Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Modalities in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 94, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 155-178

  Zisman, Timothy L ^a   Rubin, David T ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Fecal biomarkers; Imaging; Inflammatory bowel disease; Prognosis; Serologies

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALGRANULIN; FLAGELLIN; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GLUCAGON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; LACTOFERRIN; NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODY; OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN C; SCOPOLAMINE BUTYL BROMIDE;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; BARIUM MEAL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DOUBLE BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY; ECHOGRAPHY; ENTERITIS; FECES ANALYSIS; FLUOROSCOPY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE QUALITY; IONIZING RADIATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS;

EID: 70450189106     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2009.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Bossuyt X. Serologic markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chem 52 2 (2006) 171-181
2. Terjung B., and Worman H.J. Anti-neutrophil antibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15 4 (2001) 629-642
3. Terjung B., Bogsch F., Klein R., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of atypical p-ANCA in autoimmune hepatitis using ROC- and multivariate regression analysis. Eur J Med Res 9 9 (2004) 439-448
4. Saxon A., Shanahan F., Landers C., et al. A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86 2 (1990) 202-210
5. Rump J.A., Scholmerich J., Gross V., et al. A new type of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) in active ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn's disease. Immunobiology 181 4-5 (1990) 406-413
6. Joossens S., Daperno M., Shums Z., et al. Interassay and interobserver variability in the detection of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Chem 50 8 (2004) 1422-1425
7. Sandborn W.J., Loftus Jr. E.V., Colombel J.F., et al. Evaluation of serologic disease markers in a population-based cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 7 3 (2001) 192-201
8. Vidrich A., Lee J., James E., et al. Segregation of pANCA antigenic recognition by DNase treatment of neutrophils: ulcerative colitis, type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Immunol 15 6 (1995) 293-299
9. Reese G.E., Constantinides V.A., Simillis C., et al. Diagnostic precision of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 10 (2006) 2410-2422
10. Main J., McKenzie H., Yeaman G.R., et al. Antibody to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers' yeast) in Crohn's disease. BMJ 297 6656 (1988) 1105-1106
11. Standaert-Vitse A., Jouault T., Vandewalle P., et al. Candida albicans is an immunogen for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody markers of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 130 6 (2006) 1764-1775
12. Quinton J.F., Sendid B., Reumaux D., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role. Gut 42 6 (1998) 788-791
13. Peeters M., Joossens S., Vermeire S., et al. Diagnostic value of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 96 3 (2001) 730-734
14. Seibold F., Stich O., Hufnagl R., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: a family study. Scand J Gastroenterol 36 2 (2001) 196-201
15. Sendid B., Quinton J.F., Charrier G., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies in familial Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 93 8 (1998) 1306-1310
16. Vermeire S., Peeters M., Vlietinck R., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), phenotypes of IBD, and intestinal permeability: a study in IBD families. Inflamm Bowel Dis 7 1 (2001) 8-15
17. Poulain D., Sendid B., Fajardy I., et al. Mother to child transmission of anti-S cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA) in non-IBD families. Gut 47 6 (2000) 870-871
18. Landers C.J., Cohavy O., Misra R., et al. Selected loss of tolerance evidenced by Crohn's disease-associated immune responses to auto- and microbial antigens. Gastroenterology 123 3 (2002) 689-699
19. Zholudev A., Zurakowski D., Young W., et al. Serologic testing with ANCA, ASCA, and anti-OmpC in children and young adults with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: diagnostic value and correlation with disease phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol 99 11 (2004) 2235-2241
20. Sutton C.L., Kim J., Yamane A., et al. Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 119 1 (2000) 23-31
21. Joossens S., Colombel J.F., Landers C., et al. Anti-outer membrane of porin C and anti-I2 antibodies in indeterminate colitis. Gut 55 11 (2006) 1667-1669
22. Hui T., Landers C., Vasiliauskas E., et al. Serologic responses in indeterminate colitis patients before ileal pouch-anal anastomosis may determine those at risk for continuous pouch inflammation. Dis Colon Rectum 48 6 (2005) 1254-1262
