Why evolutionary biology is (so far) irrelevant to legal regulation

Law and Philosophy

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 31-74

  Leiter, Brian ^a   Weisberg, Michael ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 71249106253     PISSN: 01675249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10982-009-9049-y     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. The term evolutionary psychology is used in both broad and narrow senses. In the broad sense, it refers to any study of human cognition from an evolutionary perspective. Under this usage, Darwin himself was an evolutionary psychologist. The term also has a more narrow denotation, describing a group of researchers including Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, and David Buss. The narrow sense is sometimes called the "Santa Barbara School" of evolutionary psychology. These researchers defend a picture of the human mind that is composed of a large number of modules, each acted on individually by natural selection. The legal scholars discussed in this article seem primarily interested in the narrow sense of the term, hence we will use it in this way as well.
2. Owen Jones, Evolutionary Analysis in Law: Some Objections Considered, Brooklyn Law Review 67 (2001): 207, 209.
3. We shall use the terms interchangeably throughout much of the discussion, though Jones prefers "behavioral biology," though more for rhetorical than scientific reasons, as we discuss in Part IV. In fact, the only candidates for human behavioral biology that figure in the legal literature turn out to be hypotheses commonly associated with evolutionary psychology. "interdisciplinary" insights into the law. Will "law and evolutionary biology" have the lasting power and impact of, say, law and economics, or will it go the way of deconstructionism and Critical Legal Studies (CLS), both of which faded
4. See, e.g., E. Donald Elliott, Law and Biology: The New Synthesis?, St. Louis University Law Journal 41 (1997): 595
5. Owen D. Jones, Evolutionary Analysis in Law: An Introduction and Application to Child Abuse, North Carolina Law Review 75 (1997): 1117 (hereafter Jones, Child Abuse)
6. Kingsley R. Browne, An Evolutionary Perspective on Sexual Harassment: Seeking Roots in Biology Rather than Ideology, Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 8 (1997): 5
7. John O. McGinnis, The Human Constitution and Constitutive Law, Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 8 (1997): 211
8. Brian Kennan, Evolutionary Biology and Strict Liability for Rape, Law and Psychology Review 22 (1998): 131
9. Charles C. Crawford and Marc A. Johnston, An Evolutionary Model of Courtship and Mating as Social Exchange: Implications for Rape Law Reform, Jurimetrics Journal 39 (1999): 181
10. Martin L. Lalumiere and Vernon L. Quinsey, A Darwinian Interpretation of Individual Differences in Male Propensity for Sexual Aggression, Jurimetrics Journal 39 (1999): 201
11. Deborah W. Denno, Evolutionary Biology and Rape, Jurimetrics Journal 39 (1999): 243
12. Cheryl Hanna, Sometimes Sex Matters: Reflections on Biology, Sexual Aggression, and Its Implications for the Law, Jurimetrics Journal 39 (1999): 261
13. Owen D. Jones, Sex, Culture, and the Biology of Rape: Toward Explanation and Prevention, California Law Review 87 (1999): 827 (hereafter Jones, Biology of Rape)
14. Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Family Violence: An Evolutionary Psychological Account, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 8 (2000): 77
15. John Monahan, Could Law and Evolution be the Next Law and Economics?, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 8 (2000): 123
16. Owen D. Jones, Law and the Biology of Rape: Reflections on Transitions, Hastings Women's Law Journal 11 (2000): 151 (hereafter Jones, Reflections)
17. Russell Korobkin, A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Legal Scholarship: Economics, Behavioral Economics, and Evolutionary Psychology, Jurimetrics Journal 41 (2001): 319
18. Jeffrey Evans Stake, Comment: Can Evolutionary Science Contribute to Discussions of Law?, Jurimetrics Journal 41 (2001): 379
19. Jeffrey Evans Stake, Pushing Evolutionary Analysis of Law, Florida Law Review 53 (2001): 875
20. Erin Ann OHara, Brain Plasticity and Spanish Moss in Biolegal Analysis, Florida Law Review 53 (2001): 905
21. Erin Ann OHara and Douglas Yarn, On Apology and Consilience, Washington Law Review 77 (2002): 1121
22. Lindsay A. Elkins, Five Foot Two with Eyes of Blue: Physical Profiling and the Prospect of a Genetics-Based Criminal Justice System, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics and Public Policy 17 (2003): 269
23. Christopher Marlborough, Evolution, Child Abuse and the Constitution, Journal of Law and Policy 11 (2003): 687
24. Erin Ann OHara, Apology and Thick Trust: What SpouseAbusers and Negligent Doctors Might Have in Common, Chicago-Kent Law Review 79 (2004): 1055
25. Neel P. Parekh, When Nice Guys Finish First: The Study of Law, and the Ordering of Legal Regimes, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 37 (2004): 909
26. Morris B. Hoffman and Timothy H. Goldsmith, The Biological Roots of Punishment, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 1 (2004): 627
27. Bailey Kuklin, Evolution, Politics and Law, Valparaiso University Law Review 38 (2004): 1129
28. Owen D. Jones and Timothy H. Goldsmith, Law and Behavioral Biology, Columbia Law Review 105 (2005): 405 (hereafter Jones and Goldsmith).
