Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Eastern Turkey: Implications for crustal thickening to delamination

Lithos

Volumn 114, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 109-120

  Karsli, Orhan ^a   Dokuz, Abdurrahman ^a   Uysal, Ibrahim ^b   Aydin, Faruk ^c   Kandemir, Raif ^a   Wijbrans, Jan ^d  

^a GUMUSHANE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c NIGDE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^d VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adakites; Andesite and dacite; Delaminated mafic lower crust; Early Eocene volcanism; Eastern Pontides; NE Turkey; Sr Nd isotopes

Indexed keywords

ADAKITE; ANDESITE; CALC ALKALINE ROCK; CENOZOIC; CONTINENTAL CRUST; CRUSTAL THINNING; DACITE; DELAMINATION; EOCENE; LOWER CRUST; MAFIC ROCK; PARTIAL MELTING; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; VOLCANISM;

EURASIA; PONTIDES; TURKEY;

EID: 71649088766     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Akin H. Geologie, magmatismus und Lagerstattenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge/Türkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geology Rundschau 68 (1979) 253-283
2. Aguillón-Robles A., Caimus T., Bellon H., Maury R.C., Cotton J., Bourgois J., and Michaud F. Late Miocene adakites and Nb-enriched basalts from Vizcaino Peninsula, Mexico: indicators of East Pacific Rise subduction below southern Baja California. Geology 29 (2001) 531-534
3. Aliyazicioǧlu, I., 1999. Kale (Gümüşhane) yöresi volkanik kayaçlari{dotless}ni{dotless}n petrografi, jeokimyasal ve petrolojik incelenmesi. Master Thesis, KTU, Trabzon, 96 pp.
4. Altherr R., Topuz G., Siebel W., Şen C., Meyer H.-P., and Sati{dotless}r M. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of Paleocene plagioleucitites from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Lithos 105 (2008) 149-161
5. Atherton M.P., and Petford N. Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature 362 (1993) 144-146
6. Avagyan A., Sosson M., Philip M.H., Karakhanian A., Rolland Y., Melkonyan R., Rebai S., and Davtyan V. Neogene to Quaternary stress field evolution in Lesser Caucasus and adjacent regions using fault kinematics analysis and volcanic cluster data. Geodynamica Acta 18 (2005) 401-416
7. Barnes C.G., Petersen S.W., Kistler R.W., Murray R., and Kays M.A. Source and tectonic implications of tonalite-trondhjemite magmatism in the Klamath Mountains. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123 (1996) 40-60
8. Bourdon E., Eissen J.P., Monzier M., Robin C., Martin H., Cotton J., and Hall M.L. Adakite-like lavas from Antisana volcano (Ecuador): evidence for slab melt metasomatism beneath the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone. Journal of Petrology 43 (2002) 199-217
9. Beate B., Monzier M., Spikings R., Cotton J., Silva J., Bourdon E., and Eissen J.P. Mio-Pliocene adakite generation related to flat subduction in southern Ecuador: the Quimsacocha volcanic center. Earth Planetary Science Letters 192 (2001) 561-570
10. Boynton W.V. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P. (Ed). Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (1984), Elsevier, Amsterdam 63-114
11. Boztuǧ D., Jonckheere R., Wagner G.A., and Yeǧingil Z. Slow Senonian and fast Paleocene-Early Eocene uplift of the granitoids in the Central Eastern Pontides, Turkey: apatite fission-track results. Tectonophysics 382 (2004) 213-228
12. Boztuǧ D., Erçin A.I., Kuruçelik M.K., Göç D., Kömür I., and Iskenderoǧlu A. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kackar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27 (2006) 286-302
13. Castillo P.R., Janney P.E., and Solidum R.U. Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin island, southern Philippines: insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134 (1999) 33-51
14. Chung S.L., Liu D., Ji J., Chu M.F., Lee H.Y., Wen D.J., Lo C.H., Lee T.Y., Qian Q., and Zhang Q. Adakites from continental collision zones: melting of thickened lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Gelogoy 31 (2003) 1021-1024
15. Çakir Ö., Erduran M., Çinar H., and Yilmaztürk A. Forward modelling receiver functions for crustal structure beneath station TBZ (Trabzon, Turkey). Geophysical Journal International 140 (2000) 341-356
16. Çakir Ö., and Erduran M. Constraining crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath station TBZ (Trabzon, Turkey) by receiver function and dispersion analyses. Geophysical Journal International 158 (2004) 955-971
17. Çoban H., Kumral M., Karsli O., Baran A., Imamoǧlu Ş., and Catan Ş. Adakite-like, A-type and OIB-like magmas from Anatolia-Arabian postcollisional settings. Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) 4th Annual General Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand (2007) 253 extended abstract