23. Lawrance I.C., Hall A., Leong R., et al. A comparative study of goblet cell and pancreatic exocine autoantibodies combined with ASCA and pANCA in Chinese and Caucasian patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11 10 (2005) 890-897
24. Lodes M.J., Cong Y., Elson C.O., et al. Bacterial flagellin is a dominant antigen in Crohn disease. J Clin Invest 113 9 (2004) 1296-1306
25. Targan S.R., Landers C.J., Yang H., et al. Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 128 7 (2005) 2020-2028
26. Ferrante M., Henckaerts L., Joossens M., et al. New serological markers in inflammatory bowel disease are associated with complicated disease behaviour. Gut 56 10 (2007) 1394-1403
27. Dotan I., Fishman S., Dgani Y., et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel serologic markers in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 131 2 (2006) 366-378
28. Papp M., Altorjay I., Dotan N., et al. New serological markers for inflammatory bowel disease are associated with earlier age at onset, complicated disease behavior, risk for surgery, and NOD2/CARD15 genotype in a Hungarian IBD cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 103 3 (2008) 665-681
29. Seow C.H., Stempak J.M., Xu W., et al. Novel anti-glycan antibodies related to inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol 104 6 (2009) 1426-1434
30. Austin G.L., Shaheen N.J., and Sandler R.S. Positive and negative predictive values: use of inflammatory bowel disease serologic markers. Am J Gastroenterol 101 3 (2006) 413-416
31. Joossens S., Reinisch W., Vermeire S., et al. The value of serologic markers in indeterminate colitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastroenterology 122 5 (2002) 1242-1247
32. Reumaux D., Colombel J.F., Masy E., et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibodies (ANCA) in ulcerative colitis (UC): no relationship with disease activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 6 4 (2000) 270-274
33. Sandborn W.J., Landers C.J., Tremaine W.J., et al. Association of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with resistance to treatment of left-sided ulcerative colitis: results of a pilot study. Mayo Clin Proc 71 5 (1996) 431-436
34. Sandborn W.J., Landers C.J., Tremaine W.J., et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody correlates with chronic pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Am J Gastroenterol 90 5 (1995) 740-747
35. Fleshner P.R., Vasiliauskas E.A., Kam L.Y., et al. High level perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) in ulcerative colitis patients before colectomy predicts the development of chronic pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Gut 49 5 (2001) 671-677
36. Vasiliauskas E.A., Plevy S.E., Landers C.J., et al. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with Crohn's disease define a clinical subgroup. Gastroenterology 110 6 (1996) 1810-1819
37. Vasiliauskas E.A., Kam L.Y., Karp L.C., et al. Marker antibody expression stratifies Crohn's disease into immunologically homogeneous subgroups with distinct clinical characteristics. Gut 47 4 (2000) 487-496
38. Mow W.S., Vasiliauskas E.A., Lin Y.C., et al. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 126 2 (2004) 414-424
39. Walker L.J., Aldhous M.C., Drummond H.E., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in Crohn's disease are associated with disease severity but not NOD2/CARD15 mutations. Clin Exp Immunol 135 3 (2004) 490-496
40. Dendrinos K.G., Becker J.M., Stucchi A.F., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies are associated with the development of postoperative fistulas following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg 10 7 (2006) 1060-1064
41. Melmed G.Y., Fleshner P.R., Bardakcioglu O., et al. Family history and serology predict Crohn's disease after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 51 1 (2008) 100-108
42. Dubinsky M.C., Lin Y.C., Dutridge D., et al. Serum immune responses predict rapid disease progression among children with Crohn's disease: immune responses predict disease progression. Am J Gastroenterol 101 2 (2006) 360-367
43. Papadakis K.A., Yang H., Ippoliti A., et al. Anti-flagellin (CBir1) phenotypic and genetic Crohn's disease associations. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 5 (2007) 524-530
44. Devlin S.M., Yang H., Ippoliti A., et al. NOD2 variants and antibody response to microbial antigens in Crohn's disease patients and their unaffected relatives. Gastroenterology 132 2 (2007) 576-586
45. Seibold F., Slametschka D., Gregor M., et al. Neutrophil autoantibodies: a genetic marker in primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 107 2 (1994) 532-536
46. Shanahan F., Duerr R.H., Rotter J.I., et al. Neutrophil autoantibodies in ulcerative colitis: familial aggregation and genetic heterogeneity. Gastroenterology 103 2 (1992) 456-461
47. Lee J.C., Lennard-Jones J.E., and Cambridge G. Antineutrophil antibodies in familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 108 2 (1995) 428-433
48. Folwaczny C., Noehl N., Endres S.P., et al. Antineutrophil and pancreatic autoantibodies in first-degree relatives of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33 5 (1998) 523-528