29. John McGinnis, The Original Constitution and Our Origins, Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 19 (1996): 251.
30. Most evolutionists and philosophers of biology believe that traditional notions of "human nature" cannot be made consistent with or grounded in evolutionary accounts of human populations. The locus classicus of these points is Ernst Mayrs work, especially Ernst Mayr, Animal Species and Evolution (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), and Ernst Mayr, Typological versus Population Thinking, in Elliot Sober (ed.), Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology (3rd edition) (MIT Press, 2006), pp. 325-328.
31. Further elaboration of the view can be found in David Hull, On Human Nature, in D. Hull and M. Ruse (eds.), Philosophy of Biology (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 383.
32. A more radical critique of notions of evolutionary accounts of human nature can be found in John Dupre, The Disorder of Things (Harvard University Press, 2008). Philip Kitchers essay Essence and Perfection, Ethics 110 (1999): 59 contains a very lucid discussion of the complexities of this issue.
33. So, e.g., Todd Zywicki of George Mason University accuses "the left" of "hav[ing] their own religious beliefs when it comes to scientific questions," just like the religious right that attacks evolution by natural selection. Zywickis evidence for this bizarre claim is resistance to selectionist explanations of mental traits, especially concerning differences between the sexes.
34. See http://www.volokh.com/archives/archive20050703-20050709.shtml#1120775700 . Unfortunately for Zywicki, while it is not reasonable, given what we know, to express doubts about Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection, it is extremely reasonable, given what we know, to express doubts about evolutionary psychology and its selectionist hypotheses about certain cognitive and mental differences between the human sexes. That Zywicki thinks these claims are on an epistemic par just reveals that he has no notion of the actual state of the scientific evidence or of the relevant scientific standards for confirming hypotheses.
35. See Brian Leiter, Intellectual Voyeurism in Legal Scholarship, Yale Journal of Law and Humanities 4 (1992): 79.
36. Different critical issues are raised in Amy Wax, Evolution and the Bounds of Human Nature, Law and Philosophy 23 (2004): 527, though Wax sees more hope in extending extant scientific analyses of human behavior to legally relevant questions than we do.
37. See, e.g., Ronald J. Allen and Brian Leiter, Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of Evidence, Virginia Law Review 86 (2001): 1491
38. Brian Leiter, Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence, Texas Law Review 76 (1997): 267.
39. We shall use "creationists" in what follows as a term of art to mean both those committed to the literal truth of the Book of Genesis as well as the proponents of "Intelligent Design." Intelligent Design is simply creationism for those who have consulted a lawyer and a public relations firm; it has nothing to do with science, since the criticisms of evolutionary biology are without merit and the positing of "intelligent design" as an explanatory hypothesis is on a par, epistemically, with the positing of turtles on whose back the universe rests. The Intelligent Design Creationists have stated no empirically testable hypothesis, and posit mechanisms that satisfy none of the standard desiderata of scientific theory construction, like ontological parsimony or methodological conservatism.
40. See, e.g. Robert T. Pennock, Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism (The MIT Press, 2000)
41. Philip Kitcher, Born Again Creationism, in R. Pennock (ed.), Intelligent Design Creationism and its Critics (The MIT Press, 2002), p. 257
42. Forrest, Barbara, and Paul R. Gross, Creationisms Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design (Oxford University Press, 2004).
43. See infa Part IV.
44. See Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health, National Research Council, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process (1983), pp. 24-27.
45. See, e.g., Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer, A Natural History of Rape (The MIT Press, 2000); Jones, Biology of Rape, supra n. 3.
46. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, Evolutionary Psychology Primer, http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html.
47. More sophisticated scenarios are possible as well. For example, one could argue that the disposition to rape is part of a mixed strategy where some small fraction of the population possesses the disposition. Of course in this scenario, it is unlikely that the raping disposition could be of much interest to legal regulation because it would affect a very small fraction of the population.
48. The term plasticity will be used as shorthand for phenotypic plasticity. (cf. Deborah Gordon, Phenotypic Plasticity, in Evelyn Fox Keller and Elisabeth Lloyd (eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology (Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 255-262. Phenotypic refers to observable traits such as height, hair color, and behaviors, almost all of which arise from complicated interactions between genetic and environmental factors. When the variation in a phenotypic trait across a population is largely determined by environmental factors, biologists say that the trait exhibits phenotypic plasticity. Thus, our expression plasticity of behavior refers to variation in behavior that is not the result of genetic variation. Phenotypic plasticity is a useful concept in this context because it can be quantified. Highly nonplastic behaviors, i.e. ones whose variation is largely accounted for by genetic factors, are similar to what are often called in legal academic parlance sticky behaviors. Such behaviors would be difficult to change by environmental intervention or education and this may be relevant for legal regulation. We prefer the biologists terminology because it is quantitative, measurable, and is defined in terms of the variation in populations, the proper locus of any serious discussion of evolution.
