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Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 390-405

Royalism and the King: Article 21 of the Rome Statute and the politics of sources

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EID: 70450044007     PISSN: 19334192     EISSN: 19334206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/nclr.2009.12.3.390     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (65)
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    • For examples of CLS scholarship on point see, e.g, David Kennedy, The Sources of International Law, 2 Am. U. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 1 1987
    • For examples of CLS scholarship on point see, e.g., David Kennedy, The Sources of International Law, 2 Am. U. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 1 (1987)
  • 2
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    • for a TWAIL approach see Anthony Anghie & B.S. Chimni, Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conficts, 2 Chinese J. Int'l L. 77 (2003).
    • for a TWAIL approach see Anthony Anghie & B.S. Chimni, Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conficts, 2 Chinese J. Int'l L. 77 (2003).
  • 3
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    • A particularly vituperative example of the genre is John Bolton, Is There Really Law in International Affairs?, 10 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 1 (2000).
    • A particularly vituperative example of the genre is John Bolton, Is There Really "Law" in International Affairs?, 10 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 1 (2000).
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    • Theory of International Law William Butler trans
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    • See, e.g., J. Kelly, The Twilight of Customary Law, 40 Va. J. Int'l L. 449 (2000). Anecdotally, a well-known U.S.-based scholar once told the author that nowadays, an article on customary law in the United States is one of the ways in which a new scholar identifies him- or herself politically in the U.S. academy.
    • See, e.g., J. Kelly, The Twilight of Customary Law, 40 Va. J. Int'l L. 449 (2000). Anecdotally, a well-known U.S.-based scholar once told the author that nowadays, an article on customary law in the United States is one of the ways in which a new scholar identifies him- or herself politically in the U.S. academy.
  • 6
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    • Richard Falk, On the Quasi-Legislative Competence of the General Assembly, 60 Am. J. Int'l L. 782 (1966).
    • Richard Falk, On the Quasi-Legislative Competence of the General Assembly, 60 Am. J. Int'l L. 782 (1966).
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    • Customary International Humanitarian Law
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    • Even Hays Parks, who is no enemy of the ICRC, has described parts of the study as, at times, more an ICRC agenda item in a future Conventional Weapons convention review conferences than a statement of customary law and has said One can only wonder if the Customary Law Study is a dispassionate legal analysis or a brief for past and future ICRC agenda items: W. Hays Parks, The ICRC Customary Law Study: A Preliminary Assessment, 99 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 208, 210, 211 (2005).
    • Even Hays Parks, who is no enemy of the ICRC, has described parts of the study as, at times, "more an ICRC agenda item in a future Conventional Weapons convention review conferences than a statement of customary law" and has said "One can only wonder if the Customary Law Study is a dispassionate legal analysis or a brief for past and future ICRC agenda items": W. Hays Parks, The ICRC Customary Law Study: A Preliminary Assessment, 99 Am. Soc'y Int'l L. Proc. 208, 210, 211 (2005).
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    • Immi Tallgren, We Did It? The Vertigo of Law and Everyday Life at the Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, 12 Leiden J. Int'l L. 683 (1999).
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    • David Hunt, The International Criminal Court: High Hopes, Creative Ambiguity and an Unfortunate Mistrust in International Judges, 2 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 56 (2004).
    • David Hunt, The International Criminal Court: High Hopes, "Creative Ambiguity" and an Unfortunate Mistrust in International Judges, 2 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 56 (2004).
  • 13
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    • Why State Consent Still Matters: Non-State Actors, Treaties, and the Changing Sources of International Law, 23 Berkeley
    • See on these matters
    • See on these matters Duncan Hollis, Why State Consent Still Matters: Non-State Actors, Treaties, and the Changing Sources of International Law, 23 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 135 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Int , vol.50 , Issue.L , pp. 135
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  • 14
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    • See, e.g, The International Criminal Court and Its Relationship to Third States, in The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court 115 Göran Sluiter & Carsten Stahn eds
    • See, e.g., Robert Cryer, The International Criminal Court and Its Relationship to Third States, in The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court 115 (Göran Sluiter & Carsten Stahn eds., 2008).
