Dual-frequency imaging using an electrically tunable terahertz quantum cascade laser

Optics Express

Volumn 17, Issue 23, 2009, Pages 20631-20641

  Dean, Paul ^a   Saat, Nor Kamila ^a   Khanna, Suraj P ^a   Salih, Mohammed ^a   Burnett, Andrew ^a   Cunningham, John ^a   Linfield, Edmund H ^a   Davies, A Giles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXPLOSIVES; POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS;

ELECTRICALLY TUNABLE; LOCK-IN DETECTION; MOLECULAR ABSORPTION SPECTRUM; NATURAL LOGARITHMS; TERAHERTZ FREQUENCIES; TERAHERTZ QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS; TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS; TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCAN;

QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS;

GLUCOSE; LACTOSE; PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRANITRATE; SUCROSE;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; DIODE LASER; METHODOLOGY; OPTICS; POWDER; QUANTUM THEORY; TERAHERTZ RADIATION; TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY;

GLUCOSE; LACTOSE; LASERS, SEMICONDUCTOR; OPTICS AND PHOTONICS; PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE; POWDERS; QUANTUM THEORY; SUCROSE; TERAHERTZ RADIATION; TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 70749093113     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.17.020631     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. B.B. Hu, and M. C. Nuss, "Imaging with terahertz waves," Opt. Lett. 20(16), 1716-1718 (1995).
2. V. P. Wallace, A. J. Fitzgerald, S. Shankar, N. Flanagan, R. J. Pye, J. Cluff, and D. D. Arnone, 'Terahertz pulsed imaging of basal cell carcinoma ex vivo and in vivo," Br. J. Dermatol 151(2), 424-432 (2004).
3. S. M. Kim, F. Hatami, J. S. Harris, A. W. Kurian, J. Ford, D. King, G. Scalari, M. Giovannini, N. Hoyler, J. Faist, and G. Harris, "Biomedical terahertz imaging with a quantum cascade laser," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(15), 153903-153905 (2006).
4. D. J. Cook, B, K. Decker, G. Dadusc, and M. G. Allen, "Through container THz sensing: applications for bio detection," Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5268, 36-42 (2004).
5. K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, Y. Watanabe, and H. Inoue, "Non-destructive terahertz imaging of illicit drugs using spectral, fingerprints," Opt. Express 11(20), 2549-2554 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-11-20-2549.
6. M, Lu, J. Shen, N. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, L. Liang, and X. Xu, "Detection and identification of illicit drugs using terahertz imaging," J. Appl. Phys. 100(10), 103104-103106 (2006).
7. Y. C. Shen, T. Lo, P. F. Taday, B. E. Cole, R. Tribe, and M. C. Kemp, "Detection and identification of explosives using terahertz pulsed spectroscopic imaging," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(24), 241116-241118 (2005).
8. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, C. Zhang, K. Lin, J. Hwang, J. Xu, and X.-C. Zhang, "Compact continuous-wave subterahertz system for inspection applications," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(5), 054105-054107 (2005).
9. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K. Lin, J. S. Hwang, and X.-C. Zhang, "Comparison between pulsed terahertz time-domain imaging and continuous wave terahertz imaging," Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20(7), S293-S299 (2005).
10. H. Zhong, A. Redo-Sanchez, and X.-C. Zhang, "Identification and classification of chemicals using terahertz reflective spectroscopic focal-plane imaging system," Opt. Express 14(20), 9130-9141 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-20-9130.
11. Y. Watanabe, K. Kawase, T. Ikari, H. Ito, Y. Ishikawa, and H. Minamide, "Component spatial, pattern analysis of chemicals using terahertz spectroscopic imaging," Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(4), 800-802 (2003).
12. A. Dobroiu, M. Yamashita, Y. N. Ohshima, Y. Morita, C. Otani, and K. Kawase, "Terahertz imaging system based on a backward-wave oscillator," Appl. Opt. 43(30), 5637-5646 (2004).
13. S. Mair, B. Gompf, and M. Dressel, "Microspectroscopy and imaging in the THz range using coherent CW radiation," Phys. Med. Biol. 47(21), 3719-3725 (2002).
14. T. Kleine-Ostinann, P. Knobloch, M. Koch, S. Hoffmann, M. Breede, M. Hofmann, G. Hein, K. Pierz, M. Sperling, and K. Donhuijsen, "Continuous- wave THz imaging," Electron. Lett. 37(24), 1461-1462 (2001).
15. R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser," Nature 417(6885), 156-159 (2002).
16. C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(13), 131122 (2007).
17. A. W. M. Lee, Q. Qin, S. Kumar, B. S. Williams, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Real-time terahertz imaging over a standoff distance (>25 meters)," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 141125-141127 (2006).
18. S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "186 K operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a diagonal design," Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(13), 131105-131107 (2009).
19. B. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, "High-power terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Electron. Lett. 42(2), 89-90 (2006).
20. P. Dean, M. U. Shaukat, S. P. Khanna, S. Chakraborty, M. Lachab, A. Burnett, G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, "Absorption-sensitive diffuse reflection imaging of concealed powders using a terahertz quantum, cascade laser," Opt. Express 16(9), 5997-6007 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase. org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=OE-.16-9-5997.
21. A. W. M. Lee, B. S. Wil, S. Kumar, Qing Hu, and J. L. Reno, "Real-time imaging using a 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser and a 320 x 240 microbolometer focal-plane array," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(13), 1415-1417 (2006).
22. H. Luo, S. R. Laframboise, Z. R. Wasilewski, G. C. Aers, H. C. Liu, and J. C. Cao, 'Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a three-well active module," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(4), 041112 (2007).
23. M. A. Belkin, J. A. Fan, S. Hormoz, F. Capasso, S. P. Khanna, M. Lachab, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, "Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with copper metal-metal waveguides operating up to 178 K," Opt. Express 16(5), 3242-3248 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-5-3242.
24. S. P. Khanna, M. Salih, P. Dean, A. G. Davies, and E. H. Linfield, "Electrically tunable terahertz quantum cascade laser with a heterogeneous active region," Appl. Phys. Lett, in press.
25. A. Burnett, W. Fan, P. Upadhya, J, Cunningham, E. H. Linfield, A, G, Davies, H. Edwards, T. Munshi, and A. O'Neil, "Analysis of drugs of abuse and explosives using terahertz time-domain and Raman spectroscopy," Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 6549, 61200 (2007).
26. J. Chen, Y. Chen, H. Zhao, G. J. Bastiaans, and X.-C. Zhang, "Absorption coefficients of selected explosives and related compounds in the range of 0.1-2.8 THz," Opt. Express 15(19), 12060-12067 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-19-12060.
27. Y. C. Shen, P. F. Taday, and M. Pepper, "Elimination of scattering effects in soectral measurement of granulated materials using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(5), 051103-051105 (2008).
28. M. Franz, B. M. Fischer, and M. Walther, "The Christiansen effect in terahertz time-domain spectra of coarsegrained powders," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(2), 021107 (2008).
29. C. V. Raman, 'The theory of the Christiansen experiment," Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. Sect. A 29,381-389 (1949).
30. J. R. Fletcher, G. P. Swift, D. C. Dai, J. A. Levitt, and J. M. Chamberlain, "Propagation of terahertz radiation through random structures: An alternative theoretical approach, and experimental validation," J. Appl. Phys. 101(1), 013102 (2007).