49. Anurag A. Agrawal, Phenotypic Plasticity in the Interactions and Evolution of Species, Science 294(5541) (2001): 321.
50. See, e.g., Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 432 ("Behavioral biology is one source of comparatively untapped insights that can reveal patterns of behavior useful to law").
51. It is important not to confuse our term discovery rationale, which refers to the discovery of behaviors of legal interest, with a method of hypothesis generation. The later use is closer to what philosophers of science mean when they speak of the context of discovery, but this is not how we use the term. Evolutionary theorizing might generate useful psychological hypotheses that can then be tested, and if true, these hypotheses might be of great interest to the law. This use of evolutionary psychology in the law seems completely legitimate, but hypothesis generation is not the same as hypothesis confirmation or the discovery of a new phenomenon.
52. Monahan, supra n. 3 at 128.
53. One suspects court records on statutory rape prosecutions and convictions from any jurisdiction would support the same conclusion.
54. As Elisabeth Lloyd, a leading historian and philosopher of biology, has observed: "these authors [i.e., the proponents of evolutionary psychology] are considered a fringe group by most evolutionary theorists. This group repeatedly demonstrates its narrow understanding of evolutionary theory itself, and its misinterpretations of some elements of modern evolutionary biology; and they rarely cite mainstream evolutionary theory or genetics, either contemporary or historical."
55. Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Science Gone Astray: Evolution and Rape, Michigan Law Review 99 (2001): 1536, 1546.
56. See the detailed discussion infra Part III.
57. Elisabeth A. Lloyd and Marcus W. Feldman, Evolutionary Psychology: A View from Evolutionary Biology, Psychological Inquiry 13 (2002): 150.
58. Id. at 151.
59. Polymorphism is a state of a population where multiple forms of a phenotypic trait or gene are being maintained. For example, in human populations, the fact that multiple eye colors are represented is a stable polymorphism. Eye color is probably selectively neutral, but some traits, such as sickle cell anemia are most certainly not selectively neutral, yet natural selection maintains the trait in the population.
60. Human beings and other diploid organisms contain two non-identical versions of each chromosome. There are corresponding locations or loci on each chromosome which, taken together, are responsible for the genetic contribution to a particular phenotypic trait. The possible forms of a gene located at a particular chromosome are called alleles, often written using the letters A, B, C and so forth. Capital and lowercase letters are used to refer to alternative forms of an allele. So A and a may be used to refer to the two possible forms of an allele at some particular locus. When an organism has A or a at each locus (i.e. it is AA or aa), the organism is homozygotic. If it has Aa (i.e. A on one chromosome, a on the other), then the organism is heterozygotic.
61. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and W. F. Bodmer, The Genetics of Human Populations (Dover Publications, 1971/1999).
62. Philip Kitcher and Leah Vickers, Pop Sociobiology Reborn: The Evolutionary Psychology of Sex and Violence, in Philip Kitcher, In Mendels Mirror: Philosophical Reflections on Biology (Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 333-355.
63. Mayr defends a similar position in responding to Gould and Lewontin s critique of the "Adaptationist Programme". He argues that looking for adaptations, but keeping an open mind that none may exist for a particular trait, is a useful way of organizing inquiry.
64. See his How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program, The American Naturalist 121(3) (1983): 324
65. See, e.g., Monahan, supra n. 3 at 124; Jones, Child Abuse, supra n. 3 at 1193-1199; Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 432-435.
66. Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 434.
67. Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Homicide (Aldine Transaction, 1988), pp. 90-94.
68. Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 434 (434 n. 85 notes that the chart has been "modified" from Daly and Wilson, who describe this in terms of "victims per million years of co-residence"). Note also that one Colorado study found that maltreatment of a child by a step-father was nine times more likely to be reported than maltreatment by a genetic parent.
69. See the discussion in David J. Buller, Evolutionary Psychology: The Emperors New Paradigm, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005): 277-283
70. www.ojp.usdob.gov/bjs/homicide/tables/kidsreltab.htm.
71. www.ojp.usdob.gov/bjs/homicide/tables/kidsreltab.htm
72. More Children are Living with Stepparents, New York Times (September 1, 1989).
73. This will be true even in cases where a child has been killed, unless we already know that the killer was one of the parents.
74. This will be true even in cases where a child has been killed, unless we already know that the killer was one of the parents 437-438.
75. See supra n. 12 and accompanying text.
76. See Thornhill and Palmer, supra n. 13 at 165-167.
77. Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (The University of Chicago Press, 1872/1965), p. 12.
78. See, e.g., L.L. Cavalli-Sforza and M. Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach (Princeton University Press, 1981)
79. William H. Durham, Coevolution: Genes, Cultural and Human Diversity (Stanford University Press, 1991)
80. Robert Boyd and Peter Richardson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process (The University of Chicago Press, 1985)
81. F. John Odling-Smee et al., Niche Construction (Princeton University Press, 2003).
82. They also will not help the Plasticity of Behavior Rationale, unless the traits in question are both well-established and well-defined. We discuss this issue, infra Part IV, in the context of rape.
