Value of internal limiting membrane peeling in surgery for idiopathic macular hole and the correlation between function and retinal morphology

Acta Ophthalmologica

Volumn 87, Issue THESIS2, 2009, Pages 1-23

  Christensen, Ulrik Correll ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Indocyanine green; Internal limiting membrane; Macular disease; Macular hole surgery; Optical coherence tomography; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

INDOCYANINE GREEN; TRYPAN BLUE;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING; LENSECTOMY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHACOEMULSIFICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOPHAKIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RETINA MACULA HOLE; RETINA SURGERY; REVIEW; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VISUAL ACUITY; VITRECTOMY;

COLORING AGENTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE; HUMANS; INDOCYANINE GREEN; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PSEUDOPHAKIA; RETINA; RETINAL PERFORATIONS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL COHERENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRYPAN BLUE; VITRECTOMY; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 71049127437     PISSN: 1755375X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01777.x     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Al-Abdulla NA, Thompson JT Sjaarda RN (2004 Results of macular hole surgery with and without epiretinal dissection or internal limiting membrane removal. Ophthalmology 111 : 142 149.
2. Ando F, Sasano K, Ohba N et al. (2004 Anatomic and visual outcomes after indocyanine green-assisted peeling of the retinal internal limiting membrane in idiopathic macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 137 : 609 614. (Pubitemid 38446672)
3. Baba T, Yamamoto S, Arai M et al. (2008 Correlation of visual recovery and presence of photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction in optical coherence images after successful macular hole repair. Retina 28 : 453 458.
4. Banker AS, Freeman WR, Azen SP et al. (1999 A multicentered clinical study of serum as adjuvant therapy for surgical treatment of macular holes. Vitrectomy for Macular Hole Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 117 : 1499 1502.
5. Beutel J, Dahmen G, Ziegler A et al. (2007 Internal limiting membrane peeling with indocyanine green or trypan blue in macular hole surgery: a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 125 : 326 332.
6. Bhatnagar P, Kaiser PK, Smith SD et al. (2007 Reopening of previously closed macular holes after cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol 144 : 252 259.
7. van den Biesen PR, Berenschot T, Verdaasdonk RM et al. (2000 Endoillumination during vitrectomy and phototoxicity thresholds. Br J Ophthalmol 84 : 1372 1375.
8. Blumenkranz MS, Ohana E, Shaikh S et al. (2001 Adjuvant methods in macular hole surgery: intraoperative plasma-thrombin mixture and postoperative fluid-gas exchange. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 32 : 198 207.
9. Brooks HL Jr. (2000 Macular hole surgery with and without internal limiting membrane peeling. Ophthalmology 107 : 1939 1948.
10. Budde M, Cursiefen C, Holbach LM et al. (2001 Silicone oil-associated optic nerve degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 131 : 392 394.
11. de Bustros S (1994 Vitrectomy for prevention of macular holes. Results of a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Vitrectomy for Prevention of Macular Hole Study Group. Ophthalmology 101 : 1055 1059.
12. Chang LK, Koizumi H Spaide RF (2008 Disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment-outer segment junction in eyes with macular holes. Retina 28 : 969 975.
13. Cho HY, Kim YT Kang SW (2006 Laser photocoagulation as adjuvant therapy to surgery for large macular holes. Korean J Ophthalmol 20 : 93 98.
14. Christensen UC, Kroyer K, Sander B et al. (2009 Value of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling in Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Hole Stage 2 and 3 - A Randomized Clinical Trial. Br J Ophthalmol 93 : 1005 1015.
15. Christensen UC, Kroyer K, Thomadsen J et al. (2008b Normative data of outer photoreceptor layer thickness obtained by software image enhancing based on Stratus optical coherence tomography images. Br J Ophthalmol 92 : 800 805.
16. la Cour M Friis J (2002 Macular holes: classification, epidemiology, natural history and treatment. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80 : 579 587.
17. Drexler W Fujimoto JG (2008 State-of-the-art retinal optical coherence tomography. Prog Retin Eye Res 27 : 45 88.
18. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group (1987 Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2. Ophthalmology 94 : 761 774.
19. Enaida H Ishibashi T (2008 Brilliant blue in vitreoretinal surgery. Dev Ophthalmol 42 : 115 125.
20. Enaida H, Sakamoto T, Hisatomi T et al. (2002 Morphological and functional damage of the retina caused by intravitreous indocyanine green in rat eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240 : 209 213.
