Relevance of aquatic environments for hominins: a case study from Trinil (Java, Indonesia)

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 656-671

  Joordens, J C A ^a   Wesselingh, F P ^b   de Vos, J ^b   Vonhof, H B ^a   Kroon, D ^c  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b NATURALIS BIODIVERSITY CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fish; Freshwater wetland; Hominin evolution; Homo erectus; Marine influence; Molluscs; Resources; Stingray; Strontium isotopes

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; BIVALVE; BODY SIZE; COGNITION; DIET; FISH; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; HABITAT SELECTION; HOMINID; HUMAN EVOLUTION; MODERNITY; STRONTIUM ISOTOPE; TAPHONOMY; WETLAND;

ASIA; EURASIA; GREATER SUNDA ISLANDS; INDONESIA; JAVA; MALAY ARCHIPELAGO; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SUNDA ISLES;

BIVALVIA; HOMO ERECTUS; MOLLUSCA; PSEUDODON;

EID: 70450222534     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aiello L.C., and Wheeler P. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 36 (1995) 199-221
2. Antón S.C. A natural history of Homo erectus. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 46 (2003) 126-170
3. Antón S.C., and Swisher III C.C. Evolution of cranial capacity in Asian Homo erectus. In: Indriati E. (Ed). A Scientific Life: Papers in Honour of Prof. dr. T. Jacob. Proceedings of Conference on Man: Past, Present and Future (2001), Biograf Publishing, Yogyakarta
4. Avery G., and Siegfried W.R. 150,000-year tradition: food gatherers along South Africa's seashore. Oceans 4 (1980) 32-37
5. Bentley R.A. Strontium isotopes from the earth to the archaeological skeleton: a review. J. Archaeol. Meth. Theor. 13 3 (2006) 135-187
6. Bettis III E.A., Milius A.K., Carpenter S.J., Larick R., Zaim Y., Rizal Y., Ciochon R.L., Tassier-Surine S.A., Murray D., Suminto, and Bronto S. Way out of Africa: early Pleistocene paleoenvironments inhabited by Homo erectus in Sangiran, Java. J. Hum. Evol. 56 1 (2008) 11-24
7. Boeseman M. On Pleistocene remains of Ophiocephalus from Java, in the "Collection Dubois". Zool. Med. 30 6 (1949) 83-94 pl. III-V
8. Bouteaux A., Moigne A.-M., Sémah F., and Jacon T. Les assemblages faunique associés aux sites à Homo erectus du dôme de Sangiran (Pléistocène moyen, Java, Indonésie). C.R. Pale vol. 6 (2007) 169-179
9. Brooks A.S., Helgren D.M., Cramer J.S., Franklin A., Hornyak W., Keating J.M., Klein R.G., Rink W.J., Schwarcz H., Leigh-Smith J.N., Stewart K., Todd N.E., Verniers J., and Yellen J.E. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268 (1995) 548-553
10. Calderon F., and Kim H.-Y. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. 90 (2004) 979-988
11. Campbell I.C., Poole C., Giesen W., and Valbo-Jorgensen J. Species diversity and ecology of Tonle Sap Great Lake, Cambodia. Aquat. Sci. 68 (2006) 355-373
12. Carlton J.T., and Hodder J. Maritime mammals: terrestrial mammals as consumers in marine intertidal communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 256 (2003) 271-286
13. Carn S.A., and Pyle D.M. Petrology and geochemistry of the Lamongan volcanic field, East Java, Indonesia: primitive Sunda Arc magamas in an extensional tectonic setting?. J. Petrol. 42 9 (2001) 1643-1683
14. Carthaus E. Zur Geologie von Java, insbesondere des Ausgrabungsgebietes. In: Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. (Eds). Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
15. Clark J.L., and Plug I. Animal exploitation strategies during the South African Middle Stone Age: Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort fauna from Sibudu Cave. J. Hum. Evol. 54 6 (2008) 886-898
16. Clymer, G.A., 2006. Foraging Response to Nutritional Pressures in Two Species of Cercopithecins: Macaca mulatta and Papio ursinus. M.A. Thesis, Georgia State University.
