Inflammatory and granulomatous expansive lesions of the pituitary

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 639-650

  Carpinteri, R ^a   Patelli, I ^a   Casanueva, F F ^b,c   Giustina, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^b HOSPITAL CLÍNICO UNIVERSITARIO   (Spain)

^c Endocrinology Division   (Spain)

Author keywords

histiocytosis; lymphocytic hypophysitis; pituitary; sarcoidosis; tuberculosis; Wegener's granulomatosis

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2A INTERFERON; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CASPOFUNGIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DOXORUBICIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FOLLITROPIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; ITRACONAZOLE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; METHOTREXATE; RIFAMPICIN; STEROID; THYROTROPIN; VINBLASTINE; VORICONAZOLE;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; ASPERGILLOSIS; COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS; COGAN SYNDROME; CORTICOTROPIN DEFICIENCY; CROHN DISEASE; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; ERDHEIM CHESTER DISEASE; GIANT CELL GRANULOMA; GRANULOMATOSIS; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HISTIOCYTOSIS X; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPOPHYSIS ABSCESS; HYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; HYPOPHYSITIS; HYPOPITUITARISM; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LABORATORY TEST; LYMPHOCYTIC ADENOHYPOPHYSITIS; LYMPHOCYTIC HYPOPHYSITIS; LYMPHOCYTIC INFUNDIBULONEUROHYPOPHYSITIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SARCOIDOSIS; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; TRANSSPHENOIDAL HYPOPHYSECTOMY; TUBERCULOSIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS; ADENOMA; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; GRANULOMA; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOPHYSIS TUMOR; INFLAMMATION; PATHOLOGY;

ADENOMA; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; ERDHEIM-CHESTER DISEASE; GRANULOMA; HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS-CELL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PITUITARY DISEASES; PITUITARY GLAND; PITUITARY NEOPLASMS; SARCOIDOSIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

EID: 71749083593     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.009     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Glezer A., Paraiba D.B., and Bronstein M.D. Rare sellar lesions. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37 1 (2008 Mar) 195-211
2. Giustina A., Gola M., Doga M., et al. Clinical review 136: primary lymphoma of the pituitary: an emerging clinical entity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 10 (2001 Oct) 4567-4575
3. Thodou E., Asa S.L., Kontogeorgos G., et al. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80 8 (1995 Aug) 2302-2311
4. Bellastella A., Bizzarro A., Coronella C., et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: a rare or underestimated disease?. European Journal of Endocrinology 149 5 (2003 Nov) 363-376
5. Hashimoto K., Takao T., and Makino S. Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis and lymphocytic nfundibuloneurohypophysitis. Endocrine Journal 44 1 (1997 Feb) 1-10
6. Betterle C., Greggio N.A., and Volpato M. Clinical review 93: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 4 (1998 Apr) 1049-1055
7. Beressi N., Beressi J.P., Cohen R., et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis. A review of 145 cases. Annales de Médecine Interne 150 4 (1999 Jun) 327-341
8. Pouplard A. Pituitary autoimmunity. Hormone Research 16 5 (1982) 289-297
9. Bottazzo G.F., Pouplard A., Florin-Christensen A., et al. Autoantibodies to prolactin-secreting cells of human pituitary. Lancet 2 7925 (1975 Jul 19) 97-101
10. Ludwig H., and Schernthaner G. Multi-organ specific autoimmunity in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency: autosensitization to steroid hormone-producing cells and antigens of the anterior pituitary gland (author's transl). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 90 20 (1978 Oct 27) 736-741
11. Mirakian R., Cudworth A.G., Bottazzo G.F., et al. Autoimmunity to anterior pituitary cells and the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1 8275 (1982 Apr 3) 755-759
