Hip protectors: Recommendations for biomechanical testing-an international consensus statement (part I)

Osteoporosis International

Volumn 20, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1977-1988

  Robinovitch, S N ^a   Evans, S L ^b   Minns, J ^c   Laing, A C ^d   Kannus, P ^e   Cripton, P A ^f   Derler, S ^g   Birge, S J ^h   Plant, D ⁱ   Cameron, I D ^j   Kiel, D P ^k   Howland, J ^l,m   Khan, K ^f   Lauritzen, J B ⁿ  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^e UKK INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION RESEARCH   (Finland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^g SWISS FEDERAL LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^h WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^j University of Sydney   (Australia)

^k HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^l BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

more..

Author keywords

Aged; Biomechanics; Hip Fractures; Materials testing; Prevention; Standards

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ANATOMICAL VARIATION; BIOMECHANICS; BODY MASS; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPRESSION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FALLING; FEMUR NECK; FORCE; GREATER TROCHANTER; HIP FRACTURE; HIP PROSTHESIS; HIP PROTECTOR; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIGIDITY; VELOCITY;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HIP FRACTURES; HIP JOINT; HUMANS; MATERIALS TESTING; PROTECTIVE DEVICES; RESEARCH DESIGN; STRESS, MECHANICAL;

EID: 71849085335     PISSN: 0937941X     EISSN: 14332965     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1045-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (51)