49. Israeli E., Grotto I., Gilburd B., et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies as predictors of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 54 9 (2005) 1232-1236
50. Vermeire S., Van Assche G., and Rutgeerts P. C-reactive protein as a marker for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 5 (2004) 661-665
51. Thalmaier D., Dambacher J., Seiderer J., et al. The +1059G/C polymorphism in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene is associated with involvement of the terminal ileum and decreased serum CRP levels in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 7 (2006) 1105-1115
52. Vermeire S., Van Assche G., and Rutgeerts P. Laboratory markers in IBD: useful, magic, or unnecessary toys?. Gut 55 3 (2006) 426-431
53. Fagan E.A., Dyck R.F., Maton P.N., et al. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 12 4 (1982) 351-359
54. Solem C.A., Loftus Jr. E.V., Tremaine W.J., et al. Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11 8 (2005) 707-712
55. Consigny Y., Modigliani R., Colombel J.F., et al. A simple biological score for predicting low risk of short-term relapse in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 12 7 (2006) 551-557
56. Lindgren S.C., Flood L.M., Kilander A.F., et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10 10 (1998) 831-835
57. Travis S.P., Farrant J.M., Ricketts C., et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 38 6 (1996) 905-910
58. Henriksen M., Jahnsen J., Lygren I., et al. C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut 57 11 (2008) 1518-1523
59. Schreiber S., Rutgeerts P., Fedorak R.N., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 129 3 (2005) 807-818
60. Sandborn W.J., Colombel J.F., Enns R., et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 353 18 (2005) 1912-1925
61. Poullis A.P., Zar S., Sundaram K.K., et al. A new, highly sensitive assay for C-reactive protein can aid the differentiation of inflammatory bowel disorders from constipation- and diarrhoea-predominant functional bowel disorders. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14 4 (2002) 409-412
62. Louis E., Vermeire S., Rutgeerts P., et al. A positive response to infliximab in Crohn disease: association with a higher systemic inflammation before treatment but not with -308 TNF gene polymorphism. Scand J Gastroenterol 37 7 (2002) 818-824
63. Schreyer A.G., Golder S., Seitz J., et al. New diagnostic avenues in inflammatory bowel diseases. Capsule endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and virtual enteroscopy. Dig Dis 21 2 (2003) 129-137
64. Ott D.J., Chen Y.M., Gelfand D.W., et al. Detailed per-oral small bowel examination vs. enteroclysis (Part II): Radiographic accuracy. Radiology 155 1 (1985) 31-34
65. Bernstein C.N., Boult I.F., Greenberg H.M., et al. A prospective randomized comparison between small bowel enteroclysis and small bowel follow-through in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 113 2 (1997) 390-398
66. Paulsen S.R., Huprich J.E., and Hara A.K. CT enterography: noninvasive evaluation of Crohn's disease and obscure gastrointestinal bleed. Radiol Clin North Am 45 2 (2007) 303-315
67. Bodily K.D., Fletcher J.G., Solem C.A., et al. Crohn disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast-enhanced CT Enterography-correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. Radiology 238 2 (2006) 505-516
68. Wold P.B., Fletcher J.G., Johnson C.D., et al. Assessment of small bowel Crohn disease: noninvasive peroral CT enterography compared with other imaging methods and endoscopy-feasibility study. Radiology 229 1 (2003) 275-281
69. Hara A.K., Leighton J.A., Heigh R.I., et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: preliminary comparison among CT enterography, capsule endoscopy, small-bowel follow-through, and ileoscopy. Radiology 238 1 (2006) 128-134
70. Solem C.A., Loftus Jr. E.V., Fletcher J.G., et al. Small-bowel imaging in Crohn's disease: a prospective, blinded, 4-way comparison trial. Gastrointest Endosc 68 2 (2008) 255-266
71. Brenner D.J., and Hall E.J. Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357 22 (2007) 2277-2284
72. Desmond A.N., O'Regan K., Curran C., et al. Crohn's disease: factors associated with exposure to high levels of diagnostic radiation. Gut 57 11 (2008) 1524-1529
73. Negaard A., Paulsen V., Sandvik L., et al. A prospective randomized comparison between two MRI studies of the small bowel in Crohn's disease, the oral contrast method and MR enteroclysis. Eur Radiol 17 9 (2007) 2294-2301
74. Siddiki H., and Fidler J. MR imaging of the small bowel in Crohn's disease. Eur J Radiol 69 3 (2009) 409-417
75. Lomas D.J., and Graves M.J. Small bowel MRI using water as a contrast medium. Br J Radiol 72 862 (1999) 994-997
76. Ajaj W., Goehde S.C., Schneemann H., et al. Oral contrast agents for small bowel MRI: comparison of different additives to optimize bowel distension. Eur Radiol 14 3 (2004) 458-464
77. Kuehle C.A., Ajaj W., Ladd S.C., et al. Hydro-MRI of the small bowel: effect of contrast volume, timing of contrast administration, and data acquisition on bowel distention. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187 4 (2006) W375-85