83. Of course with a complete characterization of the relevant gene frequencies, the population size, the selection pressures and other evolutionary forces, as well as knowledge about the underlying genetics, quantitative predictions about the course of evolution can be made.
84. See, e.g., Stephen Jay Gould, The Hardening of the Modern Synthesis, in M. Grene (ed.), Dimensions of Darwinism (Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 71
85. Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin, The Dialectical Biologist (Harvard University Press, 1985). The controversy is discussed in connection with empirical adaptationism in Peter Godfrey-Smith, Three Kinds of Adaptationism, in Steven H. Orzack and Elliott Sober (eds.), Adaptationism and Optimality (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 335.
86. Anya Plutynski, 'Drift: A Historical and Conceptual Overview', Biological Theory 2(2) (Spring 2007): 156-167.
87. Elliott Sober, The Nature of Selection (The University of Chicago Press, 1984/1993), p. 27.
88. Id.
89. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, Volume 1 (John Murray Publishing, 1871), p. 256.
90. Steven Stearns and Rolf Hoekstra, Evolution: An Introduction (USA: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 344.
91. George C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton University Press, 1966/1996), p. 4.
92. For more comprehensive discussions about the standards of confirmation in evolutionary biology, see John A. Endler, Natural Selection in the Wild (Princeton University Press, 1986)
93. Graham Bell, Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution (Spring, 1997)
94. Austin Hughes, Adaptive Evolution of Genes and Genomes (USA: Oxford University Press, 2000)
95. Barry Sinervo and Alexandra L. Basolo, 'Testing Adaption Using Phenotypic Manipulations', in M.R. Rose and G.B. Lauder (eds.), Adaptation (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 149-186. For a more introductory discussion, see Chapter 1 of Elisabeth A. Lloyd, The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in Evolutionary Science (Harvard University Press, 2005)
96. Mark Kirkpatrick and Michael J. Ryan, 'The Evolution of Mating Preferences and the Paradox of the Lek', Nature 350 (March 1991): 33.
97. David M. Buss, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (Basic Books, 1994/2003)
98. Geoffrey Miller, The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature (Anchor Books, 2000).
99. Kirkpatrick and Ryan, supra n. 54 at 33.
100. Id.
101. See, e.g., Buss, supra n. 55.
102. Kirkpatrick and Ryan, supra n. 54 at 36 (emphasis added).
103. Id.
104. Susan Oyama, The Ontogeny of Information (Duke University Press, 1985/2000) is a classic discussion about the complexities of inheritance and development in psychological and behavioral traits
105. Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life (The MIT Press, 2005) is also an excellent discussion of these issues.
106. Darwin, of course, developed natural selection without knowledge of Mendellian genetics. In fact, his own theory of inheritance was very anti-Mendelian and it took about 70 years to understand how Mendelian genetics gives the (basically) correct causal mechanism for genetic inheritance. Thus Darwin_s selective hypotheses were made without knowledge of the underlying inheritance mechanism, only with the knowledge that traits were heritable, i.e. that offspring resemble their parents more than other members of the population. This detailed empirical data allowed him to show that in particular cases, natural selection was the best explanation for a particular trait.
107. Remember, too, that if the Environmental Gap Objection is correct (as we take it to be), then these interesting speculations by evolutionary psychologists will be irrelevant to questions of legal regulation. No lowering of the evidentiary bar will matter.
108. Jones, supra n. 2 at 231. See the discussion in section B, above.
109. Jones, 'Biology of Rape', supra n. 3 at 941, but the argument, buried in an appendix, is unsatisfactory. So, for examples, Jones dismisses the possibility that a predisposition that increases the likelihood of forced copulation is a currently maladaptive by-product of historically adaptive traits, which happen to be expressed today in suddenly changed environmental circumstances" on the grounds that there are similar patterns of rape...in so many other [non-human] species" and that, as a result, it would be improperly unparsimonious" to assume a different causal pathway" in the human case. But considerations of parsimony do not warrant such a conclusion, and certainly not without some reason for thinking the human and non-human cases should be explained by the same causal pathways" when they differ along so many other, relevant dimensions. We discuss these issues further in the text.
110. For a summary and citations, see Brian Leiter, 'Moral Facts and Best Explanations', Social Philosophy and Policy 18 (2001): 79, 81
111. Paul Thagard, 'The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice', Journal of Philosophy 75 (1978): 76
112. W.V.O. Quine and Joseph Ullian, The Web of Belief (2nd edition) (McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 1978).
113. Odling-Smee et al., supra n. 43 and Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, supra n. 43.
114. Perhaps we do if, as seems more plausible, a gene-culture co-evolution account of the relevant phenomena works. See Durham, supra n. 43. But if such an account works - that is, if it delivers, for example, explanatory consilience unavailable to a purely cultural or environmental account - note that it is highly unlikely to involve the kind of crude assumptions about the genetic bases of behavior so central to the speculative stories Jones relies upon.
