A randomized, community trial of intensive sexually transmitted disease control for AIDS prevention, Rakai, Uganda

AIDS

Volumn 12, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 1211-1225

  Wawer, Maria J ^a   Gray, Ronald H ^b   Sewankambo, Nelson K ^c   Serwadda, David ^c   Paxton, Lynn ^a   Berkley, Seth ^d   McNairn, Denise ^b   Wabwire Mangen, Fred ^c   Li, Chuanjun ^b   Nalugoda, Fred ^e   Kiwanuka, Noah ^e   Lutalo, Thomas ^e   Brookmeyer, Ronald ^b   Kelly, Robert ^b   Quinn, Thomas C ^b,f  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MAKERERE UNIVERSITY   (Uganda)

^d ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION   (United States)

^e UGANDA VIRUS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Uganda)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS prevention; Randomized controlled trial; Sexually transmitted disease (STD) control; STD HIV prevalence; STF mass treatment; Uganda

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHLAMYDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GONORRHEA; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INTERVIEW; LABORATORY TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEROLOGY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SYPHILIS; TRICHOMONIASIS; UGANDA; URINALYSIS;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; COMPARATIVE STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DISEASES; EASTERN AFRICA; ENGLISH SPEAKING AFRICA; HIV INFECTIONS--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; INFECTIONS; MEASUREMENT; PREVALENCE; REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY; RESEARCH REPORT; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; STUDIES; STUDY DESIGN; TREATMENT; UGANDA; VIRAL DISEASES;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFIXIME; CEFOTAXIME; CIPROFLOXACIN; FEMALE; HIV-1; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INJECTIONS, INTRAMUSCULAR; MALE; METRONIDAZOLE; MIDDLE AGED; PENICILLIN G, BENZATHINE; PREVALENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES; SINGLE-BLIND METHOD; UGANDA;