18. Defant M.J., and Drummond M.S. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347 (1990) 662-665
19. Defant M.J., Jackson T.E., Drummond M.S., De Boer J.Z., Bellon H., Feigenson M.D., Maury R.C., and stewart R.H. The geochemistry of young volcanism throughout western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica: an overview. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149 (1992) 569-579
20. Defant M.J., Xu J.F., Kepezhinskas P., Wang Q., Zhang Q., and Xiao L. Adakites: some variations on a theme. Acta Petrologica Sinica 18 (2002) 129-142
21. Drummond M.S., Defant M.J., and Kepezhinskas P.K. The petrogenesis of slab derived trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite/adaki magmas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburg Earth Sciences 87 (1996) 205-216
22. Dokuz A., Tanyolu E., and Genç S. A mantle- and a lower crust-derived bimodal suite in the Yusufeli (Artvin) area, NE Turkey: trace element and REE evidence for subduction-related rift origin of Early Jurassic Demirkent intrusive complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences 95 (2006) 370-394
23. Eren, M., 1983. Gümüşhane-Kale arasi{dotless}ni{dotless}n jeolojisi ve mikrofasiyes incelemesi. Master Thesis, KTÜ, Trabzon 197 pp.
24. Fujimaki H., Tatsumoto M., and Aoki K. Partition coefficients of Hf, Zr and REE between phenocrysts and groundmass. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (1984) 662-672
25. Gao S., Rudnick R.L., Yuan H.L., Liu X.M., Liu X.M., Liu Y.S., Xu W.L., Ling W.L., Ayers J., Wang X.C., and Wang Q.H. Recycling lower continental crust in the North China Craton. Nature 432 (2004) 892-897
26. Gao Y.F., Hou Z.Q., Kamber B.Z., Wei R.H., Meng X.S., and Zhao R. Adakite-like porphyries from the southern Tibetan continental collision zones: evidence for slab melt metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 153 (2007) 105-120
27. Garrison J.M., and Davidson J.P. Dubious case for slab melting in the northern volcanic zone of the Andes. Geology 31 (2003) 565-568
28. Grove T.L., Elkin-Tanton L.T., Parman S.W., Chatterjee N., Müntener O., and Gaetani G.A. Fractional crystallization and mantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145 (2003) 515-533
29. Guo F., Fan W., and Li C. Geochemistry of late Mesozoic adakites from the Sulu belt, eastern China: magma genesis and implications for crustal recycling beneath continental collisional orogens. Geological Magazine 143 (2006) 1-13
30. Gutscher M.A., Maury R., Eissen J.P., and Bourton E. Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction?. Geology 28 (2000) 535-538
31. Hou Z.Q., Gao Y.F., Qu X.M., Rui Z.Y., and Mo X.X. Origin of adakitic intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east-west extension in southern Tibet. Earth Planetary Science Letters 220 (2004) 139-155
32. Hou M.L., Jiang Y.H., Jiang S.Y., Ling H.F., and Zhao K.D. Contrasting origin of Late Mesozoic adakitic granitoids from the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, east China: implications for crustal thickening to delamination. Geological Magazine 144 (2007) 619-631
33. Huang F., Li S., Dong F., He Y., and Chen F. High-Mg adakitic rocks in the Dabie orogen, central China: implications for foundering mechanism of lower continental crust. Chemical Geology 255 (2008) 1-13
34. Irving A.J., and Frey F.A. Distribution of trace elements between garnet megacrysts and host volcanic liquids of kimberlitic to rhyolitic composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42 (1978) 771-787
35. Johnson K., Barnes C.G., and Miller C.A. Petrology, geochemistry, and genesis of high-Al tonalite and trondhjemites of the Cornucopia stock, Blue Mountains, Northeastern Oregon. Journal of Petrology 38 (1997) 1585-1611
36. Karsli O., Aydin F., and Sadiklar M.B. Geothermobarometric investigation of the Zigana Granitoid, eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 44 (2002) 277-286
37. Karsli O., Aydin F., and Sadiklar M.B. Magma interaction recorded in plagioclase zoning in granitoid systems, Zigana Granitoid, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13 (2004) 287-305
38. Karsli O., Aydin F., and Sadiklar M.B. The morphology and chemistry of K-feldspar megacrysts from İkizdere Pluton: evidence for acid and basic magma interactions in granitoid rocks, NE Turkey. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry 64 (2004) 155-170
39. Karsli O., Chen B., Aydin F., and Şen C. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos 98 (2007) 67-96
40. Karsli, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, I., Aydin, F., Chen, B., Kandemir, R., Wijbrans, J.R., submitted for publication. Relative contributions of crust and mantle to generation of Campanian high-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids in a subduction setting, with special reference to the Harşit Pluton, Eastern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.