1. JP Empana P Dargent-Molina G Breart 2004 Effect of hip fracture on mortality in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study J Am Geriatr Soc 52 685 690 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52203.x 15086646 (Pubitemid 38596484)
2. FD Wolinsky JF Fitzgerald TE Stump 1997 The effect of hip fracture on mortality, hospitalization, and functional status: a prospective study Am J Public Health 87 398 403 10.2105/AJPH.87.3.398 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ltVymtQ%3D%3D 9096540
3. B Gullberg O Johnell JA Kanis 1997 World-wide projections for hip fracture Osteoporos Int 7 407 413 10.1007/PL00004148 1:STN:280: DyaK1c%2Fos1Kgtg%3D%3D 9425497 (Pubitemid 27443065)
4. MJ Parker WJ Gillespie LD Gillespie 2006 Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review Bmj 332 571 574 10.1136/bmj.38753.375324.7C 16513687 (Pubitemid 44365754)
5. AM Sawka P Boulos K Beattie L Thabane A Papaioannou A Gafni A Cranney N Zytaruk DA Hanley JD Adachi 2005 Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional and community-dwelling elderly? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Osteoporos Int 16 1461 1474 10.1007/s00198-005-1932-2 15990949 (Pubitemid 41790848)
6. DP Kiel J Magaziner S Zimmerman L Ball BA Barton KM Brown JP Stone D Dewkett SJ Birge 2007 Efficacy of a hip protector to prevent hip fracture in nursing home residents: the HIP PRO randomized controlled trial JAMA 298 413 422 10.1001/jama.298.4.413 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1eks7Y%3D 17652295
7. S Derler AB Spierings KU Schmitt 2005 Anatomical hip model for the mechanical testing of hip protectors Med Eng Phys 27 475 485 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.02.001 15990064 (Pubitemid 40884670)
8. NJ Mills 1996 The biomechanics of hip protectors Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 210 259 266 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7pvVWitg%3D%3D
9. J Minns C Dodd R Gardner J Bamford F Nabhani 2004 Assessing the safety and effectiveness of hip protectors Nurs Stand 18 33 38 15214118
10. J Parkkari P Kannus J Poutala I Vuori 1994 Force attenuation properties of various trochanteric padding materials under typical falling conditions of the elderly J Bone Miner Res 9 1391 1396 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7hslGrsg%3D%3D 7817822
11. SN Robinovitch WC Hayes TA McMahon 1995 Energy-shunting hip padding system attenuates femoral impact force in a simulated fall J Biomech Eng 117 409 413 10.1115/1.2794200 1:STN:280:DyaK28zls1GjsQ%3D%3D 8748522
12. JB Lauritzen V Askegaard 1992 Protection against hip fractures by energy absorption Dan Med Bull 39 91 93 1:STN:280:DyaK383isVOmsw%3D%3D 1563301
13. Laing AC, Robinovitch SN (2008) The force attenuation provided by hip protectors depends on impact velocity, pelvic size, and soft tissue stiffness ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 130:061005 (9 pages).
14. NM van Schoor AJ van der Veen LA Schaap TH Smit P Lips 2006 Biomechanical comparison of hard and soft hip protectors, and the influence of soft tissue Bone 39 401 407 10.1016/j.bone.2006.01.156 16546458 (Pubitemid 43851373)
15. P Kannus J Parkkari J Poutala 1999 Comparison of force attenuation properties of four different hip protectors under simulated falling conditions in the elderly: an in vitro biomechanical study Bone 25 229 235 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00154-4 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzotlaqsQ%3D%3D 10456390 (Pubitemid 29317627)
16. SR Cummings LJ Melton 2002 Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures Lancet 359 1761 1767 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-9 12049882 (Pubitemid 34614532)
17. JB Lauritzen MM Petersen B Lund 1993 Effect of external hip protectors on hip fractures Lancet 341 11 13 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92480-H 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7gvV2luw%3D%3D 8093267 (Pubitemid 23007593)
18. J Parkkari P Kannus J Heikkila J Poutala H Sievanen I Vuori 1995 Energy-shunting external hip protector attenuates the peak femoral impact force below the theoretical fracture threshold: an in vitro biomechanical study under falling conditions of the elderly J Bone Miner Res 10 1437 1442 1:STN:280:DyaK287hsF2ksg%3D%3D 8686498
19. PD O'Halloran LJ Murray GW Cran L Dunlop G Kernohan TR Beringer 2005 The effect of type of hip protector and resident characteristics on adherence to use of hip protectors in nursing and residential homes-an exploratory study Int J Nurs Stud 42 387 397 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.09.010 15847901 (Pubitemid 40585635)
20. T Suzuki H Yoshida T Ishizaki H Yukawa S Watanabe S Kumagai S Shinkai H Shibata T Nakamura S Yasumura H Haga 1999 Compliance in use of external protectors for hip fractures among the community elderly in Japan Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 36 40 44 10332193 (Pubitemid 29197712)
21. H Bentzen L Forsen C Becker A Bergland 2008 Uptake and adherence with soft- and hard-shelled hip protectors in Norwegian nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial Osteoporos Int 19 101 111 10.1007/s00198-007-0434-9 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sjgvVyksw%3D%3D 17653617 (Pubitemid 350198059)
22. G Wu S Xue 2008 Portable preimpact fall detector with inertial sensors IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 16 178 183 10.1109/TNSRE.2007.916282 18403286
23. PJ Charpentier 1996 A hip protector based on airbag technology Bone 18 S117 10.1016/S8756-3282(96)80036-6
24. ML Bouxsein BS Coan SC Lee 1999 Prediction of the strength of the elderly proximal femur by bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound measurements of the heel and tibia Bone 25 49 54 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00093-9 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzkvFyrtg%3D%3D 10423021 (Pubitemid 29322060)
25. ML Bouxsein AC Courtney WC Hayes 1995 Ultrasound and densitometry of the calcaneus correlate with the failure loads of cadaveric femurs Calcif Tissue Int 56 99 103 10.1007/BF00296338 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkvVylu78%3D 7736330
26. ML Bouxsein P Szulc F Munoz E Thrall E Sornay-Rendu PD Delmas 2007 Contribution of trochanteric soft tissues to fall force estimates, the factor of risk, and prediction of hip fracture risk J Bone Miner Res 22 825 831 10.1359/jbmr.070309 17352651 (Pubitemid 351339742)