12. Sauter N.P., Toni R., McLaughlin C.D., et al. Isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency associated with an autoantibody to a corticotroph antigen that is not adrenocorticotropin or other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70 5 (1990 May) 1391-1397
13. Bottazzo G.F., McIntosh C., Stanford W., et al. Growth hormone cell antibodies and partial growth hormone deficiency in a girl with Turner's syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 12 1 (1980 Jan) 1-9
14. De Bellis A., Bizzarro A., Conte M., et al. Antipituitary antibodies in adults with apparently idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and in adults with autoimmune endocrine diseases. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 2 (2003 Feb) 650-654
15. Doga M., Bonadonna S., Gola M., et al. Growth hormone deficiency in the adult. Pituitary 9 4 (2006) 305-311
16. Raines K.B., Baker Jr. J.R., Lukes Y.G., et al. Antithyrotropin antibodies in the sera of Graves' disease patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 61 2 (1985 Aug) 217-222
17. Luborsky J.L., Visintin I., Boyers S., et al. Ovarian antibodies detected by immobilized antigen immunoassay in patients with premature ovarian failure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70 1 (1990 Jan) 69-75
18. Fetissov S.O., Hallman J., Oreland L., et al. Autoantibodies against alpha -MSH, ACTH, and LHRH in anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 26 (2002 Dec 24) 17155-17160
19. O'Dwyer D.T., Smith A.I., Matthew M.L., et al. Identification of the 49-kDa autoantigen associated with lymphocytic hypophysitis as alpha-enolase. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 2 (2002 Feb) 752-757
20. O'Dwyer D.T., Clifton V., Hall A., et al. Pituitary autoantibodies in lymphocytic hypophysitis target both gamma- and alpha-Enolase - a link with pregnancy?. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 110 1-2 (2002 Apr) 94-98
21. Van Noorden S., Polak J.M., Robinson M., et al. Neuron-specific enolase in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 38 4 (1984 Apr) 309-316
22. Asa S.L., Bilbao J.M., Kovacs K., et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis of pregnancy resulting in hypopituitarism: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Annals of Internal Medicine 95 2 (1981 Aug) 166-171
23. Cheung C.C., Ezzat S., Smyth H.S., et al. The spectrum and significance of primary hypophysitis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 3 (2001 Mar) 1048-1053
24. Takahashi M., Otsuka F., Miyoshi T., et al. An elderly patient with transient diabetes insipidus associated with lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. Endocrine Journal 46 5 (1999 Oct) 741-746
25. Maghnie M., Genovese E., Sommaruga M.G., et al. Evolution of childhood central diabetes insipidus into panhypopituitarism with a large hypothalamic mass: is 'lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis' in children a different entity?. European Journal of Endocrinology 139 6 (1998 Dec) 635-640
26. Rivera J.A. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: disease spectrum and approach to diagnosis and therapy. Pituitary 9 1 (2006) 35-45
27. Hansen I., Bétéa D., and Beckers A. Inflammatory diseases of the pituitary during pregnancy. Annales d'endocrinologie 63 5 (2002 Oct) 464-469
28. Giustina A., Romanelli G., Candrina R., et al. Growth hormone deficiency in patients with idiopathic adrenocorticotropin deficiency resolves during glucocorticoid replacement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 68 1 (1989 Jan) 120-124
29. Giustina A., Candrina R., Cimino A., et al. Development of isolated ACTH deficiency in a man with type I diabetes mellitus. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 11 5 (1988 May) 375-377
30. Mancini T., Casanueva F.F., and Giustina A. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37 1 (2008 Mar) 67-99
31. Ahmed S.R., Aiello D.P., Page R., et al. Necrotizing infundibulo-hypophysitis: a unique syndrome of diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76 6 (1993 Jun) 1499-1504
32. Giustina A. Pituitary testing: a reappraisal. Pituitary 11 2 (2008) 113-114
33. Dan N.G., Feiner R.I., Houang M.T., et al. Pituitary apoplexy in association with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 9 5 (2002 Sep) 577-580
34. De Marinis L., Bonadonna S., Bianchi A., et al. Primary empty sella. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 9 (2005 Sep) 5471-5477