21. Enaida H, Hisatomi T, Hata Y et al. (2006a Brilliant blue G selectively stains the internal limiting membrane/brilliant blue G-assisted membrane peeling. Retina 26 : 631 636. (Pubitemid 44620362)
22. Enaida H, Hisatomi T, Goto Y et al. (2006b Preclinical investigation of internal limiting membrane staining and peeling using intravitreal brilliant blue G. Retina 26 : 623 630. (Pubitemid 44620361)
23. Engelbrecht NE, Freeman J, Sternberg P Jr. et al. (2002 Retinal pigment epithelial changes after macular hole surgery with indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Am J Ophthalmol 133 : 89 94.
24. Ezra E (2001 Idiopathic full thickness macular hole: natural history and pathogenesis. Br J Ophthalmol 85 : 102 108.
25. Ezra E Gregor ZJ (2004 Surgery for idiopathic full-thickness macular hole: two-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing natural history, vitrectomy, and vitrectomy plus autologous serum: Morfields Macular Hole Study Group Report no. 1. Arch Ophthalmol 122 : 224 236. (Pubitemid 38176490)
26. Ferencz M, Somfai GM, Farkas A et al. (2006 Functional assessment of the possible toxicity of indocyanine green dye in macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 142 : 765 770.
27. Freeman WR, Azen SP, Kim JW et al. (1997 Vitrectomy for the treatment of full-thickness stage 3 or 4 macular holes. Results of a multicentered randomized clinical trial. The Vitrectomy for Treatment of Macular Hole Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 115 : 11 21.
28. Gallemore RP Mccuen BW (2006 Retina, 4 edn. Philadelphia, PA, USA : Elsevier Inc. 2211 2231.
29. Gandorfer A, Haritoglou C, Gandorfer A et al. (2003 Retinal damage from indocyanine green in experimental macular surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 : 316 323.
30. Gass JD (1988 Idiopathic senile macular hole. Its early stages and pathogenesis. Arch Ophthalmol 106 : 629 639.
31. Gass JD (1995 Reappraisal of biomicroscopic classification of stages of development of a macular hole. Am J Ophthalmol 119 : 752 759.
32. Gass JD (1999 Muller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis: hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacular retinoschisis. Arch Ophthalmol 117 : 821 823.
33. Gass CA, Haritoglou C, Messmer EM et al. (2001 Peripheral visual field defects after macular hole surgery: a complication with decreasing incidence. Br J Ophthalmol 85 : 549 551.
34. Gaudric A, Haouchine B, Massin P et al. (1999 Macular hole formation: new data provided by optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 117 : 744 751.
35. Glickman RD (2002 Phototoxicity to the retina: mechanisms of damage. Int J Toxicol 21 : 473 490.
36. Goldbaum MH, McCuen BW, Hanneken AM et al. (1998 Silicone oil tamponade to seal macular holes without position restrictions. Ophthalmology 105 : 2140 2147.
37. Goldstein M, Zemel E, Loewenstein A et al. (2006 Retinal toxicity of indocyanine green in albino rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47 : 2100 2107.
38. Haritoglou C, Gass CA, Schaumberger M et al. (2001a Macular changes after peeling of the internal limiting membrane in macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 132 : 363 368. (Pubitemid 32768605)
39. Haritoglou C, Ehrt O, Gass CA et al. (2001b Paracentral scotomata: a new finding after vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole. Br J Ophthalmol 85 : 231 233.
40. Haritoglou C, Eibl K, Schaumberger M et al. (2004 Functional outcome after trypan blue-assisted vitrectomy for macular pucker: a prospective, randomized, comparative trial. Am J Ophthalmol 138 : 1 5.
41. Hasler PW Prunte C (2008 Early foveal recovery after macular hole surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 92 : 645 649.
42. Ho JD, Tsai RJ, Chen SN et al. (2003 Cytotoxicity of indocyanine green on retinal pigment epithelium: implications for macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 121 : 1423 1429.
43. Hoang QV, Linsenmeier RA, Chung CK et al. (2002 Photoreceptor inner segments in monkey and human retina: mitochondrial density, optics, and regional variation. Vis Neurosci 19 : 395 407.
44. Horio N Horiguchi M (2004 Effect on visual outcome after macular hole surgery when staining the internal limiting membrane with indocyanine green dye. Arch Ophthalmol 122 : 992 996.
45. Horio N, Horiguchi M Yamamoto N (2005 Triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling during idiopathic macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 123 : 96 99.