27. XG Cheng G Lowet S Boonen PH Nicholson P Brys J Nijs J Dequeker 1997 Assessment of the strength of proximal femur in vitro: relationship to femoral bone mineral density and femoral geometry Bone 20 213 218 10.1016/S8756-3282(96) 00383-3 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3isFSqug%3D%3D 9071471 (Pubitemid 27141832)
28. XG Cheng G Lowet S Boonen PH Nicholson G Van der Perre J Dequeker 1998 Prediction of vertebral and femoral strength in vitro by bone mineral density measured at different skeletal sites J Bone Miner Res 13 1439 1443 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.9.1439 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvgvVyqtA%3D%3D 9738516 (Pubitemid 28418910)
29. AC Courtney EF Wachtel ER Myers WC Hayes 1994 Effects of loading rate on strength of the proximal femur Calcif Tissue Int 55 53 58 10.1007/BF00310169 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FgslWnug%3D%3D 7922790 (Pubitemid 24192838)
30. AC Courtney EF Wachtel ER Myers WC Hayes 1995 Age-related reductions in the strength of the femur tested in a fall-loading configuration J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 387 395 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7pslKqsw%3D%3D 7890787
31. F Eckstein C Wunderer H Boehm V Kuhn M Priemel TM Link EM Lochmuller 2004 Reproducibility and side differences of mechanical tests for determining the structural strength of the proximal femur J Bone Miner Res 19 379 385 10.1359/JBMR.0301247 15040825 (Pubitemid 38787392)
32. PF Heini T Franz C Fankhauser B Gasser R Ganz 2004 Femoroplasty- augmentation of mechanical properties in the osteoporotic proximal femur: a biomechanical investigation of PMMA reinforcement in cadaver bones Clin Biomech 19 506 512 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.01.014 (Pubitemid 38739174)
33. JH Keyak 2000 Relationships between femoral fracture loads for two load configurations J Biomech 33 499 502 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00202-X 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ivVyrtQ%3D%3D 10768400 (Pubitemid 30089714)
34. EM Lochmuller O Groll V Kuhn F Eckstein 2002 Mechanical strength of the proximal femur as predicted from geometric and densitometric bone properties at the lower limb versus the distal radius Bone 30 207 216 10.1016/S8756-3282(01) 00621-4 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FmvVWmsA%3D%3D 11792587 (Pubitemid 34048324)
35. JC Lotz WC Hayes 1990 The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls J Bone Joint Surg Am 72 689 700 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3osFahug%3D%3D 2355030
36. SL Manske T Liu-Ambrose PM de Bakker D Liu S Kontulainen P Guy TR Oxland HA McKay 2006 Femoral neck cortical geometry measured with magnetic resonance imaging is associated with proximal femur strength Osteoporos Int 17 1539 1545 10.1007/s00198-006-0162-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28rksVeisg%3D%3D 16847586 (Pubitemid 44387489)
37. TP Pinilla KC Boardman ML Bouxsein ER Myers WC Hayes 1996 Impact direction from a fall influences the failure load of the proximal femur as much as age-related bone loss Calcif Tissue Int 58 231 235 1:CAS:528: DyaK28XitVWrt74%3D 8661953
38. P Pulkkinen F Eckstein EM Lochmuller V Kuhn T Jamsa 2006 Association of geometric factors and failure load level with the distribution of cervical vs. trochanteric hip fractures J Bone Miner Res 21 895 901 10.1359/jbmr.060305 16753020 (Pubitemid 43787996)
39. P Pulkkinen T Jamsa EM Lochmuller V Kuhn MT Nieminen F Eckstein 2008 Experimental hip fracture load can be predicted from plain radiography by combined analysis of trabecular bone structure and bone geometry Osteoporos Int 19 547 558 10.1007/s00198-007-0479-9 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7nvFaisg%3D%3D 17891327
40. AC Laing I Tootoonchi PA Hulme SN Robinovitch 2006 Effect of compliant flooring on impact force during falls on the hip J Orthop Res 24 1405 1411 10.1002/jor.20172 16705716 (Pubitemid 44083256)
41. SN Robinovitch WC Hayes TA McMahon 1991 Prediction of femoral impact forces in falls on the hip J Biomech Eng 113 366 374 10.1115/1.2895414 1:STN:280:DyaK387gs1yjsQ%3D%3D 1762432
42. SN Robinovitch WC Hayes TA McMahon 1997 Distribution of contact force during impact to the hip Ann Biomed Eng 25 499 508 10.1007/BF02684190 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3pt1altg%3D%3D 9146804
43. J Parkkari P Kannus J Heikkila J Poutala A Heinonen H Sievanen I Vuori 1997 Impact experiments of an external hip protector in young volunteers Calcif Tissue Int 60 354 357 10.1007/s002239900242 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitFOjsLg%3D 9075632 (Pubitemid 27143449)
44. SN Robinovitch WC Hayes TA McMahon 1997 Predicting the impact response of a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom shock-absorbing system from the measured step response J Biomech Eng 119 221 227 10.1115/1.2796083 1:STN:280: DyaK2svjtFaguw%3D%3D 9285332
45. F Feldman SN Robinovitch 2007 Reducing hip fracture risk during sideways falls: evidence in young adults of the protective effects of impact to the hands and stepping J Biomech 40 2612 2618 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.01.019 17395188 (Pubitemid 47238104)
46. SN Robinovitch R Brumer J Maurer 2004 Effect of the "squat protective response" on impact velocity during backward falls J Biomech 37 1329 1337 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.12.015 15275840 (Pubitemid 38953242)
47. RJ Minns AM Marsh A Chuck J Todd 2007 Are hip protectors correctly positioned in use? Age Ageing 36 140 144 10.1093/ageing/afl186 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s7kvVeqtw%3D%3D 17272302 (Pubitemid 46455391)
48. SN Robinovitch TA McMahon WC Hayes 1995 Force attenuation in trochanteric soft tissues during impact from a fall J Orthop Res 13 956 962 10.1002/jor.1100130621 1:STN:280:DyaK287ksVGrtw%3D%3D 8544034 (Pubitemid 26032928)
49. CM Nielson ML Bouxsein SS Freitas KE Ensrud ES Orwoll 2009 Trochanteric soft tissue thickness and hip fracture in older men J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 491 496 10.1210/jc.2008-1640 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvFCqsb8%3D 19017753
50. European Standard Ref. No. EN 1621-1:1997 E (1997) Motorcyclists' protective clothing against mechanical impact part 1: requirements and test methods for impact protectors
51. AB Spierings S Derler 2006 Assessment of hip protectors and corresponding hip fracture risk using stress calculation in the femoral neck Med Eng Phys 28 550 559 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.09.001 1:STN:280:DC%2BD283mvFOqsQ%3D%3D 16275044 (Pubitemid 43668722)