17. Copeland S.R. Vegetation and plant food reconstruction of lowermost Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, using modern analogs. J. Hum. Evol. 53 (2007) 146-175
18. Cuny G., and Piyapong C. Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (order Myliobatiformes): a response to Schwartz (2005). Electr. J. Ichthyol. 1 (2007) 15-17
19. Daniel J.C. The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians (2002), Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University Press
20. Darimont C.T., Paquet P.C., and Reimchen T.E. Spawning salmon disrupt trophic coupling between wolves and ungulate prey in coastal British Columbia. BMC. Ecol. 8 (2008) 14
21. Deap L., Degen P., and van Zalinge N. Fishing Gears of the Cambodian Mekong vol. IV (2003), IFReDI, Pnom Penh. Cambodia Fisheries Technical Paper Series ISSN: 1726-3971269
22. Delfino M., and De Vos J. A revision of Dubois' crocodylians: Gavialis bengawanicus and Crocodylus ossifragus from the early Pleistocene Homo-beds of Java. Abstract 66th annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18-21 October 2006, Ottawa, Canada. J. Vertebr. Paleontol 36 3, Suppl. (2006) 55A
23. D'Errico F., and Hensilwood C.S. Additional evidence for bone technology in the southern African Middle Stone Age. J. Hum. Evol. 52 (2007) 142-163
24. De Vos J. The fauna from Trinil, type locality of Homo erectus: a reinterpretation. Geologie en Mijnbouw (1982) 207-211
25. De Vos J., and Sondaar P.Y. The importance of the 'Dubois collection' reconsidered. Mod. Quaternary Res. SE Asia 7 (1982) 35-63
26. De Vos, J., Aziz, F., 1989. The excavations by Dubois (1891-1900), Selenka (1906-1908), and the Geological Survey by the Indonesian-Japanese team (1976-1977) at Trinil (Java, Indonesia).
27. De Vos J., Sondaar P.Y., van den Bergh G.D., and Aziz F. The Homo bearing deposits of Java and its ecological context. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 171 (1994) 129-140
28. Dillon R.T. The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
29. Dozy C.M. Bemerkungen zur Stratigraphie der Sedimente in der Triniler Gegend. In: Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. (Eds). Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
30. Dubois E. Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenähnliche Übergangsform aus Java (1894), Landsdrukkerij, Batavia
31. Dubois E. Pithecanthropus erectus, eine Stammform des Menschen. Anat. Anz. XII Band, Nr. 1 (1896) 1-14
32. Dubois E. Eenige van Nederlandschen kant verkregen uitkomsten met betrekking tot de kennis der Kendeng-fauna (Fauna van Trinil). Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardr. Gen. Serie 2 24 (1907) 449-458
33. Dubois E. Das geologische Alter der Kendeng- oder Trinil-Fauna. Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardr. Gen. Serie 2 25 (1908) 1235-1270
34. Duyfjes J. Zur Geologie und Stratigraphie des Kendenggebietes zwischen Trinil and Soerabaja (Java). De Ingenieur in Nederlandsch-Indië, Mijnbouw en Geologie, De Mijningenieur 4 8 (1936) 136-149
35. Elton S. Forty years and still going strong: the use of hominin-cercopithecid comparisons in paleoanthropology. J. R. Anthropol. Inst. (N.S.) 12 (2006) 19-38
36. Erlandson J.M. The archeology of aquatic adaptations: paradigms for a new millenium. J. Archaeol. Res. 9 4 (2001) 287-350
37. Erlandson J.M., and Moss M.L. Shellfish feeders, carrion eaters, and the archaeology of aquatic adaptations. Am. Antiq. 66 3 (2001) 413-432
38. Faure G. Isotope Geology (1986), Wiley, Chichester
39. Feibel C.S., Harris J.M., and Brown F.H. Palaeoenvironmental context for the Late Neogene of the Turkana Basin. In: Harris J.M. (Ed). Koobi Fora Research Project. The Fossil Ungulates: Geology, Fossil Artiodactyls, and Paleonenvironments vol. 3 (1991), Clarendon Press, Oxford
40. Francis C.M. A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia (2008), Princeton University Press, Princeton
41. Gertisser R., and Keller J. Trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotope variations in medium-K and high-K volcanic rocks from Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia: evidence for the involvement of subducted sediments in Sunda Arc magma genesis. J. Petrol. 44 3 (2003) 457-489