115. Jones, _Child Abuse_, supra n. 3.
116. Id. at 1201.
117. Stepchildren may also be more likely to have parents of lower socioeconomic status or racial minorities. There is a higher incidence of family violence in these groups, and this may also explain some of the differences. We thank an anonymous referee for suggesting these alternative explanations.
118. More generally, evolutionary psychology seems to suffer from a "problem of explanatory narrowness," namely, positing the existence of properties (e.g., "a rape gene") whose "explanatory role is too peculiar or narrow, that is...it only explains one class of phenomena to which it seems too neatly tailored." Leiter, supra n. 66 at 82. The classic example is, of course, Molière_s doctor who explains how opium puts people asleep by appeal to its "dormative power." But posting dormative power suffers from this problem of explanatory narrowness: this "power" is too neatly tailored to the explanandum, and it does no other explanatory work. Explaining rape by appeal to a gene for the rape trait does not look much more promising.
119. It is not clear that this is actually true. Strong selection pressure may, in some cases, lead to the evolution of further phenotypic plasticity. However, we believe that evolutionary psychologists and their defenders assume that strong selection pressure decreases phenotypic plasticity. For further discussion
120. S. Via and R. Lande, 'Genotype-Environment Interaction and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity', Evolution 39 (1985): 505
121. Mary Jane West-Eberhard, Development Plasticity and Evolution (USA: Oxford University Press, 2003).
122. See the discussion in section B, above.
123. Owen D. Jones, Proprioception, Non-Law, and Biolegal History, Florida Law Review 53 (2001): 831, 846-847.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249157666"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249157666'>(2001)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249157666'><a href="javascript:search('"Proprioception, Non-Law, and Biolegal History, <title type=journal>Florida Law Review"');">Proprioception, Non-Law, and Biolegal History, <title type=journal>Florida Law Review</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249157666'>, vol.53</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249157666'>, Issue.831</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249157666'>, pp. 846-847</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249157666'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249157666'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249157666' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Jones, O.D.', '')">Jones, O.D.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">124</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249137625 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249137625&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249137625'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249137625"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249137625'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249137625' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>And note that this confusion is not a careless artifact of one article, but rather a pervasive feature of his work. In his most recent, lengthy article on the subject, for example, Jones writes, ""all behavior, and all the brain activity that perceives and directs it, are fundamentally biological phenomena, rendering the study of behavioral biology manifestly relevant to any deep and current understanding of how and why human behave in ways important to law." Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 419.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249137625"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249137625'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249137625'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249137625'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249137625'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249137625'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249137625'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249137625'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249137625' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">125</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249093809 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249093809&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249093809'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249093809"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249093809'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249093809' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>And note that this confusion is not a careless artifact of one article, but rather a pervasive feature of his work. In his most recent, lengthy article on the subject, for example, Jones writes, ""all behavior, and all the brain activity that perceives and directs it, are fundamentally biological phe- nomena, rendering the study of behavioral biology manifestly relevant to any deep and current understanding of how and why human behave in ways important to law." Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 419. 872-873.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249093809"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249093809'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249093809'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249093809'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249093809'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249093809'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249093809'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249093809'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249093809' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">126</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249125228 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249125228&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249125228'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249125228"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249125228'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249125228' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Not to be confused with the theoretical virtue of explanatory consilience (that is, explaining how apparently disparate phenomena are related) noted earlier as a factor in choosing between theories.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249125228"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249125228'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249125228'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249125228'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249125228'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249125228'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249125228'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249125228'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249125228' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">127</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249091201 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249091201&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249091201'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249091201"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249091201'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249091201' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Look!, London, Oct. 29, reviewing E.O. Wilson, Consilience, 1998</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jerry Fodor, Look!, London Review of Books 20(21) (Oct. 29, 1998): 1 (reviewing E.O. Wilson, Consilience, 1998).</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249091201"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249091201'>(1998)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249091201'><a href="javascript:search('"Review of Books"');">Review of Books</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249091201'>, vol.20</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249091201'>, Issue.21</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249091201'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249091201'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249091201'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249091201' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Fodor, J.', '')">Fodor, J.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">128</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249083441 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249083441&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249083441'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249083441"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249083441'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249083441' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Look!, London, Oct. 29, reviewing E.O. Wilson, Consilience, 1998</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jerry Fodor, Look!, London Review of Books 20(21) (Oct. 29, 1998): 1 (reviewing E.O. Wilson, Consilience, 1998).</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249083441"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249083441'>(1998)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249083441'><a href="javascript:search('"Review of Books"');">Review of Books</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249083441'>, vol.20</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249083441'>, Issue.21</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249083441'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249083441'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249083441'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249083441' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Fodor, J.', '')">Fodor, J.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">129</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249127517 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249127517&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249127517'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249127517"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249127517'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249127517' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See supra n. 3. Jones s articles are somewhat repetitive, and the same basic content (lengthy reviews of ""human behavioral biology", evolution by natural selection, and their relationship to law) tends to be repeated again and again, often verbatim. We have, accordingly, resisted citing every article where the same mistake or misleading statement is made.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249127517"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249127517'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249127517'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249127517'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249127517'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249127517'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249127517'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249127517'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249127517' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">130</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249109723 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249109723&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249109723'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249109723"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249109723'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249109723' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>He claims, for example, that ""the extraordinary growth of behavioral biology renders obsolete any law-relevant model of human behavior that fails to integrate life science perspectives with social science ones." Owen Jones, Time-Shifted Rationality and the Law of Law s Leverage: Behavioral Economics Meets Behavioral Biology, Northwestern University Law Review 95 (2001): 1141-1143.