46. Ikuno Y, Kamei M, Saito Y et al. (1998 Photocoagulation and fluid-gas exchange to treat persistent macular holes after prior vitrectomy. A pilot study. Ophthalmology 105 : 1411 1418.
47. Ip MS, Baker BJ, Duker JS et al. (2002 Anatomical outcomes of surgery for idiopathic macular hole as determined by optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 120 : 29 35.
48. Iriyama A, Uchida S, Yanagi Y et al. (2004 Effects of indocyanine green on retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 : 943 947.
49. Ito Y, Terasaki H, Takahashi A et al. (2005 Dissociated optic nerve fiber layer appearance after internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular holes. Ophthalmology 112 : 1415 1420.
50. Jackson TL (2005 Indocyanine green accused. BrJ Ophthalmol 89 : 395 396.
51. Jackson TL, Hillenkamp J, Knight BC et al. (2004 Safety testing of indocyanine green and trypan blue using retinal pigment epithelium and glial cell cultures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 : 2778 2785.
52. Jensen OM Larsen M (1998 Objective assessment of photoreceptor displacement and metamorphopsia: a study of macular holes. Arch Ophthalmol 116 : 1303 1306.
53. Jorgensen TM, Thomadsen J, Christensen U et al. (2007 Enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in ophthalmic optical coherence tomography by image registration - method and clinical examples. J Biomed Opt 12 : 041208.
54. Kadonosono K, Itoh N, Uchio E et al. (2000 Staining of internal limiting membrane in macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 118 : 1116 1118.
55. Kanda S, Uemura A, Yamashita T et al. (2004 Visual field defects after intravitreous administration of indocyanine green in macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 122 : 1447 1451.
56. Karacorlu M, Karacorlu S Ozdemir H (2003 Iatrogenic punctate chorioretinopathy after internal limiting membrane peeling. Am J Ophthalmol 135 : 178 182.
57. Karacorlu M, Ozdemir H Arf KS (2005 Does intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide-assisted peeling of the internal limiting membrane effect the outcome of macular hole surgery? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243 : 754 757.
58. Karia N, Laidlaw A, West J et al. (2001 Macular hole surgery using silicone oil tamponade. Br J Ophthalmol 85 : 1320 1323.
59. Kelly NE Wendel RT (1991 Vitreous surgery for idiopathic macular holes. Results of a pilot study. Arch Ophthalmol 109 : 654 659.
60. Kiilgaard JF, Nissen MH la CM (2006 An isotonic preparation of 1 mg/ml indocyanine green is not toxic to hyperconfluent ARPE19 cells, even after prolonged exposure. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 84 : 42 46.
61. Kim SS, Smiddy WE, Feuer WJ et al. (2008 Outcomes of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) versus perfluoropropane (C3F8) gas tamponade for macular hole surgery. Retina 28 : 1408 1415.
62. Kitaya N, Hikichi T, Kagokawa H et al. (2004 Irregularity of photoreceptor layer after successful macular hole surgery prevents visual acuity improvement. Am J Ophthalmol 138 : 308 310.
63. Ko TH, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS et al. (2005 Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular pathology. Ophthalmology 112 : 1922. e1-15.
64. Ko TH, Witkin AJ, Fujimoto JG et al. (2006 Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography of surgically closed macular holes. Arch Ophthalmol 124 : 827 836.
65. Kroyer K, Christensen U, Larsen M et al. (2008 Quantification of metamorphopsia in patients with macular hole. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49 : 3741 3746.
66. Kusuhara S, Teraoka Escano MF, Fujii S et al. (2004 Prediction of postoperative visual outcome based on hole configuration by optical coherence tomography in eyes with idiopathic macular holes. Am J Ophthalmol 138 : 709 716.
67. Kwok AK, Yeung CK, Lai TY et al. (2004 Effects of trypan blue on cell viability and gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 88 : 1590 1594.
68. Kwok AK, Lai TY Wong VW (2005 Idiopathic macular hole surgery in Chinese patients: a randomised study to compare indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling with no internal limiting membrane peeling. Hong Kong Med J 11 : 259 266.
69. Lahey JM, Francis RR, Fong DS et al. (2002 Combining phacoemulsification with vitrectomy for treatment of macular holes. Br J Ophthalmol 86 : 876 878.
70. Lai JC, Stinnett SS McCuen BW (2003 Comparison of silicone oil versus gas tamponade in the treatment of idiopathic full-thickness macular hole. Ophthalmology 110 : 1170 1174.