42. Gopal B., and Chauhan M. Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. Aquat. Sci. 68 (2006) 338-354
43. Gurung K.K., and Singh R. Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent (1996), Academic Press, San Diego
44. Harris J.W.K., Williamson P.G., Verniers J., Tappen M.J., Stewart K., Helgren D., deHeinzeline J., Boaz N.T., and Bellomo R.V. Late Pliocene hominid occupation in Central Africa: the setting, context and character of the Senga 5A site, Zaire. J. Hum. Evol. 16 (1987) 701-728
45. Hennig E. Die Fischreste. In: Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. (Eds). Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
46. Hilderbrand G.V., Schwartz C.C., Robbins C.T., Jacoby M.E., Hanley T.A., Arthur S.M., and Servheen C. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity and conservation of North American brown bears. Can. J. Zool. 77 (1999) 132-138
47. Huffman O.F. Variety in paleoenvironment of early Homo erectus of Java, Indonesia. J. Hum. Evol. 36 4 (1999) A8-A9
48. Huffman O.F. Plio-Pleistocene environmental variety in eastern Java and early Homo erectus paleoecology - a geological perspective. In: Simanjuntak T., Prasetyo B., and Handini R. (Eds). Sangiran: Man, Culture and Environment in Pleistocene Times (2001), Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sangiran Solo, Indonesia 231-256
49. Huffman, O.F., Zaim, Y., Fenwick, A.G., Suwarlan, S., Lunt, P.J., 2000. Indonesian Petroleum Industry Geoscience Data and Research on Plio-Pleistocene Homo erectus of Eastern Java. Abstract for Poster Session of "2000 AAPG International Conference and Exhibition" October 15-18, 2000, Bali, Indonesia.
50. Huffman O.F., and Zaim Y. Mojokerto Delta, East Jawa: Paleoenvironment of Homo modjokertensis -first results. J. Miner. Tech. 10 2 (2003) 1-32 The Faculty of Earth Sciences and Mineral Technology, Institute Technology, Bandung
51. Huffman O.F., Zaim Y., Kappelman Jr. J., Ruez D.R., de Vos J., Rizal Y., Aziz F., and Hertler C. Relocation of the 1936 Mojokerto skull discovery site near Perning, Java. J. Hum. Evol. 50 4 (2006) 431-451
52. IBISWorld. Freshwater Shellfish and Mollusc Fishing in Indonesia (2003), MarketResearch.com
53. Indriati E., and Antón S.C. Earliest Indonesian facial and dental remains from Sangiran, Java: a description of Sangiran 27. Anthropol. Sci. 116 3 (2008) 219-229
54. Jacoby M.E., Hilderbrand G.V., Servheen C., Schwartz C.C., Arthur S.M., Hanley T.A., Robbins C.T., and Michener R. Trophic relations of brown and black bears in several western North American ecosystems. J. Wildl. Manag. 63 3 (1999) 921-929
55. Kainz M., Arts M.T., and Mazunder A. Essential fatty acids in the planktonic food web and their ecological role for higher trophic levels. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49 5 (2004) 1784-1793
56. Kawakita E., Hashimoto M., and Shido O. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience 139 (2006) 991-997
57. Kitajka K., Sinclair A.J., Weisinger R.S., Weisinger H.S., Mathai M., Jayasooriya A.P., Halver J.E., and Puskás L.G. Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 30 (2004) 10931-10936
58. Koumans F.P. On some fossil fish remains from Java. Zool. Med. 30 5 (1949) 77-82
59. Kress J.H. The malacoarchaeology of Palawan Island. J. East Asian Archaeol. 2 1-2 (2000) 285-328
60. 39Ar ages for Bapang Formation hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 9 (2001) 4866-4871
61. Lee-Thorp J., and Sponheimer M. Contributions of biochemistry to understanding hominin dietary ecology. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 49 (2006) 131-148
62. Malaivijitnond S., Lekprayoon C., Tandavanittj N., Panha S., Cheewatham C., and Hamada Y. Stone-tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Am. J. Primatol. 69 (2007) 227-233
63. Marean C.W., Bar-Matthews M., Bernatchez J., Fisher E., Goldberg P., Herries A.I.R., Jacobs Z., Jerardino A., Karkanas P., Minichillo T., Nilssen P.J., Thompson E., Watts I., and Williams H.M. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449 (2007) 905-908
64. Martin K. Notizen über die Süßwasserbivalven aus den Pithecanthropus-Schichten von Trinil. In: Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. (Eds). Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