    • (2008)
    • Cryer, R.1
  • 15
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    • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
    • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
  • 16
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    • Judicial Decisions and the writings of publicists are not granted such authority (art. 38(1)(d)), but it is no secret that the jurisprudence of international courts is of great import in international law, see, e.g., Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, The Development of International Law by the International Court (1958)
    • Judicial Decisions and the writings of publicists are not granted such authority (art. 38(1)(d)), but it is no secret that the jurisprudence of international courts is of great import in international law, see, e.g., Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, The Development of International Law by the International Court (1958)
  • 17
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    • Georg Schwarzenberger, 1 International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (3d ed., 1957).
    • Georg Schwarzenberger, 1 International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (3d ed., 1957).
  • 18
    • 70449866635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See on an analogous point, Regulating Jurisdictional Relations Between National and International Courts 87-92
    • See on an analogous point Yuval Shany, Regulating Jurisdictional Relations Between National and International Courts 87-92 (2007).
    • (2007)
    • Shany, Y.1
  • 19
    • 78650379182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction, 47 Va
    • Anthony Colangelo, The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction, 47 Va. J. Int'l L. 149 (2006-2007).
    • (2006) J. Int , vol.50 , Issue.L , pp. 149
    • Colangelo, A.1
  • 20
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    • The "Lotus" Case, 44 Law
    • James L. Brierly, The "Lotus" Case, 44 Law Q. Rev. 154, 161 (1928).
    • (1928) Q. Rev , vol.154 , pp. 161
    • Brierly, J.L.1
  • 21
    • 70449956959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michael Akehurst, Jurisdiction in International Law, 46 Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. 145, 165 (1972-1973).
    • Michael Akehurst, Jurisdiction in International Law, 46 Brit. Y.B. Int'l L. 145, 165 (1972-1973).
  • 22
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    • Henry J. Steiner, Three Cheers for Universal Jurisdiction - Or Is It Only Two?, 5 Theoretical Inquiries L. 199, 204-07 (2004).
    • Henry J. Steiner, Three Cheers for Universal Jurisdiction - Or Is It Only Two?, 5 Theoretical Inquiries L. 199, 204-07 (2004).
  • 23
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    • Diane Marie Amann, Group Mentality, Expressivism and Genocide, 2 Int'l Crim. L. Rev. 93 (2002).
    • Diane Marie Amann, Group Mentality, Expressivism and Genocide, 2 Int'l Crim. L. Rev. 93 (2002).
  • 25
    • 70449990334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Al Bashir (Mar. 4, 2009), available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/ doc639096.pdf [hereinafter Decision].
    • Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Al Bashir (Mar. 4, 2009), available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/ doc639096.pdf [hereinafter Decision].
  • 26
    • 70450106045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the facts, and the application of the law to them, is beyond the scope of this piece
    • Evaluation of the facts, and the application of the law to them, is beyond the scope of this piece.
  • 27
    • 70450067713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.e., that genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
    • I.e., that "genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."
  • 29
    • 70449985503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complementarity, gravity, and the fact that in the vast majority of states a relatively simple case of an isolated racist would be punished to the full extent of the law mean that the fear that the ICC would be overwhelmed by such cases is overstated, to say the least. Whether such a person deserves to be called a génocidaire is an important question, but one that cannot be entered into in detail in this piece.
    • Complementarity, gravity, and the fact that in the vast majority of states a relatively simple case of an isolated racist would be punished to the full extent of the law mean that the fear that the ICC would be overwhelmed by such cases is overstated, to say the least. Whether such a person deserves to be called a génocidaire is an important question, but one that cannot be entered into in detail in this piece.
  • 30
    • 70449956960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision, supra note 21, §119.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §119.
  • 31
    • 70449807948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id, §120
    • Id., §120.
  • 33
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    • Decision, supra note 21, §126.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §126.
  • 34
    • 70450067711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On which see, The Interpretation of Acts and Rules in Public International Law 365-82
    • On which see Alexander Orakhelashvili, The Interpretation of Acts and Rules in Public International Law 365-82 (2008)
    • (2008)
    • Orakhelashvili, A.1
  • 36
    • 70449923736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oil Platforms (Iran v. U.S.), 2003 I.C.J. 161 (Nov. 6, 2003). See, e.g., Frank Berman, Treaty Interpretation in a Judicial Context, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 315 (2004).
