Effect of long-term testosterone administration on the endometrium of female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals

Journal of Sexual Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 3193-3200

  Perrone, Anna Myriam ^a   Cerpolini, Silvia ^a   Maria Salfi, Nunzio Cosimo ^a   Ceccarelli, Claudio ^a   De Giorgi, Lucilla Badiali ^a   Formelli, Guido ^a   Casadio, Paolo ^a   Ghi, Tullio ^a   Pelusi, Giuseppe ^a   Pelusi, Carla ^a   Meriggiola, Maria Cristina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Endometrium; Testosterone; Transsexuals

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; KI 67 ANTIGEN; PROGESTERONE; TESTOSTERONE; TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE;

ADULT; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIUM; ESTRADIOL BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; FEMALE TO MALE TRANSSEXUAL; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LONG TERM CARE; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGESTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; TREATMENT DURATION;

EID: 70649114749     PISSN: 17436095     EISSN: 17436109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01380.x     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Kingsberg SA, Simon JA, Goldstein I. The current outlook for testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2008, 2(suppl 4):182-93.
2. Goldstein I. Editorial comments on " the current outlook for testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women." . J Sex Med 2008, 2(suppl 4):177-8.
3. Stuckey BG. Female sexual function and dysfunction in the reproductive years: The influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones. J Sex Med 2008, 5:2282-90.
4. Davis SR, Moreau M, Kroll R, Bouchard C, Panay N, Gass M, Braunstein GD, Hirschberg AL, Rodenberg C, Pack S, Koch H, Moufarege A, Studd J. Testosterone for low libido in postmenopausal women not taking estrogen. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2005-17. APHRODITE Study Team
5. Simon J, Braunstein G, Nachtigall L, Utian W, Katz M, Miller S, Waldbaum A, Bouchard C, Derzko C, Buch A, Rodenberg C, Lucas J, Davis S. Testosterone patch increases sexual activity and desire in surgically menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:5226-33.
6. Buster JE, Kingsberg SA, Aguirre O, Brown C, Breaux JG, Buch A, Rodenberg CA, Wekselman K, Casson P. Testosterone patch for low sexual desire in surgically menopausal women: A randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 105:944-52.
7. Shifren JL, Davis SR, Moreau M, Waldbaum A, Bouchard C, DeRogatis L, Derzko C, Bearnson P, Kakos N, O'Neill S, Levine S, Wekselman K, Buch A, Rodenberg C, Kroll R. Testosterone patch for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in naturally menopausal women: Results from the INTIMATE NM1 Study. Menopause 2006, 13:770-9.
8. Traish AM, Feeley RJ, Guay AT. Testosterone therapy in women with gynecological and sexual disorders: A triumph of clinical endocrinology from 1938 to 2008. J Sex Med 2009, 6:334-51.
9. Braunstein GD. Management of female sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women by testosterone administration: Safety issues and controversies. J Sex Med 2007, 4:859-66.
10. Hubayter Z, Simon JA. Testosterone therapy for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008, 11:181-91.
11. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/transcripts/2004-4082T1.htm, Advisory Committee for Reproductive Health Drugs, Available at: (accessed December 2, 2004
12. van Anders SM, Brotto L, Farrell J, Yule M. Associations among physiological and subjective sexual response sexual, desire, and salivary, steroid hormones in healthy premenopausal women. J Sex Med 2009, 6:739-51.
13. Simpson ER. Aromatization of androgens in women: Current concepts and findings. Fertil Steril 2002, 77(4):S6-10. suppl
14. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, Hirschberg AL. Effects of testosterone and estrogen treatment on the distribution of sex hormone receptors in the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Menopause 2008, 15:233-9.
15. Jongen VH, Thijssen JH, Hollema H, Donker GH, Santema JG, Van der Zee AG, Heineman MJ. Is aromatase cytochrome P450 involved in the pathogenesis of endometrioid endometrial cancer?. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005, 15:529-36.
16. Watanabe K, Sasano H, Harada N, Ozaki M, Niikura H, Sato S, Yajima A. Aromatase in human endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical, insitu hybridization, and biochemical studies. Am J Pathol 1995, 146:491-500.