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249109723"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249109723'>(2001)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249109723'><a href="javascript:search('"University Law Review"');">University Law Review</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249109723'>, vol.95</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249109723'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249109723'>, pp. 1141-1143</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249109723'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249109723'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249109723' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">131</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249114676 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249114676&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249114676'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249114676"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249114676'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249114676' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>McGinnis, supra n. 3.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249114676"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249114676'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249114676'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249114676'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249114676'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249114676'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249114676'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249114676'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249114676' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">132</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249134415 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249134415&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249134415'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249134415"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249134415'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249134415' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3, among many others.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249134415"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249134415'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249134415'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249134415'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249134415'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249134415'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249134415'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249134415'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249134415' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">133</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249131898 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249131898&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249131898'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249131898"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249131898'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249131898' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, Biology of Rape, supra n. 3 at 937-938; Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 426 (making claims about the biology of human behavior without offering any citations in support). Of course there are many studies of what may loosely be called human behavioral biology, that are not particularly evolutionary in nature. Neuroscientists, for example, study the neural foundations of cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249131898"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249131898'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249131898'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249131898'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249131898'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249131898'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249131898'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249131898'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249131898' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">134</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249149429 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249149429&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249149429'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249149429"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249149429'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249149429' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, Reflections, supra n. 3 at 162.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249149429"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249149429'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249149429'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249149429'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249149429'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249149429'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249149429'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249149429'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249149429' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">135</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 3142780271 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-3142780271&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_3142780271'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=3142780271"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_3142780271'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_3142780271' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Survival of the Rapist</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>New York, April 2, reviewing Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer, supra n</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Frans B.M. de Waal, Survival of the Rapist, New York Times Book Review (April 2, 2000) (reviewing Randy Thornhill and Craig T. Palmer, supra n. 13).</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_3142780271"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_3142780271'>(2000)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_3142780271'><a href="javascript:search('"Times Book Review"');">Times Book Review</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_3142780271'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_3142780271'>, Issue.13</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_3142780271'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_3142780271'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_3142780271'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_3142780271' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('de Waal, F.B.M.', '')">de Waal, F.B.M.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">136</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249108471 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249108471&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249108471'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249108471"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249108471'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249108471' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, Child Abuse, supra n. 3 at 1211.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249108471"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249108471'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249108471'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249108471'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249108471'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249108471'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249108471'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249108471'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249108471' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">137</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249160900 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249160900&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249160900'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249160900"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249160900'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249160900' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See supra pp. 32-33.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249160900"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249160900'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249160900'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249160900'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249160900'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249160900'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249160900'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249160900'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249160900' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">138</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 0000215804 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000215804&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_0000215804'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_0000215804' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>On the Theory of Evolution Under Genetic and Cultural Transmission with Application to the Lactose Absorption Problem</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>See, in M.W. Feldman (ed.), (Princeton University Press</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See M.W. Feldman and L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, On the Theory of Evolution Under Genetic and Cultural Transmission with Application to the Lactose Absorption Problem, in M.W. Feldman (ed.), Mathematical Evolutionary Theory (Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 145-173.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_0000215804"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_0000215804'>(1989)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_0000215804'><a href="javascript:search('"Mathematical Evolutionary Theory"');">Mathematical Evolutionary Theory</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_0000215804'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_0000215804'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_0000215804'>, pp. 145-173</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_0000215804'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_0000215804'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_0000215804' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Feldman, M.W.', '')">Feldman, M.W.¹</a> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.', '')">Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.²</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">139</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249161091 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249161091&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249161091'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249161091"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249161091'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249161091' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>A possible exception are studies of the incest taboo (see Durham, supra n. 43), but these studies are unlikely to lead to any significant changes to the particulars or justifications of marriage laws because marriage between siblings is already illegal, and there is ample non-evolutionary genetic information about disease that results from sibling incest.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249161091"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249161091'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249161091'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249161091'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249161091'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249161091'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249161091'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249161091'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249161091' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">140</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249099368 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249099368&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249099368'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249099368"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249099368'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249099368' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See supra n. 10 and accompanying text.