71. Lee JE, Lee SU, Jea SY et al. (2008 Reorganization of photoreceptor layer on optical coherence tomography concurrent with visual improvement after macular hole surgery. Korean J Ophthalmol 22 : 137 142.
72. Leonard RE, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr. et al. (1997 Long-term visual outcomes in patients with successful macular hole surgery. Ophthalmology 104 : 1648 1652.
73. Margherio RR, Margherio AR, Williams GA et al. (2000 Effect of perifoveal tissue dissection in the management of acute idiopathic full-thickness macular holes. Arch Ophthalmol 118 : 495 498.
74. Matsumoto M, Yoshimura N Honda Y (1994 Increased production of transforming growth factor-beta 2 from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells by photocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35 : 4245 4252. (Pubitemid 24377494)
75. Mester V Kuhn F (2000 Internal limiting membrane removal in the management of full-thickness macular holes. Am J Ophthalmol 129 : 769 777.
76. Meyer CH, Rodrigues EB Kroll P (2004 Trypan blue has a high affinity to cellular structures such as epiretinal membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 137 : 207 208.
77. Min WK, Lee JH Ham DI (1999 Macular hole surgery in conjunction with endolaser photocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol 127 : 306 311.
78. Morrison VL, Koh HJ, Cheng L et al. (2006 Intravitreal toxicity of the kenalog vehicle (benzyl alcohol) in rabbits. Retina 26 : 339 344.
79. Moshfeghi AA, Flynn HW Jr., Elner SG et al. (2005 Persistent outer retinal defect after successful macular hole repair. Am J Ophthalmol 139 : 183 184.
80. Moss SE, Klein R Klein B EK (2006 Fifteen-year incidence of macular holes and associated risk factors: the Beawer Dam Eye Study. ARVO. 2006. ARVO, Poster#5638. [Conference Proceeding]
81. Narayanan R, Kenney MC, Kamjoo S et al. (2005 Trypan blue: effect on retinal pigment epithelial and neurosensory retinal cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 : 304 309.
82. Narayanan R, Mungcal JK, Kenney MC et al. (2006 Toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide on retinal neurosensory and pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47 : 722 728. (Pubitemid 46768403)
83. Nomoto H, Shiraga F, Yamaji H et al. (2008 Macular hole surgery with triamcinolone acetonide-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling: one-year results. Retina 28 : 427 432.
84. Ohana E Blumenkranz MS (1998 Treatment of reopened macular hole after vitrectomy by laser and outpatient fluid-gas exchange. Ophthalmology 105 : 1398 1403.
85. Papp A, Kiss EB, Timar O et al. (2007 Long-term exposure of the rabbit eye to silicone oil causes optic nerve atrophy. Brain Res Bull 74 : 130 133.
86. Paques M, Chastang C, Mathis A et al. (1999 Effect of autologous platelet concentrate in surgery for idiopathic macular hole: results of a multicenter, double-masked, randomized trial. Platelets in Macular Hole Surgery Group. Ophthalmology 106 : 932 938.
87. Park DW, Sipperley JO, Sneed SR et al. (1999 Macular hole surgery with internal-limiting membrane peeling and intravitreous air. Ophthalmology 106 : 1392 1397.
88. Peyman GA, Cheema R, Conway MD et al. (2000 Triamcinolone acetonide as an aid to visualization of the vitreous and the posterior hyaloid during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 20 : 554 555.
89. Poliner LS Tornambe PE (1992 Retinal pigment epitheliopathy after macular hole surgery. Ophthalmology 99 : 1671 1677.
90. Remy M, Thaler S, Schumann RG et al. (2008 An in vivo evaluation of Brilliant Blue G in animals and humans. Br J Ophthalmol 92 : 1142 1147.
91. Rezai KA, Farrokh-Siar L, Gasyna EM et al. (2004 Trypan blue induces apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Ophthalmol 138 : 492 495. (Pubitemid 39208587)
92. Ruiz-Moreno JM, Montero JA, Bayon A et al. (2007 Retinal toxicity of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide at high doses in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 84 : 342 348.
93. Sander B, Larsen M, Thrane L et al. (2005 Enhanced optical coherence tomography imaging by multiple scan averaging. Br J Ophthalmol 89 : 207 212.
94. Schaal KB, Bartz-Schmidt KU Dithmar S (2006 Current strategies for macular hole surgery in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Ophthalmologe 103 : 922 926.
95. Shah GK, Rosenblatt BJ, Blinder KJ et al. (2005 Triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Retina 25 : 972 975.