41. Kay R.W., and Kay S.M. Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 219 (1993) 177-189
42. Kay S.M., Ramos A., and Marquez M. Evidence in Cerro Pampa volcanic rocks of slab melting prior to ridge trench collision in southern South America. Journal of Geology 101 (1993) 703-714
43. Kay R.W., and Kay S.M. Andean adakites: there ways to make them. Acta Petrologica Sinica 18 (2002) 303-311
44. Koçyiǧit A., Yilmaz A., Adamia S., and Kuloshvili S. Neotectonics of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodynamica Acta 14 (2001) 177-195
45. Kepezhinskas P.K., Defant M.J., and Drummond M. Na metasomatism in the island-arc mantle by slab melt-peridotite interaction: evidence from mantle interaction-evidence from mantle xenoliths in the north Kamchatka arc. Journal of Petrology 36 (1995) 1505-1527
46. Liu S., Hu R.Z., Feng C.X., Zhou H.B., Li C., Chi X.G., Peng J.T., Zhong H., Qi L., Qi Y.Q., and Wang T. Cenozoic high Sr/Y volcanic rocks in the Qiangtang terrane, northern Tibet: geochemical and isotopic evidence for the origin of delaminated lower continental melts. Geological Magazine 145 (2008) 463-474
47. Macpherson C.G., Dreher S.T., and Thirwall M.F. Adakites without slab melting: high pressure differentiation of island arc magma, Mindanao, the Philippines. Earth Planetary Science Letters 243 (2006) 581-593
48. Mahoney J.J., Frei R., Tejada M.L.G., Mo X.X., Leat P.T., and Nagler T.P. Tracing the Indian Ocean mantle domain through time: isotopic results from old west Indian, east Tethyan and South Pacific seafloor. Journal of Petrology 39 (1998) 1285-1306
49. Martin H. Adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46 (1999) 411-429
50. Martin H., Smith R.H., Rapp R., Moyen J.F., and Champion D. An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79 (2005) 1-24
51. Muir R.J., Weaver S.D., Bradshaw J.D., Eby G.N., and Evans J.A. Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Separation Point Batholith, New Zealand: granitoid magmas formed by melting of mafic lithosphere. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152 (1995) 689-701
52. Moore W.J., McKee E.H., and Akinci Ö. Chemistry and chronology of plutonic rocks in the Pontide Mountains, Northern Turkey. Symposium of European Copper Deposit, Belgrade (1980) 209-216
53. Qu X.M., Hou Z.Q., and Li Y.G. Melt components derived from a subducted slab in late orogenic ore-bearing porphyries in the Gangdese copper belt, southern Tibetan plateau. Lithos 74 (2004) 131-148
54. Okay A.I., and Kelley S.P. Tectonic setting, petrology and geochronology of jadeite + glaucophane and chloritoid + glacophane schists from north-west Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 25 (1994) 743-746
55. Okay A.I., Şahintürk Ö., and Yakar H. Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Pulur (Bayburt) region in the eastern Pontides. Mineral Research Exp. Bull. 119 (1997) 1-24
56. Okay A.I., and Şahintürk Ö. Geology of the Eastern Pontides. In: Robinson A.G. (Ed). Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir 68 (1997) 291-310
57. Okay A.I., and Tüysüz O. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand B., Jolivet L., Horváth F., and Séranne M. (Eds). The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society London Special Publications 156 (1999) 475-515
58. Qiao G. Normalization of isotopic dilution analyses-a new program for isotope mass spectrometric analysis. Scientica Sinica 31 (1988) 1263-1268
59. Pearce J.A., and Norry M. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 69 (1979) 33-47
60. Peccerillo A., and Taylor S.R. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58 (1976) 63-81
61. Prouteau G., Scaillet B., Pichavant M., and Maury R.C. Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted oceanic crust. Nature 410 (2001) 197-200
62. Petford N., and Atherton M. Na-rich partial melts from newly underplated basaltic crust: the Cordillera Blanca Batholith, Peru. Journal of Petrology 37 (1996) 1491-1521
63. Rapp R.P., and Watson E.B. Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8-32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recyling. Journal of Petrology 36 (1995) 891-931
64. Rapp R.P., Watson E.B., and Miller C.F. Partial melting of amphibolite/eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalities. Precambrian Research 51 (1991) 1-25
65. Rapp R.P., Shimizu N., Norman M.D., and Applegate G.S. Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical Geology 160 (1999) 335-356