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249099368"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249099368'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249099368'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249099368'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249099368'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249099368'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249099368'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249099368'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249099368' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">141</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 0002230120 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0002230120&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_0002230120'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_0002230120' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby (eds.), in, Oxford University Press</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange, Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby (eds.), in The Adapted Mind (Oxford University Press, 1992).</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_0002230120"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_0002230120'>(1992)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_0002230120'><a href="javascript:search('"The Adapted Mind"');">The Adapted Mind</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_0002230120'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_0002230120'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_0002230120'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_0002230120'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_0002230120'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_0002230120' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Cosmides, L.', '')">Cosmides, L.¹</a> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Tooby, J.', '')">Tooby, J.²</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">142</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 0034432952 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034432952&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_0034432952'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=0034432952"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_0034432952'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_0034432952' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Meet the Developing Brain: Combating Promiscuous Modularity</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>See, e.g, Brain and Mind</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See, e.g., David Buller and Valerie G. Hadcastle, Evolutionary Psychology, Meet the Developing Brain: Combating Promiscuous Modularity, Brain and Mind 1 (2001): 307.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_0034432952"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_0034432952'>(2001)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_0034432952'><a href="javascript:search('"Evolutionary Psychology"');">Evolutionary Psychology</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_0034432952'>, vol.1</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_0034432952'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_0034432952'>, pp. 307</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_0034432952'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_0034432952'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_0034432952' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Buller, D.', '')">Buller, D.¹</a> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Hadcastle, V.G.', '')">Hadcastle, V.G.²</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">143</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249117830 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249117830&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249117830'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249117830"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249117830'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249117830' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>See Section 3A.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249117830"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249117830'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249117830'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249117830'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249117830'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249117830'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249117830'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249117830'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249117830' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">144</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249160025 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249160025&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249160025'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249160025"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249160025'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249160025' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, supra n. 2.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249160025"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249160025'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249160025'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249160025'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249160025'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249160025'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249160025'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249160025'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249160025' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">145</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249105694 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249105694&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249105694'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249105694"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249105694'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249105694' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Feldman and Cavalli-Sforza, supra n. 90</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249105694"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249105694'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249105694'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249105694'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249105694'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249105694'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249105694'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249105694'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249105694' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">146</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249155466 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249155466&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249155466'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249155466"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249155466'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249155466' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, supra n. 2 at 215.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249155466"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249155466'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249155466'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249155466'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249155466'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249155466'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249155466'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249155466'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249155466' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">147</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249146308 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249146308&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249146308'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249146308"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249146308'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249146308' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, supra n. 2 at 215 217.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249146308"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249146308'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249146308'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249146308'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249146308'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249146308'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249146308'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249146308'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249146308' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">148</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249089912 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249089912&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249089912'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249089912"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249089912'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249089912' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, Biology of Rape, supra n. 3 at 882.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249089912"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249089912'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249089912'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249089912'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249089912'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249089912'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249089912'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249089912'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249089912' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">149</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 23044531628 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-23044531628&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_23044531628'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=23044531628"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_23044531628'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_23044531628' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Realities of Rape: Of Science and Politics, Causes and Meanings</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>1386 (reviewing Thornhill and Palmer, supra n. 13)</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Owen Jones, Realities of Rape: Of Science and Politics, Causes and Meanings, Cornell Law Review 86 (2001): 1386 (reviewing Thornhill and Palmer, supra n. 13).</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_23044531628"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_23044531628'>(2001)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_23044531628'><a href="javascript:search('"Cornell Law Review"');">Cornell Law Review</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_23044531628'>, vol.86</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_23044531628'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_23044531628'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_23044531628'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_23044531628'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_23044531628' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Jones, O.', '')">Jones, O.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">150</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 0010079824 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0010079824&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_0010079824'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=0010079824"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_0010079824'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_0010079824' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Of Vice and Men</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>New Republic 27 (April 3</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jerry Coyne, Of Vice and Men: The Fairy Tales of Evolutionary Psychology, New Republic 27 (April 3, 2000): 27-34.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_0010079824"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_0010079824'>(2000)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_0010079824'><a href="javascript:search('"The Fairy Tales of Evolutionary Psychology"');">The Fairy Tales of Evolutionary Psychology</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_0010079824'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_0010079824'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_0010079824'>, pp. 27-34</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_0010079824'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_0010079824'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_0010079824' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Coyne, J.', '')">Coyne, J.