Treating allergic rhinitis: Continuous versus on-demand regime?

B-ENT

Volumn 5, Issue SUPPL. 12, 2009, Pages 1-25

  Church, M K ^a,b   Watelet, J B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^c GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Allergic rhinitis; Continuous treatment; H1 antihistamines; Nasal corticosteroids; On demand treatment

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BECLOMETASONE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BETAMETHASONE; BUDESONIDE; CETIRIZINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUTICASONE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LEVOCETIRIZINE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; PARACETAMOL; TRIAMCINOLONE;

ALGORITHM; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASTHMA; ATOPY; BELGIUM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONSENSUS; COUGHING; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DROWSINESS; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DRY NOSE; EPISTAXIS; EXPERT SYSTEM; FLUSHING; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEART ARREST; HEART DISEASE; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NOSE DISEASE; NOSE IRRITATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHARYNGITIS; PREGNANT WOMAN; QT PROLONGATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN SENSITIZATION; SKIN TEST; SNEEZING; SOMNOLENCE; SORE THROAT; STRESS; SYNCOPE; TASTE DISORDER; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 70549088950     PISSN: 1781782X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Bauchau V, Durham SR. Prevalence and rate of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:758-764. (Pubitemid 39504428)
2. Bousquet J, Kalthaiev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et ARIA Working Group. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. Update 2008 (in collaboration with World health organization, GA2LEN, AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63 Suppl 86:8-160.
3. Van Hoecke H, Van Cauwenberge P, Watelet JB. Dissemination and implementation of ARIA guidelines among Belgian Otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology. In press.
4. Wahn U. What drives the allergic march? Allergy. 2000;55:591-599.
5. ISAAC Study. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Lancet. 2008;351:1225-1232.
6. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006;368:733-743.
7. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995;332: 133-138.
8. Bergmann RL, Bergmann KE, Lau-Schadensdorf S, et al. Atopic diseases in infancy. The german multicenter atopy study (MAS-90). Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1994;5:19-25.
9. Arshad SH, Tariq SM, Matthews S, Hakim E. Sensitization to common allergens and its association with allergic disorders at Age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E33.
10. Arshad SH, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Fenn M, Waterhouse L, Matthews S. Rhinitis in 10-year-old children and early life risk factors for its development. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91:1334-1338.
11. Valovirta E, Myrseth SE, Palkonen S. The voice of the patients: allergic rhinitis is not a trivial disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:1-9.
12. Vuurman EF, van Veggel LM, Uiterwijk MM, Leutner D, O'Hanlon JF. Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning. Ann Allergy. 1993;71:121-126.
13. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Dolovich J. Assessment of quality of life in adolescents with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Development and testing of a questionnaire for clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93:413-423. (Pubitemid 24081781)
14. Meltzer EO. Quality of life in adults and children with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:S45-S53. (Pubitemid 32680892)
15. Blaiss MS. Allergic rhinitis and impairment issues in schoolchildren: a consensus report. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1937-1952.
16. Blaiss MS. Pediatric allergic rhinitis: physical and mental complications. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2008;29:1-6.
17. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 Update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63 Suppl 86:8-160.
18. Kull I, Bohme M, Wahlgren CF, Nordvall L, Pershagen G, Wickman M. Breast-feeding reduces the risk for childhood eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:657-661. (Pubitemid 41267143)
19. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD000133.
20. Biagini JM, LeMasters GK, Ryan PH, et al. Environmental risk factors of rhinitis in early infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:278-284. (Pubitemid 43873587)
21. Corver K, Kerkhof M, Brussee JE, et al. House dust mite allergen reduction and allergy at 4 yr: Follow Up of the PIAMA-Study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:329-336.
22. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis: a systematic review of efficacy. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:318-322. (Pubitemid 36456999)
23. Simpson A, John SL, Jury F, et al. Endotoxin exposure, CD14, and allergic disease: an interaction between genes and the environment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:386-392. (Pubitemid 44223118)
24. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38:441-446.
25. Cork MJ, Robinson DA, Vasilopoulos Y, et al. New perspectives on epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis: Gene-Environment Interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:3-21.