65. Martin-Icke H. Die fossilen Gastropoden. In: Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. (Eds). Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
66. McArthur J.M., Howarth R.J., and Bailey T.R. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3. Best-fit line to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0 to 509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age. J. Geol. 109 2 (2001) 155-170
67. Monkolprasit S., and Roberts T.R. Himantura chaophraya, a new giant freshwater stingray from Thailand. Jap. J. Ichtyol. 37 3 (1990) 203-208
68. Navarrete S.A., and Castilla J.C. Predation by Norway rats in the intertidal zone of central Chile. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92 (1993) 187-199
69. Oo N.W. Present state and problems of mangrove management in Myanmar. Trees (2002) 218-223
70. Oppenoorth W.W.F. Een prehistorisch cultuurcentrum langs de Solo-rivier. Tijd. Kon. Ned. Aar. Genoot. III 3 (1936) 400-411
71. Palmer M.R., and Edmond J.M. The strontium isotope budget of the modern ocean. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 92 (1989) 11-26
72. 4 plant foods and possible early hominid diets. J. Hum. Evol. 48 3 (2005) 219-236
73. Peschak T.P. Sea monkeys: chacma baboons as intertidal predators. BBC Wildlife Magazine 22 8 (2004) 50-55
74. Polis G.A., and Hurd S.D. Linking marine and terrestrial foodwebs: allochtonous inputs from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. Am. Nat. 147 (1996) 396-423
75. Reed K.E. Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African Plio-Pleistocene. J. Hum. Evol. 32 (1997) 289-322
76. Richards M.P., Fuller B.T., and Molleson T.I. Stable isotope palaeodietary study of humans and fauna from the multi-period (Iron Age, Viking and Late Medieval) site of Newark Bay, Orkney. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33 (2006) 122-131
77. Richards M.P. Diet shift at the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe? The stable isotope evidence. In: Roebroeks W. (Ed). Guts and Brains: an Integrative Approach to the Hominin Record (2007), Leiden University Press, Leiden 223-234
78. Robba E., Di Geronimo I., Chaimanee N., Negri M.P., and Sanfilippo R. Holocene and recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area: Bivalvia. Boll. Malac. 38 (2002) 49-132
79. Robba E., Di Geronimo I., Chaimanee N., Negri M.P., and Sanfilippo R. Holocene and Recent shallow soft-bottom mollusks from the northern Gulf of Thailand area. Scaphopoda, Gastropoda additions to Bivalvia. La Conchiglia 35 Suppl. 309 (2003) 1-289
80. Roberts T.R. Artisanal fisheries and fish ecology below the great waterfalls of the Mekong River in southern Laos. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 41 (1993) 31-62
81. Robson C. A Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia: Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia (2000), Princeton University Press, Princeton
82. In: Roebroeks W. (Ed). Guts and Brains: an Integrative Approach to the Hominin Record (2007), Leiden University Press, Leiden
83. Rose M.D., and Polis G.A. The distribution and abundance of coyotes: the effects of allochtonous food subsidies from the sea. Ecology 79 (1998) 998-1007
84. Rosendahl D., Ulm S., and Weisler M.I. Using foraminifera to distinhuish between natural and cultural shell deposits in coastal eastern Australia. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34 (2007) 1584-1593
85. Roth J.D. Variability in marine resources affects arctic fox population dynamics. J. Animal Ecol. 72 (2003) 668-676
86. Sanyal P. Sundarbans -the largest mangrove diversity on the globe. In: Guha Bakshi D.N., Sanyal P., and Naskar K.R. (Eds). Sundarbans Mangal (1999), Naya Prokash, Calcutta 428-448
87. Schwartz F.J. Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (order Myliobatiformes) frequenting the FAO fishing area 61 (20°N 120°E-50°N 150°E) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. 14 (2007) 121-130
88. Selenka L., and Blanckenhorn M. Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition (1907 und 1908) (1911), Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig
89. Shipman P. Separating 'us' from 'them': Neanderthal and modern human behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 38 (2008) 14241-14242
