1033-1036, doi: 10.1029/96GL00956.
57. Vaughan, G., and R. M. Worthington (2000), Break-up of a stratospheric streamer observed by MST radar, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 17511769, doi: 10.1256/smsqj.56610. (Pubitemid 30620900)
58. Vaughan, G., H. Gouget, F. M. O'Connor, and D. Wier (2001), Fine-scale layering on the edge of a stratospheric intrusion, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2215-2221, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00482-9. (Pubitemid 32194630)
59. Waugh, D. W. (2005), Impact of potential vorticity intrusions on subtropical upper tropospheric humidity, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D 11305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005664.
60. Wemli, H., and M. Sprenger (2007), Identification and ERA-15 climatology of potential vorticity streamers and cutoffs near the extratropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1569-1586, doi:10.1175/JAS3912.1. (Pubitemid 46882309)
61. Wimmers, A. J., and J. L. Moody (2004), Tropopause folding at satellite observed spatial gradients: 2. Development of an empirical model, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19307, doi:10.1029/2003JD004146.
62. World Meteorological Organization (1986), Atmospheric ozone 1985, Global Ozone Res. Monit. Proj. Rep., 16, Geneva, Switzerland.