    • Oil Platforms (Iran v. U.S.), 2003 I.C.J. 161 (Nov. 6, 2003). See, e.g., Frank Berman, Treaty Interpretation in a Judicial Context, 29 Yale J. Int'l L. 315 (2004).
  • 37
    • 24144471116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On systemic interpretation, see Campbell MacLachlan, The Principle of Systemic Interpretation and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention, 54 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 279 (2006).
    • On systemic interpretation, see Campbell MacLachlan, The Principle of Systemic Interpretation and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention, 54 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 279 (2006).
  • 38
    • 70449859043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As such, they do have some claim to being caught by Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, but this does not get over the fact that the Elements are non-binding and have to be consistent with the Statute.
    • As such, they do have some claim to being caught by Article 31 of the Vienna Convention, but this does not get over the fact that the Elements are non-binding and have to be consistent with the Statute.
  • 39
    • 70450082368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oil Platforms, Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, 9. It is true that Simma was on his own in this case, however those who disagreed did so not on this point, but on the extent to which a treaty not referring to the law on the use of force could be interpreted with respect to it. Here we are talking of a treaty criminalizing genocide that adopts the de.nition directly and deliberately from another treaty, which represents customary law, and whose de.nition is indeed re.ective of jus cogens, see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo (New Application: 2002, Dem. Rep. Congo v. Rwanda, Judgment, 2006] ICJ General List 126 56-70 Feb. 3, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/126/10435.pdf. For support of Simma see MacLachlan, supra note 32, at 309
    • Oil Platforms, Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, 9. It is true that Simma was on his own in this case, however those who disagreed did so not on this point, but on the extent to which a treaty not referring to the law on the use of force could be interpreted with respect to it. Here we are talking of a treaty criminalizing genocide that adopts the de.nition directly and deliberately from another treaty, which represents customary law, and whose de.nition is indeed re.ective of jus cogens, see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo (New Application: 2002) (Dem. Rep. Congo v. Rwanda), Judgment, [2006] ICJ General List 126 56-70 (Feb. 3), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/126/10435.pdf. For support of Simma see MacLachlan, supra note 32, at 309.
  • 40
    • 70450046208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The classic example of which is Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?, 77 Am. J. Int'l L. 413 (1983).
    • The classic example of which is Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?, 77 Am. J. Int'l L. 413 (1983).
  • 41
    • 70449859039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prosecutor v. Katanga & Ngudjolo Chui, Case No. ICC-01/04-1/07, Decision on the Con.rmation of Charges, 506-08 (Sept. 30, 2008).
    • Prosecutor v. Katanga & Ngudjolo Chui, Case No. ICC-01/04-1/07, Decision on the Con.rmation of Charges, 506-08 (Sept. 30, 2008).
  • 43
    • 70449895146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 127-128.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 127-128.
  • 44
    • 70449807929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A/Conf.183/C.1/L.69, see Erkin Gadriov & Roger S. Clark, Article 9: Elements of Crimes, in Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article 524-25 (Otto Triffterer ed., 2d ed. 2008) [hereinafter Triffterer].
    • A/Conf.183/C.1/L.69, see Erkin Gadriov & Roger S. Clark, Article 9: Elements of Crimes, in Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article 524-25 (Otto Triffterer ed., 2d ed. 2008) [hereinafter Triffterer].
  • 45
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    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 129-130.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 129-130.
  • 46
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    • Margaret McAuliffe deGuzman, Article 21: Applicable Law, in Triffterer, supra note 39, at 705
    • Margaret McAuliffe deGuzman, Article 21: Applicable Law, in Triffterer, supra note 39, at 705.
  • 47
    • 70450065331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Criminal Court Act 2001, §50(2)
    • International Criminal Court Act 2001, §50(2)
  • 48
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    • Neither Here nor There? The Status of International Criminal Jurisprudence in the International and UK Legal Orders
    • see, Michael Bohlander & Kaiyan Kaikobad eds
    • see Robert Cryer, Neither Here nor There? The Status of International Criminal Jurisprudence in the International and UK Legal Orders, in Law, the State and Justice: Essays in Honour of Colin Warbrick 155 (Michael Bohlander & Kaiyan Kaikobad eds., 2008).
