What do they really want?: Obama's North Korea Conundrum

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 119-138

  Cha, Victor D ^a  

^a National Security Council   (United States)

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EID: 70450170012     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01636600903224837     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Department of State, "Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks," Beijing, China, September 19, 2005, http://www.state.gov/p/eap/regional/c15455.htm (hereinafter 2005 Joint Statement).
2. See Jesse McKinley, "Two Paths, Same Faith for Reporters Facing Prison," New York Times, June 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/us/10hostages.html.
3. See Michael Mazarr, "The Long Road to Pyongyang," Foreign Affairs 86, no. 5 (September/October 2007): 75-94
4. Lee V. Sigal, Disarming Strangers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999)
5. Selig S. Harrison, Korean Endgame: A Strategy for Reunification and U.S. Disengagement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002)
6. Joel S. Wit, "Enhancing U.S. Engagement with North Korea," The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 53-69, http://www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_wit.pdf
7. Victor D. Cha and David C. Kang, Nuclear North Korea: A Debate on Engagement Strategies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003)
8. John Feffer, "Responding to North Korea's Surprises," Foreign Policy in Focus 7, no. 14 (December 2002), http://www.fpif.org/pdf/vol7/14ifnk.pdf.
9. See Leon Sigal, "A Bombshell That's actually an Olive Branch," Los Angeles Times, October 18, 2002, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/18/opinion/oe-sigal18.
10. See Hillary Rodham Clinton, "U.S.-Asia Relations: Indispensable to Our Future" (speech, Asia Society, New York, February 13, 2009), http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/02/117333.htm
11. Hillary Rodham Clinton, "Putting the Elements of Smart Power Into Practice" (speech, en route to Seoul, South Korea, February 19, 2009), http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/02/119411.htm.
12. "North Korea: Back at the Brink?" hearing, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 11,2009, http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2009/hrg090611p.html. The full description is yet to be published.
13. For seismic activity, see U.S. Geological Survey, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2009hbaf.php For assessments of the October 2006 and May 2009 tests
14. M.B. Kalinowski, M.B and O. Ross, "Data Analysis and Interpretation of the North Korean Nuclear Test Explosion of 9 October 2006," INESAP Information Bulletin, no. 27, pp. 39-43, http://inesap.org/sites/default/files/inesap_old/bulletin27/art12.htm
15. Martin Kalinowski, "Second Nuclear Test Conducted by North Korea on 25 May 2009," fact sheet (Hamburg, Germany: Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker Centre for Science and Peace Research [ZNF], University of Hamburg, May 25, 2009), http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/file_download/177/Kalinowski.pdf.
16. For examples of the "up the ante" argument, see John Glionna, "North Korea's Nuclear Test May be For Kim Jong-il's Legacy," Los Angeles Times, May 26, 2009, http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/26/world/fg-north-korea-nuclear26.
17. It is worth noting that while the North Koreans learn from their tests, the United States learns a great deal more about the state of their programs and their level of development. See Richard Halloran, "How U.S. Exploited N. Korea Missile Tests," Honolulu Advertiser, July 12, 2009, http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090712/NEWS08/907120361/-1/NEWS08.
18. "Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), October 21, 2004, http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/AgreedFramework.pdf.
19. See Evans J.R. Revere, president of the Korea Society, testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 11, 2009, http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2009/RevereTestimony090611p.pdf.
20. 2005 Joint Statement, paragraph 1, clause 3.
21. "U.S.-N. Korea Communique Calls for Permanent Peace Arrangements," U.S.-DPRK Joint Communiqué, Washington, D.C., October 12, 2000, http://www.fas.org/news/dprk/2000/dprk-001012a.htm.
22. Victor Cha, "Korea's Place in the Axis," Foreign Affairs 81, no. 3 (May/June 2002): 79-92.
23. The first to write on this dilemma was Byong-joon Ahn, "The Man Who Would be Kim Jong-il," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (November/December 1994): 94-108.