17. Tuckerman EM, Okon MA, Li T, Laird SM. Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study. Fertil Steril 2000, 74:771-9.
18. Neulen J, Wagner B, Runge M, Breckwoldt M. Effect of progestins, androgens, estrogens and antiestrogens on 3H-thymidine uptake by human endometrial and endosalpinx cells in vitro. Arch Gynecol 1987, 240:225-32.
19. Rose GL, Dowsett M, Mudge JE, White JO, Jeffcoate SL. The inhibitory effects of danazol, danazol metabolites, gestrinone, and testosterone on the growth of human endometrial cells in vitro. Fertil Steril 1988, 49:224-8.
20. Zhang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Liao DJ. Synergistic effects of androgen and estrogen on the mouse uterus and mammary gland. Oncol Rep 2004, 12:709-16.
21. Cárdenas H, Pope WF. Attenuation of estrogenic effects by dihydrotestosterone in the pig uterus is associated with downregulation of the estrogen receptors. Biol Reprod 2004, 70:297-302.
22. Gelfand MM, Ferenczy A, Bergeron C. Endometrial response to estrogen-androgen stimulation. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989, 320:29-40.
23. Hickok LR, Toomey C, Speroff L. A comparison of esterified estrogens with and without methyltestosterone: Effects on endometrial histology and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1993, 82:919-24.
24. Zang H, Sahlin L, Masironi B, Eriksson E, Lindén Hirschberg A. Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2169-75.
25. Futterweit W, Deligdisch L. Histological effects of exogenously administered testosterone in 19 female to male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 62:16-21.
26. Mueller A, Kiesewetter F, Binder H, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R. Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3 months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:3470-5.
27. Meriggiola MC, Armillotta F, Costantino A, Altieri P, Saad F, Kalhorn T, Perrone AM, Ghi T, Pelusi C, Pelusi G. Effects of testosterone undecanoate administered alone or in combination with letrozole or dutasteride in female to male transsexuals. J Sex Med 2008, 5:2442-53.
28. Frequently asked questions about hormone replacement therapy. 2004, http://acog.com/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr10-01-04.cfm, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Available at: (accessed January 31, 2007
29. Meriggiola MC, Bremner WJ, Paulsen CA, Valdiserri A, Incorvaia L, Motta R, Pavani A, Capelli M, Flamigni C. A combined regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate as a potentially highly effective male contraceptive. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81:3018-23.
30. Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:3666-72.
31. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985, 28:412-9.
32. Mutter GL, Ferenczy A, Kurman RJ. Anatomy and histology of the uterine corpus. Blaunstein's pathology of the female genital tract 2002, 383-419. In, ed., 5th, edition, New York, Springer-Velag
33. Sherman ME, Mazur MT, Kurman RJ, Kurman RJ. Benign diseases of the endometrium. Blaunstein's pathology of the female genital tract 2002, 421-66. In, ed., 5th, edition, New York, Springer-Velag
34. Gerdes J, Li L, Schlueter C, Duchrow M, Wohlenberg C, Gerlach C, Stahmer I, Kloth S, Brandt E, Flad HD. Immunobiochemical and molecular biologic characterization of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen that is defined by monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Am J Pathol 1991, 138:867-73.
35. Berra M, Armillotta F, D'Emidio L, Costantino A, Martorana G, Pelusi G, Meriggiola MC. Testosterone decreases adiponectin levels in female to male transsexuals. Asian J Androl 2006, 8:725-9.
36. Session DR, Kalli KR, Tummon IS, Damario MA, Dumesic DA. Treatment of atypical endometrial hyperplasia with an insulin-sensitizing agent. Gynecol Endocrinol 2003, 17:405-7.
37. Corocleanu M. Hypothesis for endometrial carcinoma carcinogenesis. Preventive prospects. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1993, 20:254-8.
38. Maia H, Maltez A, Studart E, Athayde C, Coutinho EM. Ki-67, Bcl-2 and p53 expression in endometrial polyps and in the normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle. BJOG 2004, 111:1242-7.
39. Maia H, Pimentel K, Silva TM, Freitas LA, Zausner B, Athayde C, Coutinho EM. Aromatase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in endometrial polyps during the menstrual cycle. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006, 22:219-24.