78. Gourtsoyiannis N.C., Grammatikakis J., Papamastorakis G., et al. Imaging of small intestinal Crohn's disease: comparison between MR enteroclysis and conventional enteroclysis. Eur Radiol 16 9 (2006) 1915-1925
79. Rieber A., Wruk D., Potthast S., et al. Diagnostic imaging in Crohn's disease: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and conventional imaging methods. Int J Colorectal Dis 15 3 (2000) 176-181
80. Darbari A., Sena L., Argani P., et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a useful radiological tool in diagnosing pediatric IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10 2 (2004) 67-72
81. Masselli G., Brizi G.M., Parrella A., et al. Crohn disease: magnetic resonance enteroclysis. Abdom Imaging 29 3 (2004) 326-334
82. Oto A., Zhu F., Kulkarni K., et al. Evaluation of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for detection of bowel inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease. Acad Radiol 16 5 (2009) 597-603
83. Laghi A., Borrelli O., Paolantonio P., et al. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the terminal ileum in children with Crohn's disease. Gut 52 3 (2003) 393-397
84. Siddiki H.A., Fidler J.L., Fletcher J.G., et al. Prospective comparison of state-of-the-art MR enterography and CT enterography in small-bowel Crohn's disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193 1 (2009) 113-121
85. Beets-Tan R.G., Beets G.L., van der Hoop A.G., et al. Preoperative MR imaging of anal fistulas: does it really help the surgeon?. Radiology 218 1 (2001) 75-84
86. Koelbel G., Schmiedl U., Majer M.C., et al. Diagnosis of fistulae and sinus tracts in patients with Crohn disease: value of MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 5 (1989) 999-1003
87. Schwartz D.A., Wiersema M.J., Dudiak K.M., et al. A comparison of endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and exam under anesthesia for evaluation of Crohn's perianal fistulas. Gastroenterology 121 5 (2001) 1064-1072
88. Ebinger M., Rieber A., and Leidl R. Cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging and enteroclysis in the diagnostic imaging of Crohn's disease. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 18 3 (2002) 711-717
89. Fraquelli M., Colli A., Casazza G., et al. Role of US in detection of Crohn disease: meta-analysis. Radiology 236 1 (2005) 95-101
90. Parente F., Maconi G., Bollani S., et al. Bowel ultrasound in assessment of Crohn's disease and detection of related small bowel strictures: a prospective comparative study versus x ray and intraoperative findings. Gut 50 4 (2002) 490-495
91. Migaleddu V., Scanu A.M., Quaia E., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 137 1 (2009) 43-52
92. Maconi G., Carsana L., Fociani P., et al. Small bowel stenosis in Crohn's disease: clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic evaluation of histological features. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 7 (2003) 749-756
93. Spier B.J., Perlman S.B., and Reichelderfer M. FDG-PET in inflammatory bowel disease. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53 1 (2009) 64-71
94. Meisner R.S., Spier B.J., Einarsson S., et al. Pilot study using PET/CT as a novel, noninvasive assessment of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 8 (2007) 993-1000
95. Rubin D.T., Surma B.L., Gavzy S.J., et al. Positron emission tomography (PET) used to image subclinical inflammation associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) in remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15 5 (2009) 750-755
96. Cheifetz A.S., Kornbluth A.A., Legnani P., et al. The risk of retention of the capsule endoscope in patients with known or suspected Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 10 (2006) 2218-2222
97. Triester S.L., Leighton J.A., Leontiadis G.I., et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 5 (2006) 954-964
98. Lashner B.A. Sensitivity-specificity trade-off for capsule endoscopy in IBD: is it worth it?. Am J Gastroenterol 101 5 (2006) 965-966
99. Goldstein J.L., Eisen G.M., Lewis B., et al. Video capsule endoscopy to prospectively assess small bowel injury with celecoxib, naproxen plus omeprazole, and placebo. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 2 (2005) 133-141
100. Graham D.Y., Opekun A.R., Willingham F.F., et al. Visible small-intestinal mucosal injury in chronic NSAID users. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 1 (2005) 55-59
101. Maunoury V., Savoye G., Bourreille A., et al. Value of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with indeterminate colitis (inflammatory bowel disease type unclassified). Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 2 (2007) 152-155
102. Mehdizadeh S., Chen G., Enayati P.J., et al. Diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease of unclassified type (IBDU). Endoscopy 40 1 (2008) 30-35
103. Yamamoto H., and Kita H. Double-balloon endoscopy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 21 5 (2005) 573-577
104. Yamamoto H., Kita H., Sunada K., et al. Clinical outcomes of double-balloon endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of small-intestinal diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 11 (2004) 1010-1016