66. Rapp R.P., Xiao L., and Shimizu N. Experimental constraints on the origin of potassium-rich adakites in east China. Acta Petrologica Sinica 18 (2002) 293-311
67. Robinson A.G., Banks C.J., Rutherford M.M., and Hirst J.P.P. Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Geological Society London 152 (1995) 861-872
68. Robin C., Eissen J.P., Samaniego P., Martin H., Hall M., and Cotten J. Evolution of the late Pleistocene Mojanda-Fuya Fuya volcanic complex (Ecuador), by progressive adakitic involvement in mantle magma sources. Bulletin of Volcanology (2008) 10.1007/s00445-008-0219-9
69. Rolland Y., Billo S., Corsini M., Sosson M., and Galoyan G. Blueschists of the Amassia-Stepanavan Suture Zone (Armenia): linking Tethys subduction history from E-Turkey to W-Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences (2008) 10.1007/s00531-007-0286-8
70. Şengör A.M.C., and Yilmaz Y. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 181 (1981) 241-981
71. Şen C., and Dunn T. Dehydration melting of a basaltic composition amphibolite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa: implications for the origin of adakites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117 (1994) 394-409
72. Şen C., Arslan M., and Van A. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Eastern Pontide Eocene (?) alkaline volcanic province, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 7 (1998) 231-239
73. Şengör A.M.C., Özeren S., Genç T., and Zor E. East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, North-south shortened domal structure. Geophysical Research Letters 30 24 (2003) 10.1029/2003GL017858
74. Sajona F.g., Naury R.C., Pubellier M., Leterrier J., Bellon H., and Cotton J. Magmatic source enrichment by slab-derived melts in a young post-collision setting, central Mindanao (Philippines). Lithos 54 (2000) 173-206
75. Sisson T.W. Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe. Chemical Geology 117 (1994) 331-344
76. Sorensen S.S., and Grossman J.N. Enrichment of trace elements in garnet amphibolites from a paleo-subduction zone: Catalina schist, southern California. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1989) 3155-3177
77. Stern C.R., and Kilian R. Role of the subducted slab, mantle wedge and continental crust in the generation of adakites from the Austral Volcanic Zone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123 (1996) 263-281
78. Sun S.S., and McDonough W.E. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A.D., and Norry M.J. (Eds). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publication (1989) 313-345
79. Tatsumi Y. Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subduction lithosphere and origin of arc magma: evidence from high-pressure experiments and natural rocks. Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research 29 (1986) 293-309
80. Tokel S. Doǧu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Eosen yaşli{dotless} kalk-alkalen andezitler ve jeotektonizma. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 20 (1977) 49-54
81. Topuz G., Altherr R., Schwarz W.H., Siebel W., Satir M., and Dokuz A. Post-collisional plutonism with adakite-like signatures: the Eocene Saraycik granodiorite (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150 (2005) 441-455
82. Tribuzio R., Thirlwall M.F., Vannucci R., and Matthew F. Origin of the gabbro-peridotite association from the Northern Apennine Ophiolites (Italy). Journal of Petrology 45 (2004) 1109-1124
83. Varol E., Temel A., Gourgaud A., and Bellon H. Early Miocene 'adakite-like' volcanism in the Balkuyumcu region, central Anatolia, Turkey: petrology and geochemistry. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30 (2007) 613-628
84. Wang Q., Xu J.F., Zhao Z.H., Bao Z.W., Xu W., and Xiong X.L. Cretaceous high-potassium intrusive rocks in the Yueshan-Hongzhen area of east China: adakites in an extensional tectonic regime within a continent. Geochemical Journal 38 (2004) 417-434
85. Wang Q., Zhao Z.H., Bao Z.W., Xu J.F., Liu W., Li C.F., et al. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Tongshankou and Yinzu adakitic intrusive rocks and the associated porphyry copper-molybdenum mineralization in southeast Hubei, eat China. Resource Geology 54 (2004) 137-152
86. Wang Q., McDermott F., Xu J.-F., Bellon H., and Zhu Y.-T. Cenozoic K-rich adakitic volcanic rocks in the Hohxil area, northern Tibet: lower-crustal melting in an intracontinental setting. Geology 33 (2005) 465-468