90. Smith T.S., and Partridge S.T. Dynamics of intertidal foraging by coastal brown bears in southwestern Alaska. J. Wildl. Manag. 68 20 (2004) 233-240
91. Soeradi T., Shibasahi T., Kadar D., SudijonoIthara M., Kumai H., Hayashi T., Fuyama K., Aziz F., Siagian H., Furutani M., Suminto, and Yoshikawa S. Geology and stratigraphy of the Trinil area. In: Watanabe N., and Kadar D. (Eds). Quaternary Geology of the Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in Java No. 4 (1985), Geological Research and Development Centre Special Publication 49-53
92. Son V.D. Diet of macaca fascicularis in a mangrove forest, Vietnam. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 42 4 (2003) 1-6
93. Stewart K.M. Early hominid utilisation of fish resources and implications for seasonality and behaviour. J. Hum. Evol. 27 (1994) 229-245
94. Stewart A.-M., Gordon C.H., Wich S.E., Schroor P., and Meijaard E. Fishing in Macaca fascicularis: a rarely observed innovative behavior. Int. J. Primatol. 29 (2008) 543-548
95. Stringer C.B., Finlayson J.C., Barton N.E., Fernández-Jalvo Y., Cáceres I., Sabin R.C., Rhodes E.J., Currant A.P., Rodriguez-Vidal J., Giles-Pacheco F., and Riquelme-Cantal J.A. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 38 (2008) 14319-14324
96. Sunquist M., and Sunquist F. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago (2002), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
97. Swisher III C.C., Curtis G.H., Jacob T., Getty A.J., Suprijo A., and Widiasmoro. Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science 263 5150 (1994) 1118-1121
98. Talwar P.K., and Jhingran A.G. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries vol. 2 (1991), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
99. In: Ungar P.S. (Ed). Evolution of the Human Diet: the Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable (2007), Oxford University Press, Oxford
100. Van Benthem Jutting T.[W.W.S.]. On prehistoric shells from Sampoeng Cave (Central Java). Treubia 14 (1932) 103-108
101. Van Benthem Jutting T.[W.W.S.]. Non Marine Mollusca from Fossil Horizons in Java with Special Reference to the Trinil Fauna (1937), E.J. Brill, Leiden
102. Van den Bergh G.D., de Vos J., and Sondaar Y. The Late Quaternary paleogeography of mammal evolution in the Indonesian Archipelago. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 171 (2001) 385-408
103. Van Damme D. The Freshwater Molluscs from Northern Africa: Distribution, Biogeography and Palaeoecology (1984), Junk Publishers, Dordrecht
104. Van Es, L.J.C., 1930. The Prehistoric Remains in Sampoeng Cave, Residency of Ponorogo, Java. Proceedings of the 4th Pacific Science Congress 1929, 3, 329-340.
105. Vonhof H.B., Wesselingh F.P., and Ganssen G.M. Reconstruction of the Miocene western Amazonia aquatic system using molluscan isotopic signatures. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 141 (1998) 58-93
106. Vonhof H.B., Wesselingh F.P., Kaandorp R.J.G., Davies G.R., Van Hinte J.E., Guerrero J., Raesaenen M., Romero-Pitmann L., and Ranzi A. Paleogeography of Micocene western Amazonia: isotopic composition of molluscan shells constrains the influence of marine incursions. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115 (2003) 983-993
107. Waselkov G.A. Shellfish gathering and shell midden archaeology. Adv. Archaeol. Meth. Th. 10 (1987) 93-210
108. Weesie P.D.M. The fossil bird remains in the Dubois collection. Mod. Quatern. Res. SE Asia 7 (1982) 87-90
109. Whitford D.J. Strontium isotopic studies of the volcanic rocks of the Sunda arc, Indonesia, and their petrogenetic implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 39 (1975) 1287-1302
110. Wood B., and Strait D. Patterns of resource use in early Homo and Paranthropus. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 119-162
111. Wrangham R.W. The delta hypothesis: hominoid ecology and hominin origins. In: Lieberman D.E., Smith R.J., and Kelley J. (Eds). Interpreting the Past: Essays on Human, Primate and Mammal Evolution in Honor of David Pilbeam (2005), Brill Ac. Publ. Inc., Boston 231-242
112. Yang S.L. Record of a freshwater bivalve, Pseudodon vondembuschianus (Mollusca: Unionidae) in Singapore. Raffles Bull. Zool. 38 1 (1990) 83-84