26. Darsow U, Lubbe J, Taieb A, et al. Position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:286-295. (Pubitemid 40691704)
27. Gregory C, Cifaldi M, Tanner LA. Targeted intervention programs: creating a customized practice model to improve the treatment of allergic rhinitis in a managed care population. Am J Manag Care. 1999;5:485-496. (Pubitemid 29202927)
28. Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Tosca MA. Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:958-964. (Pubitemid 38824076)
29. Ciprandi G, Ricca V, Passalacqua G, Fasolo A, Canonica GW. Intranasal fluticasone propionate reduces ICAM-1 on nasal epithelial cells both during early and late phase after allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28:293-299. (Pubitemid 28125913)
30. Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Holm AF, Blom H, Klein-Jan A. Allergic rhinitis and inflammation: the effect of nasal corticosteroid therapy. Allergy. 1997;52:29-32.
31. Dizdar EA, Sekerel BE, Keskin O, et al. The effect of regular versus ondemand desloratadine treatment in children with allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:843-849. (Pubitemid 46670344)
32. Pawankar R. Mast cells in allergic airway disease and chronic rhinosinusitis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;87:111-129. (Pubitemid 43093183)
33. Pawankar R. Mast cells as orchestrators of the allergic reaction: the IgE-IgE receptor mast cell network. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;1:3-6.
34. Pawankar R, Ra C. Heterogeneity of mast cells and T cells in the nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:S248-262.
35. Ohashi H, Takei M, Ide Y, et al. Effect of interleukin-3, interleukin 5 and hyaluronic acid on cultured eosinophils derived from human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;118:44-50.
36. Profita M, La Grutta S, Carpagnano E, et al. Noninvasive methods for the detection of upper and lower airway inflammation in atopic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1068-1074. (Pubitemid 44679779)
37. Lemiere C, Ernst P, Olivenstein R, et al. Airway inflammation assessed by invasive and noninvasive means in severe asthma: eosinophilic and noneosinophilic phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:1033-1039. (Pubitemid 44666987)
38. Turktas H, Oguzulgen K, Kokturk N, Memis L, Erbas D. Correlation of exhaled nitric oxide levels and airway inflammation markers in stable asthmatic patients. J Asthma. 2003;40:425-430. (Pubitemid 36859083)
39. Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Pesce G, et al. Minimal persistent inflammation is present at mucosal level in patients with asymptomatic rhinitis and mite allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:971-979. (Pubitemid 126749724)
40. Bauchau V, Durham SR. Prevalence and rate of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:758-764. (Pubitemid 39504428)
41. Bauchau V, Durham SR. Epidemiological characterization of the intermittent and persistent types of allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2005;60:350-353.
42. Bachert C, van Cauwenberge P, Olbrecht J, van Schoor J. Prevalence, classification and perception of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in Belgium. Allergy. 2006;61:693-698.
43. Pipkorn U. Hay fever: in the laboratory and at natural allergen exposure. Allergy. 1988;43 Suppl 8:41-44.
44. Juliusson S, Pipkorn U, Karlsson G, Enerback L. Mast cells and eosinophils in the allergic mucosal response to allergen challenge: changes in distribution and signs of activation in relation to symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:898-909. (Pubitemid 23004586)
45. Hakansson L, Rak S, Dahl R, Venge P. The formation of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activity during a pollen season and after allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83:933-939. (Pubitemid 19147186)
46. Corrado OJ, Gould CA, Kassab JY, Davies RJ. Nasal response of rhinitic and non-rhinitic subjects to histamine and methacholine: a comparative study. Thorax. 1986;41:863-868.
47. Gerth van Wijk RG, de Graaf-in 't Veld C, Garrelds IM. Nasal hyperreactivity. Rhinology. 1999;37:50-55.
48. Gerth van Wijk R. Perennial allergic rhinitis and nasal hyperreactivity. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12:33-35. (Pubitemid 28160202)
49. de Graaf-in 't Veld T, Koenders S, Garrelds IM, Gerth van Wijk R. The relationships between nasal hyperreactivity, quality of life, and nasal symptoms in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:508-513.
50. de Graaf-in t Veld C, Garrelds IM, Koenders S, Gerth van Wijk R. Relationship between nasal hyperre-activity, mediators and eosinophils in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and controls. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26:903-908.
51. Gerth van Wijk R. Nasal hyperreactivity: its pathogenesis and clinical significance. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991;21:661-667.
52. Skoner DP, Lee L, Doyle WJ, Boehm S, Fireman P. Nasal physiology and inflammatory mediators during natural pollen exposure. Ann Allergy. 1990;65:206-210. (Pubitemid 20295267)
53. Rasp G, Thomas PA, Bujia J. Eosinophil inflammation of the nasal mucosa in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis measured by eosinophil cationic protein levels in native nasal fluid and serum. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24:1151-1156. (Pubitemid 24380352)
54. Linden M, Svensson C, Andersson M, et al. Circulating eosinophil/basophil progenitors and nasal mucosal cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1999;54:212-219.