    • (2008) Law, the State and Justice: Essays in Honour of Colin Warbrick , vol.155
    • Cryer, R.1
  • 49
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    • Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Al Bashir: Separate and Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Ušacka, §17 (Mar. 4, 2009), available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/ iccdocs/doc/doc639096.pdf [hereinafter Ušacka].
    • Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest Against Omar Al Bashir: Separate and Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Ušacka, §17 (Mar. 4, 2009), available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/ iccdocs/doc/doc639096.pdf [hereinafter Ušacka].
  • 50
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    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 132-133.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §§ 132-133.
  • 51
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    • I am grateful to Darryl Robinson for this point
    • I am grateful to Darryl Robinson for this point.
  • 52
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    • Decision, supra note 21, §131.
    • Decision, supra note 21, §131.
  • 53
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    • For a modern discussion see, The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law
    • For a modern discussion see K.S. Gallant, The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law (2009).
    • (2009)
    • Gallant, K.S.1
  • 54
    • 70449985507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jorgić v. Germany, App. No. 74613/01, §§ 89-116 (July 12, 2007), available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/ view.asp?action=html&documentId=820323&portal=hbkm&source= externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649.
    • Jorgić v. Germany, App. No. 74613/01, §§ 89-116 (July 12, 2007), available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/ view.asp?action=html&documentId=820323&portal=hbkm&source= externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649.
  • 55
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    • Bruce Broomhall, Article 22: Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, in Triffterer, supra note 39, at 726
    • Bruce Broomhall, Article 22: Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, in Triffterer, supra note 39, at 726.
  • 56
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    • Ušacka, supra note 43, §18.
    • Ušacka, supra note 43, §18.
  • 57
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    • Gallant, supra note 47
    • Gallant, supra note 47.
  • 59
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    • Decision, supra note 21, §§
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g. Decision, supra note 21, §§ 79, 87, 96.
    • , vol.79 , Issue.87 , pp. 96
  • 60
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    • It is only fair to say that in relation to crimes against humanity the Pre-Trial Chamber in Al Bashir relied quite heavily on ICTY and ICTR decisions, see Robert Cryer, The Definitions of International Crimes in the al-Bashir Arrest Decision, 7 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 283 2009
    • It is only fair to say that in relation to crimes against humanity the Pre-Trial Chamber in Al Bashir relied quite heavily on ICTY and ICTR decisions, see Robert Cryer, The Definitions of International Crimes in the al-Bashir Arrest Decision, 7 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 283 (2009).
  • 61
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    • E.g., Decision, supra note 21, §§ 135, 139-140, 142, 144-146.
    • E.g., Decision, supra note 21, §§ 135, 139-140, 142, 144-146.
  • 62
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    • The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia, 18 Eur
    • See, e.g
    • See, e.g. Antonio Cassese, The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia, 18 Eur. J. Int'l L. 649 (2007)
    • (2007) J. Int , vol.50 , Issue.L , pp. 649
    • Cassese, A.1
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    • An Analysis of Attitudes of National Courts, 4 Eur
    • Judicial Misgivings Regarding the Application of International Law
    • Eyal Benvenisti, Judicial Misgivings Regarding the Application of International Law: An Analysis of Attitudes of National Courts, 4 Eur. J. Int'l. L. 159 (1993).
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    • One that immediately springs to mind is the question of applicable treaties. What applicable means in this context is unclear, as is the relation between such treaties and the Rome Statute, one example being the prohibition of superior orders as a defense in Article 2(3) of the 1984 Torture Convention and Article 33 of the Rome Statute, insofar as torture is a war crime. This is not the place to pursue such matters, though.
    • One that immediately springs to mind is the question of "applicable treaties." What "applicable" means in this context is unclear, as is the relation between such treaties and the Rome Statute, one example being the prohibition of superior orders as a defense in Article 2(3) of the 1984 Torture Convention and Article 33 of the Rome Statute, insofar as torture is a war crime. This is not the place to pursue such matters, though.
  • 65
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    • As much can be implied from the Lubanga Abuse of Process decision, 39.
    • As much can be implied from the Lubanga Abuse of Process decision, 39.


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