EID: 7144226601     PISSN: 02699370     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199810000-00014     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Wasserheit JN: Epidemiologic synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 1992, 9:2565-2569.
2. Sewankambo NK, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, et al.: HIV-1 infection associated with abnormal vaginal flora morphology and bacterial vaginosis. Lancet 1997, 350:546-550.
3. Plummer FA, Simonson JN, Cameron DW, et al.: Co-factors in male-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1991, 163:233-239.
4. Kreiss JK, Willerford DM, Hensel M, et al.: Association between cervical inflammation and cervical shedding of human immunodeficiency virus DNA. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:1597-1601.
5. Moss CB, Overbaugh J, Welch M, et al.: Human immunodeficiency virus DNA in urethral secretions in men: association with gonococcal urethritis and CD4 depletion. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:1469-1474.
6. Cameron DW, Simonson JN, D'Costa LJ, et al.: Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989, ii:403-407.
7. Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al.: Non ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993, 7:95-102.
8. Hoffman I, Maida M, Royce R, et al.: Effects of urethritis therapy on the concentration of HIV-1 in seminal plasma. XI International Conference on AIDS. Vancouver, July 1996 [abstract MoC903].
9. Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al.: Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1997, 349:1868-1873.
10. Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N, et al.: Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 1994, 344:246-248.
11. Mertens TE, Hayes RJ, Smith PG: Epidemiological methods to study the interaction between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. AIDS 1990, 4:57-65.
12. Crosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al.: Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in Tanzania: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 1995, 346:530-536.
13. Mayaud P, Mosha F, Todd J, et al.: Improved treatment services significantly reduce the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in rural Tanzania: results of a randomized controlled trial. AIDS 1997, 11:1873-1880.
14. Sewankambo NK, Wawer MJ, Gray RH, et al.: Demographic impact of HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda: results of a population-based cohort study. AIDS 1994, 8:1707-1713.
15. Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Berkley S, et al.: Incidence of HIV-1 infection in a rural region of Uganda. BMJ 1994, 308:171-173.
16. Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Gray RH, et al.: Trends in HIV-1 prevalence may not reflect trends in incidence in mature epidemics: data from the Rakai population-based cohort, Uganda. AIDS 1997, 11:1023-1031.
17. Lutalo T, Musgrave S, Kigongo D, et al.: HIV-1 and syphilis in Rakai District, Uganda [abstract]. Presented at the VI International Conference on AIDS in Africa. Yaounde, December 1992.
18. Serwadda DS, Wawer MJ, Musgrave SD, Stallings R, Sewankambo NK: Concurrent partners and the results of the Uganda Rakai project [letter]. AIDS 1993, 7:287-288.
19. Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Musgrave SD, Sewankambo NK, Kaplan JE, Gray RH: HIV risk factors in three geographic strata of rural Rakai District, Uganda. AIDS 1992, 6:983-989.
20. Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Musgrave SD, Konde-Lule JK, Musagara M, Sewankambo NK: Dynamics of spread of HIV-1 infection in a rural district of Uganda. BMJ 1991, 303:1303-1306.
21. Hayes R, Wawer M, Gray R, Whitworth J, Grosskurth H, Mabey D, and the HIV/STD Trials Working Group: Randomized trials of STD treatment for HIV prevention: report of an international workshop. Genitourin Med 1997, 73:432-443.
22. Wasserheit JN: The significance and scope of reproductive tract infections among third world women. Int. J Gyn Obstet Suppl 1989, 3:145-168.
23. Laga M: Epidemiology and control of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. Sex Trans Dis Suppl 1994, 21 (suppl 2):45-50.
24. Wagner HV, Van Dyck E, Roggen E, et al.: Seroprevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted disease in a rural Ugandan population. Int J STD AIDS 1994, 5:332-337.
25. Berkley SF: Public health significance of STDs for HIV infection in Africa. In AIDS and Women's Reproductive Health. Edited by Chen LC, Sepulveda J, Amor J, Segal SJ. New York: Plenum Press; 1991.
26. Ballard R, Morse S: Chancroid. In Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, Second Edition. Edited by Morse SA, Moreland AA, Holmes KK. London: Mosby-Wolfe; 1996.
27. Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu AA, et al.: A controlled trial of single dose azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. N Engl J Med 1992, 327:921-925.
28. Handsfield HH, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, Douglas JD, McCarty JM, Schlossberg D: Azithromycin Gonorrhea Study Group. Multicenter trial of single-dose azithromycin vs. ceftriaxone in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. Sex Transm Dis 1994, 21:107-111.
29. Echols RM, Heyd A, O'Keeffe BJ, Schacht P: Single-dose ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea: a worldwide summary. Sex Trans Dis 1994, 21:345-352.
30. Ballard R, Radebe F, Mampuru M, Dangor Y, Fehler HG: A comparison of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chancroid [abstract]. Sex Trans Dis 1994, 21 (suppl 2):S189.
31. Handsfield HH, McCormack WM, Hook EW, et al.: A comparison of single dose cefixime with ceftriaxone as treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1337-1341.