55. Linden M, Greiff L, Andersson M, et al. Nasal cytokines in common cold and allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25:166-172.
56. Bachert C, van Kempen M, Van Cauwenberge P. Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;118:375-379. (Pubitemid 29195578)
57. Bachert C, Hauser U, Prem B, Rudack C, Ganzer U. Proinflammatory cytokines in allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1995;252 Suppl 1:S44-S49.
58. Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, et al. Seasonal rise in interleukin-4 during pollen season is related to seasonal rise in specific IgE for pollens but not for mites. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118:243-247. (Pubitemid 28179788)
59. Ying S, Durham SR, Jacobson MR, et al. T lymphocytes and mast cells express messenger RNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis. Immunology. 1994;82:200-206.
60. Minshall EM, Cameron L, Lavigne F, et al. Eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in chronic sinusitis and allergen-induced nasal responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997;17:683-690.
61. Eccles R. Plasma exudation in rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22:319-320.
62. Pipkorn U, Karlsson G, Enerback L. Nasal mucosal response to repeated challenges with pollen allergen. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:729-736.
63. Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, Passalacqua G, et al. Topical azelastine reduces eosinophil activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells: an antiallergic activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:1088-1096.
64. Buscaglia S, Paolieri F, Catrullo A, et al. Topical ocular levocabastine reduces ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells both in vivo and in vitro. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26:1188-1196.
65. Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, Ricca V, Varese P, Del Giacco GS, Canonica GW. Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity reducing ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in patients with pollen allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25:871-878.
66. Fasce L, Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, et al. Cetirizine reduces ICAM-I on epithelial cells during nasal minimal persistent inflammation in asymptomatic children with mite-allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996;109:272-276.
67. Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Catrullo A, et al. Azelastine eye drops reduce and prevent allergic conjunctival reaction and exert anti-allergic activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27:182-191.
68. Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G, Mincarini M, Ricca V, Canonica GW Continuous versus on demand treatment with cetirizine for allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:507-511.
69. Holm A, Dijkstra M, Kleinjan A, et al. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray reduces inflammatory cells in unchallenged allergic nasal mucosa: effects of single allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:627-633.
70. Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Holm AF, Klein-Jan A. Local corticosteroid treatment: the effect on cells and cytokines in nasal allergic inflammation. Am J Rhinol. 1998;12:21-26.
71. Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Mulder PG, Vroom TM, Rijntjes E. Effect of 3 months' nasal steroid therapy on nasal T cells and Langerhans cells in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1995;50:204-209.
72. Bradding P, Feather IH, Wilson S, Holgate ST, Howarth PH. Cytokine immunoreactivity in seasonal rhinitis: regulation by a topical corticosteroid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1900-1906.
73. Garrelds IM, De Graaf-in 't Veld T, Nahori MA, Vargaftig BB, Gerth van Wijk R, Zijlstra FJ. Interleukin-5 and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal lavages of rhinitis patients. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995;275:295-300.
74. Jacobson MR, Juliusson S, Lowhagen O, Balder B, Kay AB, Durham SR. Effect of topical corticosteroids on seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils and mast cells in allergic rhinitis: a comparison of nasal brush and biopsy methods. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:1347-1355.
75. Mullol J, Xaubet A, Lopez E, Roca-Ferrer J, Picado C. Comparative study of the effects of different glucocorticosteroids on eosinophil survival primed by cultured epithelial cell supernatants obtained from nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. Thorax. 1995;50:270-274.
76. Masuyama K, Jacobson MR, Rak S, et al. Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis. Immunology. 1994;82:192-199. (Pubitemid 24241731)
77. Pipkorn U, Proud D, Lichtenstein LM, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Naclerio RM. Inhibition of mediator release in allergic rhinitis by pretreatment with topical glucocorticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1506-1510. (Pubitemid 17076234)
78. Razi C, Bakirtas A, Harmanci K, Turktas I, Erbas D. Effect of montelukast on symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide levels in 7- to 14-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:767-774. (Pubitemid 46032429)
79. Ciprandi G, Frati F, Marcucci F, et al. Nasal cytokine modulation by montelukast in allergic children: a pilot study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;35:295-299.
80. Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Milanese M, Schenone G, Ricca V. Antihistamines added to an antileukotriene in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis: histamine and leukotriene antagonism. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;36:67-70, 72.
81. Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Long-term cetirizine treatment reduces allergic symptoms and drug prescriptions in children with mite allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87:222-226. (Pubitemid 32879895)
82. Ciprandi G, Frati F, Marcucci F, Sensi L, Milanese M, Tosca MA. Long-term cetirizine treatment may reduce new sensitisations in allergic children: a pilot study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;35:208-211. (Pubitemid 36781877)
83. Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 1998;317:1624-1629.
84. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, O'Byrne PM, Viveiros M. Aqueous beclomethasone diproprionate nasal spray: regular versus "as required" use in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;86:380-386.
85. Berkowitz RB, Bernstein DI, LaForce C, et al. Onset of action of mometasone furoate nasal spray (NASONEX) in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1999;54:64-69.
86. Selner JC, Weber RW, Richmond GW, Strieker WE, Norton JD. Onset of action of aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther. 1995;17:1099-1109.
87. Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Mulder PG, Vroom TM, Rijntjes E. A 1-year placebo-controlled study of intranasal fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a safety and biopsy study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Si. 1998;23:69-73.
88. Mygind N, Andersson M. Topical glucocorticosteroids in rhinitis: clinical aspects. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006;126:1022-1029. (Pubitemid 44272824)
89. Andersson M, Andersson P, Pipkorn U. Allergen-induced specific and non-specific nasal reactions. Reciprocal relationship and inhibition by topical glucocorticosteroids. Acta Otolaryngol. 1989;107:270-277.
90. Andersson M, Andersson P, Pipkorn U. Topical glucocorticosteroids and allergen-induced increase in nasal reactivity: relationship between treatment time and inhibitory effect. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;82:1019-1026. (Pubitemid 19024661)
91. Stelmach R, do Patrocinio TNM, Ribeiro M, Cukier A. Effect of treating allergic rhinitis with corticosteroids in patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Chest. 2005;128:3140-3147.
92. Lauriello M, Muzi P, Di Rienzo L, Di Stanislao C, Tirelli GC, Bologna M. A two-year course of specific immunotherapy or of continuous antihistamine treatment reverse eosinophilic inflammation in severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2005;25:284-291.
93. Schadlich PK, Brecht JG. Economic evaluation of specific immunotherapy versus symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis in Germany. Pharmacoeconomics. 2000;17:37-52.
94. Variations in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, self-reported asthma attacks, and use of asthma medication in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Eur Respir J. 1996;9:687-695.
95. Bousquet J, Vignola AM, Demoly P. Links between rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2003;58:691-706.
96. Gaugris S, Sazonov-Kocevar V, Thomas M. Burden of concomitant allergic rhinitis in adults with asthma. J Asthma. 2006;43:1-7. (Pubitemid 43916335)
97. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S, et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according to atopic sensitization in a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:86-93. (Pubitemid 38096166)
98. Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T. Factors related to allergic sensitization to aeroallergens in a cross-sectional study in adults: The Copenhagen Allergy Study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:1409-1417. (Pubitemid 32823878)
99. Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C, Liard R, Neukirch F. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:301-304. (Pubitemid 29420424)
100. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, Barbee RA. Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:419-425. (Pubitemid 34234190)
101. Johansson A, Bende M, Millqvist E, Bake B. Nasobronchial relationship after cold air provocation. Respir Med. 2000;94:1119-1122.
102. Togias A. Systemic effects of local allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113 Suppl 1:S8-S14. (Pubitemid 38091409)
103. Barnes KC. Genetic epidemiology of health disparities in allergy and clinical immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:243-254; quiz 255-256.
104. Ciprandi G, Vizzaccaro A, Cirillo I, Tosca M, Massolo A, Passalacqua G. Nasal eosinophils display the best correlation with symptoms, pulmonary function and inflammation in allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2005;136:266-272.
105. Chanez P, Vignola AM, Vic P, et al. Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:588-595. (Pubitemid 29084885)
106. Hellings PW, Hessel EM, Van Den Oord JJ, Kasran A, Van Hecke P, Ceuppens JL. Eosinophilic rhinitis accompanies the development of lower airway inflammation and hyper-reactivity in sensitized mice exposed to aerosolized allergen. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:782-790.