35. Matta M.P., Kany M., Delisle M.B., et al. A relapsing remitting lymphocytic hypophysitis. Pituitary 5 1 (2002 Jan) 37-44
36. Caturegli P., Newschaffer C., Olivi A., et al. Autoimmune hypophysitis. Endocrine Reviews 26 5 (2005 Aug) 599-614
37. Skandarajah A., Ng W.H., Gonzales M., et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis mimicking pituitary macroadenoma. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 9 5 (2002 Sep) 586-589
38. Honegger J., Fahlbusch R., Bornemann A., et al. Lymphocytic and granulomatous hypophysitis: experience with nine cases. Neurosurgery 40 4 (1997 Apr) 713-722 [discussion 722-3]
39. Hansen I., Petrossians P., Thiry A., et al. Extensive inflammatory pseudotumor of the pituitary. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 10 (2001 Oct) 4603-4610
40. Yamagami K., Yoshioka K., Sakai H., et al. Treatment of lymphocytic hypophysitis by high-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Internal Medicine 42 2 (2003 Feb) 168-173
41. Lecube A., Francisco G., Rodríguez D., et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis successfully treated with azathioprine: first case report. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 74 11 (2003 Nov) 1581-1583
42. Vates G.E., Berger M.S., and Wilson C.B. Diagnosis and management of pituitary abscess: a review of twenty-four cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 95 2 (2001 Aug) 233-241
43. Dutta P., Bhansali A., Singh P., et al. Pituitary abscess: report of four cases and review of literature. Pituitary 9 3 (2006) 267-273
44. Dalan R., and Leow M.K. Pituitary abscess: our experience with a case and a review of the literature. Pituitary 11 3 (2008) 299-306
45. Jain K.C., Varma A., and Mahapatra A.K. Pituitary abscess: a series of six cases. British Journal of Neurosurgery 11 2 (1997 Apr) 139-143
46. Wolansky L.J., Gallagher J.D., Heary R.F., et al. MRI of pituitary abscess: two cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 39 7 (1997 Jul) 499-503
47. Sabbah P., Bonardel G., Herve R., et al. CT and MRI findings in primitive pituitary abscess: a case report and review of literature. Journal of Neuroradiology 26 3 (1999 Oct) 196-199
48. Su Y.H., Chen Y., and Tseng S.H. Pituitary abscess. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 13 10 (2006 Dec) 1038-1041
49. Hedges T.R., and Leung L.S. Parasellar and orbital apex syndrome caused by aspergillosis. Neurology 26 2 (1976 Feb) 117-120
50. Johnson T.E., Casiano R.R., Kronish J.W., et al. Sino-orbital aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology 117 1 (1999 Jan) 57-64
51. Berger S.A., Edberg S.C., and David G. Infectious disease in the sella turcica. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 8 5 (1986 Sep-Oct) 747-755
52. Schubert M.M., Peterson D.E., Meyers J.D., et al. Head and neck aspergillosis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Cancer 57 6 (1986 Mar 15) 1092-1096
53. Pinzer T., Reiss M., Bourquain H., et al. Primary aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus with pituitary invasion - a rare differential diagnosis of sellar lesions. Acta Neurochirurgica 148 10 (2006 Oct) 1085-1090 [discussion 1090. Epub 2006 Jul 21]
54. Larrañaga J., Fandiño J., Gomez-Bueno J., et al. Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus simulating a pituitary tumor. Neuroradiology 31 4 (1989) 362-363
55. Parker K.M., Nicholson J.K., Cezayirli R.C., et al. Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus: presentation as a pituitary mass and postoperative gallium-67 imaging. Surgical Neurology 45 4 (1996 Apr) 354-358
56. Ramos-Gabatin A., and Jordan R.M. Primary pituitary aspergillosis responding to transsphenoidal surgery and combined therapy with amphotericin-B and 5-fluorocytosine: case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 54 6 (1981 Jun) 839-841
57. Kurita H., Shiokawa Y., Furuya K., et al. Parasellar Aspergillus granuloma extending from the sphenoid sinus: report of two cases. Surgical Neurology 44 5 (1995 Nov) 489-494
58. Scanarini M., Rotilio A., Rigobello L., et al. Primary intrasellar coccidioidomycosis simulating a pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery 28 5 (1991 May) 748-751
59. Husain N., Husain M., and Rao P. Pituitary tuberculosis mimicking idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis. Pituitary 11 3 (2008) 313-315
60. Rao S., Rajkumar A., and Kuruvilla S. Sellar lesion: not always a pituitary adenoma. Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology 51 2 (2008 Apr-Jun) 269-270