87. Wang Q., Xu J.F., Jian P., Bao Z.W., Zhao Z.H., Li C.F., Xiong X.L., and Ma J.L. Petrogenesis of adakitic porphyries in an extentional tectonic setting, Dexing, South China: implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 119-144
88. Wang Q., Wyman D.A., Xu J., Jian P., Zhao Z., Li C., Xu W., Ma J., and He B. Early Cretaceous adakitic granites in the Northern Dabie Complex, central China: implications for partial melting and delamination of thickened lower crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (2007) 2609-2636
89. Wang Q., Wyman D.A., Xu J., Zhao Z., Jian P., and Zi F. Partial melting of thickened or delaminated lower crust in the middle of Eastern China: implication for Cu-Au mineralization. Journal of Geology 115 (2007) 149-161
90. Wang Q., Wyman D.A., Zhao Z., Xu J., Bai Z.H., Xiong X.L., Dai T.M., Li C.F., and Chu Z.Y. Petrogenesis of Carboniferous adakites and Nb-enriched arc basalts in the Alataw area, northern Tianshan range (western China): implication for phanerozoic crustal growth of Central Asia Orogenic Belt. Chemical Geology 236 (2007) 42-64
91. Wang Q., Wyman D.A., Xu J., Dong Y., Vasconcelos P.M., Pearson N., Wan Y., Dong H., Li C., Yu Y., Zhu T., Feng X., Zhang Q., Zi F., and Chu Z. Eocene melting of subducting continental crust and early uplifting of central Tibet: evidence from central-western Qiangtang high-K calc-alkaline andesites, dacites and rhyolites. Earth Planetary Science Letters 272 (2008) 158-171
92. Wijbrans J.R., Pringle M.S., Koppers A.A.P., and Scheveers R. Argon geochronology of small samples using the Vulcaan argon laser probe. Processes of Kon Ned Akad V Wetensh 98 (1995) 185-218
93. Xiong X.L., Li X.H., Xu J.F., Li W.X., Zhao Z.H., and Wang Q. Extremely high-Na adakite-like magmas derived from alkali-rich basaltic underplate: the late Cretaceous Zhantang andesites in the Huichang Basin, SE China. Geochemical Journal 37 (2003) 233-252
94. Xu J.F., Shinjio R., Defant M.J., Wang Q., and Rapp R.P. Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust?. Geology 12 (2002) 1111-1114
95. Xu J.F., Castillo P.R., Chen F.R., Niu H.C., Yu X.Y., and Zhen Z.P. Geochemistry of late Paleozoic mafic igneous rocks from the Kuerti area, Xinjiang, northwest China: implications for backarc mantle evolution. Chemical Geology 193 (2003) 137-154
96. Xu J.F., and Castillo P.R. Geochemical and Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of the Tethyan asthenosphere: implications for the origin of the Indian Ocean mantle domain. Tectonophysics 393 (2004) 9-27
97. Xu W.L., Wang Q.H., Wang D.Y., Guo J.H., and Pei F.P. Mesozoic adakitic rocks from the Xuzhou-Suzhou area, eastern China: evidence for partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27 (2006) 454-464
98. Yilmaz, Y., 1972. Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and the surrounding rocks. NE Anatolia, PhD Thesis University College London, England. 248 pp.
99. Yilmaz Y., Tüysüz O., Yiǧitbaş E., Genç Ş.C., and Şengör A.M.C. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: Robinson A.G. (Ed). Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir vol. 68 (1997) 183-226
100. Yilmaz S., and Boztuǧ D. Space and time relations of three plutonic phases in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 38 (1996) 935-956
101. Yilmaz C., and Kandemir R. Sedimentary records of the extensional tectonic regime with temporal cessation: Gümüşhane Mesozoic Basin (NE-Turkey). Geologica Carpathica 57 (2006) 3-13
102. Yilmaz C., Carannante G., and Kandemir R. The rif-related late Cretaceous drawing of the Gümüşhane carbonate platform (NE Turkey). Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana (Italian Journal of Geoscience) 127 (2008) 37-50
103. Zhai M., Fan Q., Zhang H., Sui J., and Shao J. Lower crustal processes leading to Mesozoic lithospheric thinning beneath eastern North China: underplating, replacement and delamination. Lithos (2007) 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.09.016
104. Zhao J.H., and Zhou M.F. Neoproterozoic adakitic plutons in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, China: partial melting of a thickened lower crust and implications for secular crustal evolution. Lithos (2008) 10.1016/j.lithos.2007.12.009
105. Zhu D.C., Zhao Z.D., Pan G.T., Lee H.Y., Kang Z.Q., Liao Z.L., Wang L.Q., Li G.M., Dong G.C., and Liu B. Early Cretaceous subduction-related adakite-like rocks of the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet: productions of slab melting and subsequent melt-peridotite interaction?. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34 (2008) 298-309