105. Mensink P.B., Groenen M.J., van Buuren H.R., et al. Double-balloon enteroscopy in Crohn's disease patients suspected of small bowel activity: findings and clinical impact. J Gastroenterol 44 4 (2009) 271-276
106. Oshitani N., Yukawa T., Yamagami H., et al. Evaluation of deep small bowel involvement by double-balloon enteroscopy in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 101 7 (2006) 1484-1489
107. Manes G., Imbesi V., Ardizzone S., et al. Use of double-balloon enteroscopy in the management of patients with Crohn's disease: feasibility and diagnostic yield in a high-volume centre for inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Endosc (2009 May 23) [Epub ahead of print]
108. Bourreille A., Ignjatovic A., Aabakken L., et al. Role of small-bowel endoscopy in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an international OMED-ECCO consensus. Endoscopy 41 7 (2009) 618-637
109. Bjerke K., Halstensen T.S., Jahnsen F., et al. Distribution of macrophages and granulocytes expressing L1 protein (calprotectin) in human Peyer's patches compared with normal ileal lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. Gut 34 10 (1993) 1357-1363
110. Roseth A.G., Fagerhol M.K., Aadland E., et al. Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 27 9 (1992) 793-798
111. Lundberg J.O., Hellstrom P.M., Fagerhol M.K., et al. Technology insight: calprotectin, lactoferrin and nitric oxide as novel markers of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 2 (2005) 96-102
112. Meling T.R., Aabakken L., Roseth A., et al. Faecal calprotectin shedding after short-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 4 (1996) 339-344
113. Costa F., Mumolo M.G., Bellini M., et al. Role of faecal calprotectin as non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation. Dig Liver Dis 35 9 (2003) 642-647
114. Gisbert J.P., and McNicholl A.G. Questions and answers on the role of faecal calprotectin as a biological marker in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis 41 1 (2009) 56-66
115. Poullis A., Foster R., Shetty A., et al. Bowel inflammation as measured by fecal calprotectin: a link between lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 2 (2004) 279-284
116. von Roon A.C., Karamountzos L., Purkayastha S., et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol 102 4 (2007) 803-813
117. Costa F., Mumolo M.G., Ceccarelli L., et al. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. Gut 54 3 (2005) 364-368
118. Tibble J.A., Sigthorsson G., Bridger S., et al. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 119 1 (2000) 15-22
119. Roseth A.G., Schmidt P.N., and Fagerhol M.K. Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 34 1 (1999) 50-54
120. Roseth A.G., Aadland E., Jahnsen J., et al. Assessment of disease activity in ulcerative colitis by faecal calprotectin, a novel granulocyte marker protein. Digestion 58 2 (1997) 176-180
121. Roseth A.G., Aadland E., and Grzyb K. Normalization of faecal calprotectin: a predictor of mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 39 10 (2004) 1017-1020
122. Ho G.T., Lee H.M., Brydon G., et al. Fecal calprotectin predicts the clinical course of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 104 3 (2009) 673-678
123. Guerrant R.L., Araujo V., Soares E., et al. Measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes. J Clin Microbiol 30 5 (1992) 1238-1242
124. Angriman I., Scarpa M., D'Inca R., et al. Enzymes in feces: useful markers of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chim Acta 381 1 (2007) 63-68
125. Langhorst J., Elsenbruch S., Koelzer J., et al. Noninvasive markers in the assessment of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases: performance of fecal lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase, CRP, and clinical indices. Am J Gastroenterol 103 1 (2008) 162-169
126. Langhorst J., Elsenbruch S., Mueller T., et al. Comparison of 4 neutrophil-derived proteins in feces as indicators of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11 12 (2005) 1085-1091
127. Sipponen T., Savilahti E., Kolho K.L., et al. Crohn's disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: correlation with Crohn's disease activity index and endoscopic findings. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14 1 (2008) 40-46
128. D'Inca R., Dal Pont E., Di Leo V., et al. Calprotectin and lactoferrin in the assessment of intestinal inflammation and organic disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 22 4 (2007) 429-437
129. Gisbert J.P., Bermejo F., Perez-Calle J.L., et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin for the prediction of inflammatory bowel disease relapse. Inflamm Bowel Dis 15 8 (2009) 1190-1198
130. Scarpa M., D'Inca R., Basso D., et al. Fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin after ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 50 6 (2007) 861-869
131. Sipponen T., Savilahti E., Karkkainen P., et al. Fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14 10 (2008) 1392-1398
132. Buderus S., Boone J., Lyerly D., et al. Fecal lactoferrin: a new parameter to monitor infliximab therapy. Dig Dis Sci 49 6 (2004) 1036-1039