¹</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">151</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 0141810254 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0141810254&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_0141810254'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=0141810254"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_0141810254'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_0141810254' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'>Rape as an Adaptation: Is this Contentious Hypothesis Advocacy, Not Science?</span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>For a more detailed critique, see</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>For a more detailed critique, see Jerry A. Coyne and Andrew Berry, Rape as an Adaptation: Is this Contentious Hypothesis Advocacy, Not Science?, Nature 404 (2000): 121.</span> </font> </li> <li> <span class="scopus_description" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_0141810254"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_0141810254'>(2000)</span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_0141810254'><a href="javascript:search('"Nature"');">Nature</a></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_0141810254'>, vol.404</span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_0141810254'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_0141810254'>, pp. 121</span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_0141810254'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_0141810254'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_0141810254' class='tipTipClass' title="Author"> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Coyne, J.A.', '')">Coyne, J.A.¹</a> <a class='scopus_ref_author' href="javascript:searchAuthorInfo('Berry, A.', '')">Berry, A.²</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">152</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249134410 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249134410&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249134410'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249134410"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249134410'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249134410' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Kitcher and Vickers, supra n. 29 at 352.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249134410"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249134410'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249134410'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249134410'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249134410'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249134410'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249134410'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249134410'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249134410' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">153</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249116849 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249116849&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249116849'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249116849"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249116849'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249116849' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Lloyd, supra n. 22 at 1537.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249116849"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249116849'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249116849'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249116849'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249116849'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249116849'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249116849'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249116849'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249116849' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">154</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249105020 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249105020&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249105020'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249105020"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249105020'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249105020' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones, supra n. 101 at 1404.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249105020"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249105020'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249105020'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249105020'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249105020'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249105020'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249105020'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249105020'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249105020' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">155</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249153238 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249153238&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249153238'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249153238"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249153238'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249153238' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Lloyd, supra n. 22 at 1541-1542. Lloyd goes on to document Thornhill and Palmer s ""ignorance of the actual theory of evolution" (id. At 1544). Jones, alas, keeps pace.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249153238"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249153238'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249153238'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249153238'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249153238'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249153238'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249153238'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249153238'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249153238' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">156</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249153682 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249153682&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249153682'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249153682"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249153682'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249153682' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Contrast Lloyd s informed conclusion:</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249153682"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249153682'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249153682'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249153682'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249153682'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249153682'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249153682'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249153682'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249153682' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; background-color:#EFEFEF;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">157</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249092108 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249092108&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249092108'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249092108"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249092108'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249092108' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Based on the weaknesses in their evolutionary biology...[and] the data fudging and gross misrepresentations of other explanatory approaches...I take it to be the responsibility of educated people to resist Thornhill and Palmer s conclusions about rape. In fact, the only circumstance under which I think this book should be read is one in which a prosecutor is faced with a defendant s lawyer who plans to call one of these authors or their followers to the stand. In that case, the attorney should read the book, then go out and hire a real evolutionary biologist as an expert witness. Id. at 1559.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249092108"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249092108'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249092108'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249092108'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249092108'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249092108'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249092108'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249092108'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249092108' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul style='display:table-row; padding-left=0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px;'> <li style="display:table-cell; width:60px; min-width: 60px; padding-bottom: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <span class="scopus_h3">158</span> </li> <li style="display:table-cell; padding-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.7em; vertical-align: top;"> <ul class="refrenceClass" style="margin: 2px 0px 5px 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; -webkit-padding-start: 0px; list-style-position: outside;"> <li> <span class='scopus_description'> 71249158692 </span> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for Scopus" target="_blank" href="https://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-71249158692&origin=resultslist"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/scopus_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a> <span id='referenceDocumentID_71249158692'> <a class="tipTipClass" title="Search for KISTI" target="_blank" href="./viewScopus.jsp?eid=71249158692"><img style='margin-bottom:-2px;' src="../images/small_kisti_logo.png" alt='scopus 로고'/> </a></span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentTITLE_LIST_71249158692'> <span id='referenceDocumentTITLE_71249158692' class='scopus_h2 scopus_color_deepskyblue tipTipClass' title='Title' style='font-weight:bold; !important'></span> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='Text' class='scopus_description tipTipClass'>Note</span> </font> </li> <li> <font color='black'> <span title='FullText' class='scopus_description '>Jones and Goldsmith, supra n. 3 at 408.</span> </font> </li> <li style="display: none;" class="referenceDocumentBasicInfo_71249158692"> <span class="scopus_description"> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Publication Year" id='referenceDocumentYEAR_71249158692'></span> <span class="scopus_journal_title tipTipClass" title="Source Title" id='referenceDocumentSRCTITLE_71249158692'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Volume" id='referenceDocumentVolume_71249158692'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Issue" id='referenceDocumentIssue_71249158692'></span> <span class="scopus_description tipTipClass" title="Page" id='referenceDocumentPage_71249158692'></span> </span> </li> <li style='display:none;' id='referenceDocumentDOI_LIST_71249158692'> <span class='tipTipClass' title='DOI' id='referenceDocumentDOI_71249158692'></span> </li> <li id='referenceDocumentAuthor_71249158692' style='display:none;'> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr></hr> </td> </tr> </table> </div><br /> </div> </div> <!--contents_area--> <form id="parameter" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="searchRule"/> <input type="hidden" name="authorSeq"/> <input type="hidden" name="command"/> <input type="hidden" name="authorID"/> </form> <!--footer_area--> <span style="font-family:'맑은 고딕'; text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;padding-bottom: 10px;"> * 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다. </span> <!--footer_area--> <!-- <script> // var EID_LIST = new Array(); // for(var index in EID_LIST){ // getReferenceInfo(EID_LIST[index]); // } </script> --> </div> </body> </html>