32. Knapp JS, Back AF, Babst AF, Taylor D, Rice RJ: In vitro susceptibilities of isolates of Haemophilus ducreyi from Thailand and the United States to currently recommended and newer agents for treatment of chancroid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37:1552-1555.
33. Rein MF, Muller M: Trichomonas vaginalis and trichomoniasis. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd Edn. Edited by Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1990:481-492.
34. Hillier S, Holmes KK: Bacterial vaginosis. In Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd Edn. Edited by Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1990:547-559.
35. Robinson NJ, Mulder DW, Auver TB, Hayes RH: Modeling the impact of alternative HIV intervention strategies in rural Uganda. AIDS 1995, 9:1263-1270.
36. Donner A, Klar N: Methods of comparing event rales in intervention studies when the unit of allocation is a cluster. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:279-289.
37. Katz J, Carey VJ, Zeger SL, Sommer A: Estimation of design effects and diarrhea clustering within households and villages. Am J Epidemiol 1993, 138:994-1006.
38. Hayes R, Mosha F, Nicoll A, et al.: A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: I. Design. AIDS 1995, 9:919-926.
39. Gail H, Byar DP, Pechacek TF, Corle DK for the COMMIT Study Group: Aspects of statistical design for the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. Control Clin Trials 1992, 13:6-21.
40. Buimer M, Van Doornum GJ, Ching S, et al.: Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction-based assays with clinical specimens from various sites: Implications for diagnostic testing and screening. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34:2395-2400.
41. Lee HH, Chernesky MA, Schachter J, et al.: Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women by ligase chain reaction assay of urine. Lancet 1995, 345:213-216.
42. Chernesky MA, Lee H, Schachter J, et al.: Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic men by testing first-void urine in a ligase chain reaction assay. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:1308-1311.
43. Birkenmeyer L, Armstrong AS: Preliminary evaluation of the ligase chain reaction for specific detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 1992, 30:3089-3094.
44. Wawer MJ, McNairn D, VVabwire-Mangen F, Paxton L, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N: Self-administered vaginal swabs for population-based assessment of Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence [letter]. Lancet 1995, 345:131-132.
45. Borchardt KA, Smith RF: An evaluation of an InPouch TV™ culture method for diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Genitourin Med 1991, 67:149-152.
46. Draper D, Parker R, Patterson E, et al.: Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women with the InPouch TV Culture System. J Clin Microbiol 1993, 31:1016-1018.
47. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL: Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991, 29:297-301.
48. Galask RP, Bowdler NC, Petzold CR: Gram stain correlation with clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis from multicenter trials [abstract]. Presented at the 1992 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, April 1992.
49. Orle KA, Gates CA, Martin DH, Body BA, Weiss JB: Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34:49-54.
50. Teratology Society Public Affairs Committee: FDA classification of drugs for teratogenic risk. Teratology 1994, 49:446-447.
51. Verdon MS, Handsfield HH, Johnson RB: Pilot study of azithromycin for treatment of primary and secondary syphilis. Clin infect Dis 1994, 19:486-488.
52. Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, Einarson TR, Koren G: Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 172:525-529.
53. Van Dyck D, Smet H, Piot P: Comparison of E test with agar dilution for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32:1586-1588.
54. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Second Edition; Approved Standard. NCCLS Document M7-A2. Villanova: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 1990.
55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: CDC sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. MMWR 1993, 43 (RR-14):1-102.
56. Donner A, Klar N: Statistical considerations in the design and analysis of community intervention trials. J clin Epidemiol 1996, 49:435-439.
57. Liang KY, Zeger SL: Regression analysis for correlated data. Annu Rev Public Health 1993, 14:43-68.
58. Habbema JDF, de Vlass SJ: Impact of improved treatment of STDs on HIV transmission. Lancet 1995, 346:1157-1158.
59. Abt K: Problems of repeated significance tests. Control Clin Trials 1981, 1:377-381.
60. Morris M, Sewankambo N, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Lainjo B: Concurrent partnerships and HIV transmission in Rakai District, Uganda. IX International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa. Kampala, December 1995 [abstract TuC105].
61. Wilcox RR: Mass treatment campaigns against the endemic trepanematoms. Rev Infect Dis 1985, 7:S278-S283.
62. Zahra A: Yaws eradication campaign in Nsukka Division, Eastern Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ 1956, 15:911-935.
63. Wawer MJ, Gray RH: The Rakai Project STD Intervention [letter]. Science 1995, 270:564-565.
64. Novak R: Testing AIDS interventions: when is the price too high? Science 1995, 269:1334.
65. Havlir DV, Dube MP, Sattler FR, et al.: Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifambutin, or both. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:392-398.
66. West S, Munoz B, Bobo L, et al.: Nonocular Chlamydia infection and risk of ocular reinfection after mass treatment in a trachoma hyperendemic area. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 1993, 34:3194-3198.