96. Sheidow TG, Blinder KJ, Holekamp N et al. (2003 Outcome results in macular hole surgery: an evaluation of internal limiting membrane peeling with and without indocyanine green. Ophthalmology 110 : 1697 1701.
97. Simcock PR Scalia S (2001 Phacovitrectomy without prone posture for full thickness macular holes. Br J Ophthalmol 85 : 1316 1319.
98. Sippy BD, Engelbrecht NE, Hubbard GB et al. (2001 Indocyanine green effect on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells: implication for macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 132 : 433 435.
99. Smiddy WE, Glaser BM, Thompson JT et al. (1993 Transforming growth factor-beta 2 significantly enhances the ability to flatten the rim of subretinal fluid surrounding macular holes. Preliminary anatomic results of a multicenter prospective randomized study. Retina 13 : 296 301.
100. Smiddy WE, Feuer W Cordahi G (2001 Internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery. Ophthalmology 108 : 1471 1476. (Pubitemid 32709039)
101. Stalmans P, Van Aken EH, Veckeneer M et al. (2002 Toxic effect of indocyanine green on retinal pigment epithelium related to osmotic effects of the solvent. Am J Ophthalmol 134 : 282 285.
102. Stanescu-Segall D Jackson TL (2009 Vital staining with indocyanine green: a review of the clinical and experimental studies relating to safety. Eye 23 : 504 518.
103. Tadayoni R, Gaudric A, Haouchine B et al. (2006 Relationship between macular hole size and the potential benefit of internal limiting membrane peeling. Br J Ophthalmol 90 : 1239 1241.
104. Takahashi H Kishi S (2000 Tomographic features of early macular hole closure after vitreous surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 130 : 192 196.
105. Terasaki H, Miyake Y, Nomura R et al. (2001 Focal macular ERGs in eyes after removal of macular ILM during macular hole surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42 : 229 234.
106. Thompson JT, Glaser BM, Sjaarda RN et al. (1995 Progression of nuclear sclerosis and long-term visual results of vitrectomy with transforming growth factor beta-2 for macular holes. Am J Ophthalmol 119 : 48 54.
107. Thompson JT, Smiddy WE, Williams GA et al. (1998 Comparison of recombinant transforming growth factor-beta-2 and placebo as an adjunctive agent for macular hole surgery. Ophthalmology 105 : 700 706.
108. Tognetto D, Grandin R, Sanguinetti G et al. (2006 Internal limiting membrane removal during macular hole surgery: results of a multicenter retrospective study. Ophthalmology 113 : 1401 1410.
109. Tornambe PE (2003 Macular hole genesis: the hydration theory. Retina 23 : 421 424.
110. Tornambe PE, Poliner LS Grote K (1997 Macular hole surgery without face-down positioning. A pilot study. Retina 17 : 179 185.
111. Tsuiki E, Fujikawa A, Miyamura N et al. (2007 Visual field defects after macular hole surgery with indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Am J Ophthalmol 143 : 704 705.
112. Veckeneer M, van OK, Monzer J et al. (2001 Ocular toxicity study of trypan blue injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 239 : 698 704.
113. Villate N, Lee JE, Venkatraman A et al. (2005 Photoreceptor layer features in eyes with closed macular holes: optical coherence tomography findings and correlation with visual outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 139 : 280 289.
114. Weinberger AW, Kirchhof B, Mazinani BE et al. (2001 Persistent indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence 6 weeks after intraocular ICG administration for macular hole surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 239 : 388 390.
115. Weinberger AW, Schlossmacher B, Dahlke C et al. (2002 Indocyanine-green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling in macular hole surgery - a follow-up study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240 : 913 917. (Pubitemid 36097114)
116. Yamada E (1969 Some structural features of the fovea centralis in the human retina. Arch Ophthalmol 82 : 151 159.
117. Yanagi Y, Inoue Y, Jang WD et al. (2006 A2e mediated phototoxic effects of endoilluminators. Br J Ophthalmol 90 : 229 232.
118. Yip HK, Lai TY, So KF et al. (2006 Retinal ganglion cells toxicity caused by photosensitising effects of intravitreal indocyanine green with illumination in rat eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 90 : 99 102.
119. Yooh HS, Brooks HL Jr., Capone A Jr. et al. (1996 Ultrastructural features of tissue removed during idiopathic macular hole surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 122 : 67 75.
120. Yu SY, Damico FM, Viola F et al. (2006 Retinal toxicity of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide: a morphological study. Retina 26 : 531 536.