107. Braunstahl GJ, Hellings PW. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: the link further unraveled. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9:46-51. (Pubitemid 35440970)
108. Alvarez MJ, Olaguibel JM, Garcia BE, Rodriquez A, Tabar AI, Urbiola E. Airway inflammation in asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis. Relationship with nonspecific bronchial responsiveness and maximal airway narrowing. Allergy. 2000;55:355-362.
109. Foresi A, Leone C, Pelucchi A, et al. Eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils in induced sputum from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma: relationship to methacholine responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:58-64.
110. Gaga M, Lambrou P, Papageorgiou N, et al. Eosinophils are a feature of upper and lower airway pathology in non-atopic asthma, irrespective of the presence of rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:663-669. (Pubitemid 30305629)
111. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63 Suppl 86:8-160.
112. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108 Suppl 5:S147-S334.
113. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Liard R, Bousquet J, Neukirch F. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis and asthma. A population-based study of young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1391-1396. (Pubitemid 30826160)
114. Baiardini I, Braido F, Brandi S, Canonica GW. Allergic diseases and their impact on quality of life. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:419-428; quiz 429-430, 476.
115. Pedersen B, Dahl R, Lindqvist N, Mygind N. Nasal inhalation of the glucocorticoid budesonide from a spacer for the treatment of patients with pollen rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 1990;45:451-456.
116. Meltzer EO. The relationships of rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005;26:336-340.
117. Price D, Zhang Q, Kocevar VS, Yin DD, Thomas M. Effect of a concomitant diagnosis of allergic rhinitis on asthma-related health care use by adults. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:282-287.
118. Corren J, Manning BE, Thompson SF, Hennessy S, Strom BL. Rhinitis therapy and the prevention of hospital care for asthma: a case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:415-419.
119. Crystal-Peters J, Neslusan C, Crown WH, Torres A. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:57-62.
120. Corren J, Adinoff AD, Buchmeier AD, Irvin CG. Nasal beclomethasone prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial responsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:250-256.
121. Henriksen JM, Wenzel A. Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:1014-1018.
122. Watson WT, Becker AB, Simons FE. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91:97-101.
123. Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Gherson G, Mastropasqua B, Chiapparino A, Testi R. Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduces nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:274-282.
124. Fuhlbrigge AL, Adams RJ. The effect of treatment of allergic rhinitis on asthma morbidity, including emergency department visits. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;3:29-32.
125. Dahl R, Nielsen LP, Kips J, et al. Intranasal and inhaled fluticasone propionate for pollen-induced rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2005;60:875-881.
126. Taramarcaz P, Gibson PG. Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD003570.
127. Grant JA, Nicodemus CF, Findlay SR, et al. Cetirizine in patients with seasonal rhinitis and concomitant asthma: prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95:923-932.
128. Baena-Cagnani CE, Berger WE, DuBuske LM, et al. Comparative effects of desloratadine versus montelukast on asthma symptoms and use of beta 2-agonists in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003;130:307-313.
129. Lee DK, Jackson CM, Haggart K, Lipworth BJ. Repeated dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients. Chest. 2004;125:1372-1377.
130. Dizdar EA, Sekerel BE, Keskin O, et al. The effect of regular versus on-demand desloratadine treatment in children with allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71:843-849.
131. Arshad SH, Tariq SM, Matthews S, Hakim E. Sensitization to common allergens and its association with allergic disorders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E33.
132. Bousquet J, Neukirch F, Bousquet PJ, et al. Severity and impairment of allergic rhinitis in patients consulting in primary care. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:158-162. (Pubitemid 43017154)
133. Valovirta E, Myrseth SE, Palkonen S. The voice of the patients: allergic rhinitis is not a trivial disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:1-9.
134. Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Mullol J, Scadding GK, Virchow JC. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62 Suppl 85:17-25.
135. Schatz M. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in the USA. Allergy. 2007;62 Suppl 85:9-16.
136. Simoens S, Laekeman G. Pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis: a pharmaco-economic approach. Allergy. 2009;64:85-95.
137. Schramm B, Ehlken B, Smala A, Quednau K, Berger K, Nowak D. Cost of illness of atopic asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis in Germany: 1-yr retrospective study. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:116-122. (Pubitemid 36150311)
138. Bachert C, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, et al. Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:838-844. (Pubitemid 39330255)
139. Bousquet J, Van CP, Bachert C, et al. Requirements for medications commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA). Allergy. 2003;58:192-197.
140. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008;63 Suppl 86:8-160.