61. Singh S. Pituitary tuberculoma: magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology India 51 4 (2003 Dec) 548-550
62. Ghosh S., and Chandy M.J. Intrasellar tuberculoma. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 94 3 (1992) 251-252
63. Campos-Varela I., Perich-Jackson D., and Ferrer-Sancho J. Addisonian crises induced by rifampicin. Archivos de Bronconeumología 42 7 (2006 Jul) 376
64. Kyriazopoulou V., Parparousi O., and Vagenakis A.G. Rifampicin-induced adrenal crisis in addisonian patients receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 59 6 (1984 Dec) 1204-1206
65. Newman L.S., Rose C.S., and Maier L.A. Sarcoidosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 336 17 (1997 Apr 24) 1224-1234
66. Takada K., Ina Y., Noda M., et al. The clinical course and prognosis of patients with severe, moderate or mild sarcoidosis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46 4 (1993 Apr) 359-366
67. Bell N.H. Endocrine complications of sarcoidosis. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 20 3 (1991 Sep) 645-654
68. Oksanen V. Neurosarcoidosis: clinical presentations and course in 50 patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 73 3 (1986 Mar) 283-290
69. Bihan H., Christozova V., Dumas J.L., et al. Sarcoidosis: clinical, hormonal, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations of hypothalamic-pituitary disease in 9 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 86 5 (2007 Sep) 259-268
70. Bullmann C., Faust M., Hoffmann A., et al. Five cases with central diabetes insipidus and hypogonadism as first presentation of neurosarcoidosis. European Journal of Endocrinology 142 4 (2000 Apr) 365-372
71. Woywodt A., Haubitz M., Haller H., et al. Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet 367 9519 (2006 Apr 22) 1362-1366
72. Hoffman G.S., Kerr G.S., Leavitt R.Y., et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 116 6 (1992 Mar 15) 488-498
73. Yong T.Y., Li J.Y., Amato L., et al. Pituitary involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Pituitary 11 1 (2008) 77-84
74. Murphy J.M., Gomez-Anson B., Gillard J.H., et al. Wegener granulomatosis: MR imaging findings in brain and meninges. Radiology 213 3 (1999 Dec) 794-799
75. de Bruin W.I., van 't Verlaat J.W., Graamans K., et al. Sellar granulomatous mass in a pregnant woman with active Crohn's disease. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 39 3-4 (1991 Oct) 136-141
76. Tóth M., Szabó P., Rácz K., et al. Granulomatous hypophysitis associated with Takayasu's disease. Clinical Endocrinology 45 4 (1996 Oct) 499-503
77. Kanatani M., Nakamura R., Kurokawa K., et al. Hypopituitarism associated with Cogan's syndrome; high-dose glucocorticoid therapy reverses pituitary swelling. Japanese Journal of Medicine 30 2 (1991 Mar-Apr) 164-169
78. Fujiwara T., Ota K., Kakudo N., et al. Idiopathic giant cell granulomatous hypophysitis with hypopituitarism, right abducens nerve paresis and masked diabetes insipidus. Internal Medicine 40 9 (2001 Sep) 915-919
79. Willman C.L., Busque L., Griffith B.B., et al. Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X)-a clonal proliferative disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 331 3 (1994 Jul 21) 154-160
80. Schmitz L., and Favara B.E. Nosology and pathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America 12 2 (1998 Apr) 221-246
81. Scolozzi P., Lombardi T., Monnier P., et al. Multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (Hand-Schüller-Christian disease) in an adult: a case report and review of the literature. Europen Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 261 6 (2004 Jul) 326-330
82. Mittheisz E., Seidl R., Prayer D., et al. Central nervous system-related permanent consequences in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatric Blood Cancer 48 1 (2007 Jan) 50-56
83. Kaltsas G.A., Powles T.B., Evanson J., et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities in adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological, and radiological features and response to treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 4 (2000 Apr) 1370-1376
84. Makras P., Alexandraki K.I., Chrousos G.P., et al. Endocrine manifestations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 18 6 (2007 Aug) 252-257
85. Maghnie M., Cosi G., Genovese E., et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults. The New England Journal of Medicine 343 14 (2000 Oct 5) 998-1007
86. Prosch H., Grois N., Prayer D., et al. Central diabetes insipidus as presenting symptom of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatric Blood Cancer 43 5 (2004 Oct) 594-599
87. Grois N., Pötschger U., Prosch H., et al., DALHX- and LCH I and II Study Committee. Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatric Blood Cancer 46 2 (2006 Feb) 228-233
88. Amato M.C., Elias L.L., Elias J., et al. Endocrine disorders in pediatric - onset Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Hormone and Metabolic Research 38 11 (2006 Nov) 746-751
89. Giustina A., Barkan A., Chanson P., et al. Guidelines for the treatment of growth hormone excess and growth hormone deficiency in adults. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 31 9 (2008 Sep) 820-838
90. Giustina A., and Veldhuis J.D. Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocrine Reviews 19 6 (1998 Dec) 717-797
91. Nanduri V.R., Bareille P., Pritchard J., et al. Growth and endocrine disorders in multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Clinical Endocrinology 53 4 (2000 Oct) 509-515
92. Donadieu J., Rolon M.A., Pion I., et al., French LCH Study Group. Incidence of growth hormone deficiency in pediatric-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis: efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 2 (2004 Feb) 604-609
93. Donadieu J., Rolon M.A., Thomas C., et al., French LCH Study Group. Endocrine involvement in pediatric-onset Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a population-based study. The Journal of Pediatrics 144 3 (2004 Mar) 344-350
94. Makras P., Samara C., Antoniou M., et al. Evolving radiological features of hypothalamo-pituitary lesions in adurevlt patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Neuroradiology 48 1 (2006 Jan) 37-44
95. Modan-Moses D., Weintraub M., Meyerovitch J., et al. Hypopituitarism in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: seven cases and literature review. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 24 8 (2001 Sep) 612-617
96. Makras P., Papadogias D., Kontogeorgos G., et al. Spontaneous gonadotrophin deficiency recovery in an adult patient with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Pituitary 8 2 (2005) 169-174
97. Casanueva F.F., Molitch M.E., Schlechte J.A., et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clinical Endocrinology 65 2 (2006 Aug) 265-273
98. Prosch H., Grois N., Bökkerink J., et al. Central diabetes insipidus: is it Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the pituitary stalk? A diagnostic pitfall. Pediatric Blood Cancer 46 3 (2006 Mar) 363-366
99. Halefoglu A.M. Magnetic resonance imaging of thickened pituitary stalk proceeding to Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a child. Australasian Radiology 50 2 (2006 Apr) 175-178
100. Gadner H., Grois N., Arico M., et al., Histiocyte Society. A randomized trial of treatment for multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. The Journal of Pediatrics 138 5 (2001 May) 728-734 Erratum in: J Pediatr 2001 Jul;139(1):170
101. Miller R.L., Sheeler L.R., Bauer T.W., et al. Erdheim-Chester disease. Case report and review of the literature. American Journal of Medicine 80 6 (1986 Jun) 1230-1236
102. Veyssier-Belot C., Cacoub P., Caparros-Lefebvre D., et al. Erdheim-Chester disease. Clinical and radiologic characteristics of 59 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 75 3 (1996 May) 157-169
103. Tritos N.A., Weinrib S., and Kaye T.B. Endocrine manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease (a distinct form of histiocytosis). Journal of Internal Medicine 244 6 (1998 Dec) 529-535
104. Ono K., Oshiro M., Uemura K., et al. Erdheim-Chester disease: a case report with immunohistochemical and biochemical examination. Human Pathology 27 1 (1996 Jan) 91-95
105. Tien R., Kucharczyk J., Newton T.H., et al. MR of diabetes insipidus in a patient with Erdheim-Chester disease: case report. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 11 6 (1990 Nov-Dec) 1267-1270
106. Caparros-Lefebvre D., Pruvo J.P., Rémy M., et al. Neuroradiologic aspects of Chester-Erdheim disease. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 16 4 (1995 Apr) 735-740
107. Kovacs K., Bilbao J.M., Fornasier V.L., et al. Pituitary pathology in Erdheim-Chester disease. Endocrine Pathology 15 2 (2004 Summer) 159-166