141. Bousquet J, Demoly P. Le traitement de la rhinite allergique persistante doit-il être poursuivi au long cours? Revue Officielle de la Société Française d'ORL. 2002;74:1-5.
142. Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G, Mincarini M, Ricca V, Canonica GW. Continuous versus on demand treatment with cetirizine for allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:507-511. (Pubitemid 28041813)
143. Canonica GW, Fumagalli F, Guerra L, et al. Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis: continuous or on-demand use? A pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:2829-2839.
144. Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Long-term cetirizine treatment reduces allergic symptoms and drug prescriptions in children with mite allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87:222-226. (Pubitemid 32879895)
145. Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:489-498. (Pubitemid 34429565)
146. Berkowitz RB, Bernstein DI, Laforce C, et al. Onset of action of mometasone furoate nasal spray (NASONEX) in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1999;54:64-69.
147. Gawchik S, Goldstein S, Prenner B, John A. Relief of cough and nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis by mometasone furoate nasal spray. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:416-421.
148. Frieri M, Therattil J, Chavarria V, et al. Effect of mometasone furoate on early and late phase inflammation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81:431-437.
149. Meltzer EO, Jalowayski AA, Orgel HA, Harris AG. Subjective and objective assessments in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: effects of therapy with mometasone furoate nasal spray. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:39-49.
150. Minshall E, Ghaffar O, Cameron L, et al. Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118:648-654.
151. Pitsios C, Papadopoulos D, Kompoti E, et al. Efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate vs nedocromil sodium as prophylactic treatment for moderate/severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96:673-678. (Pubitemid 43748999)
152. Kulshrestha VK, Gupta PP, Turner P, Wadsworth J. Some clinical pharmacological studies with terfenadine, a new antihistamine drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;6:25-29. (Pubitemid 8364022)
153. Walsh GM, Annunziato L, Frossard N, et al. New insights into the second generation antihistamines. Drugs. 2001;61:207-236. (Pubitemid 32210197)
154. Kakumanu S, Glass C, Craig T. Poor sleep and daytime somnolence in allergic rhinitis: significance of nasal congestion. Am J Respir Med. 2002;1:195-200. (Pubitemid 37038938)
155. Baiardini I, Giardini A, Pasquali M, et al. Quality of life and patients' satisfaction in chronic urticaria and respiratory allergy. Allergy. 2003;58:621-623.
156. Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, et al. Rhinasthma: a new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2003;58:289-294.
157. Nelson HS, Reynolds R, Mason J. Fexofenadine HCl is safe and effective for treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84:517-522. (Pubitemid 30365414)
158. Richardson GS, Roehrs TA, Rosenthal L, Koshorek G, Roth T. Tolerance to daytime sedative effects of H1 antihistamines. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22:511-515.
159. Verster JC, Volkerts ER. Anti-histamines and driving ability: evidence from on-the-road driving studies during normal traffic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92: 294-303.
160. Garcia-Gea C, Martinez-Colomer J, Antonijoan RM, Valiente R, Barbanoj MJ. Comparison of peripheral and central effects of single and repeated oral dose administrations of bilastine, a new H1 antihistamine: a dose-range study in healthy volunteers with hydroxyzine and placebo as control treatments. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:675-685.
161. Lauriello M, Muzi P, Di Rienzo L, Di Stanislao C, Tirelli GC, Bologna M. A two-year course of specific immunotherapy or of continuous antihistamine treatment reverse eosinophilic inflammation in severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2005;25:284-291.
162. Giovannini M, Braccioni F, Sella G, et al. Comparison of allergen immunotherapy and drug treatment in seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: a 3-years study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;37:69-71. (Pubitemid 40379949)
163. Simons FE. Prospective, long-term safety evaluation of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children with atopic dermatitis. ETAC Study Group. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:433-440.
164. Simons FE. Safety of levocetirizine treatment in young atopic children: An 18-month study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:535-542. (Pubitemid 47206747)
165. Stevenson J, Cornah D, Evrard P, et al. Long-term evaluation of the impact of the h1-receptor antagonist cetirizine on the behavioral, cognitive, and psychomotor development of very young children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Res. 2002;52:251-257.
166. Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 1998;317:1624-1629.
167. Patel RS, Shaw SR, Wallace AM, McGarry GW. Efficacy and systemic tolerability of mometasone furoate and betamethasone sodium phosphate. J Laryngol Otol. 2004;118:866-871.
168. Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA, et al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E22.