Who likes it more? Restrained eaters' implicit attitudes towards food

Appetite

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 279-287

  Papies, Esther K ^a   Stroebe, Wolfgang ^a   Aarts, Henk ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Affective priming; Ambivalence; Attitudes; Dieting; Hedonic; Implicit measures; Palatability; Restrained eating; Self regulation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMBIVALENCE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BINGE EATING DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET RESTRICTION; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD DEPRIVATION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PREFERENCE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PALATABILITY; RATING SCALE; SYMBOLISM; UNIVERSITY STUDENT;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; BODY WEIGHT; DIET; DIET, REDUCING; DIETARY FATS; EATING; FEMALE; FOOD; FOOD PREFERENCES; HUMANS; MALE; TASTE;

EID: 70449707437     PISSN: 01956663     EISSN: 10958304     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Aarts H., Custers R., and Marien H. Preparing and motivating behavior outside of awareness. Science 319 (2008) 1639
2. Aarts H., Paulussen T., and Schaalma H. Physical exercise habit: on the conceptualization and formation of habitual health behaviours. Health Education Research 12 (1997) 363-374
3. Aiken L.S., and West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions (1991), Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
4. Banse R. Affective priming with liked and disliked persons. Prime visibility determines congruency and incongruency effects. Cognition & Emotion 15 (2001) 501-520
5. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
6. Blundell J.E., and Finlayson G. Is susceptibility to weight gain characterized by homeostatic or hedonic risk factors for overconsumption?. Physiology & Behavior 82 (2004) 21-25
7. Brunstrom J.M., Yates H.M., and Witcomb G.L. Dietary restraint and heightened reactivity to food. Physiology and Behavior 81 (2004) 85-90
8. Conner M., and Sparks P. Ambivalence and attitudes. European Review of Social Psychology 12 (2002) 37-70
9. Craeynest M., Crombez G., Haerens L., and De Bourdeaudhuij I. Do overweight youngsters like food more than lean peers? Assessing their implicit attitudes with a personalized implicit association task. Food Quality and Preference 18 (2007) 1077-1084
10. Craeynest M., Crombez G., de Houwer J., Deforche B., Tanghe A., and Bourdeaudhuij I.D. Explicit and implicit attitudes towards food and physical activity in childhood obesity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 (2005) 1111-1120
11. de Houwer J., and Moors A. How to define and examine the implicitness of implicit measures. In: Wittenbrink B., and Schwarz N. (Eds). Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies (2007), Guilford Press, New York 179-194
12. de Houwer J., Teige-Mocigemba S., Spruyt A., and Moors A. Implicit measures. A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin 135 (2009) 347-368
13. Eagly A.H., and Chaiken S. The psychology of attitudes (1993), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth, TX
14. Elfhag K., and Rössner S. Who succeeds in maintaining weight loss? A conceptual review of factors associated with weight loss maintenance and weight regain. Obesity Reviews 6 (2005) 67-85
15. Fazio R.H., and Olson M.A. Implicit measures in social cognition research. Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003) 297-327
16. Fazio R.H., Sanbonmatsu D.M., Powell M.C., and Kardes F.R. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 229-238
17. Fedoroff I.C., Polivy J., and Herman C.P. The effect of pre-exposure to food cues on the eating behavior of restrained and unrestrained eaters. Appetite 28 (1997) 33-47
18. Fedoroff I.C., Polivy J., and Herman C.P. The specificity of restrained versus unrestrained eaters' responses to food cues: General desire to eat, or craving for the cued food?. Appetite 41 (2003) 7-13
19. Finlayson G., King N., and Blundell J. The role of implicit wanting in relation to explicit liking and wanting for food: Implications for appetite control. Appetite 50 (2008) 120-127
20. Fishbach A., and Shah J.Y. Self-control in action: Implicit dispositions toward goals and away from temptations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006) 820-832
21. Flegal K.M. Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States. Physiology & Behavior 86 (2005) 599-602
22. Gorman B.S., and Allison D.B. Measures of restrained eating. In: Allison D.B. (Ed). Handbook of assessment methods for eating behaviors and weight related problems: Measures, theory, and research (1995), Sage Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 149-184
23. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., and Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition. The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
24. Harvey K., Kemps E., and Tiggemann M. The nature of imagery processes underlying food cravings. British Journal of Health Psychology 10 (2005) 49-56
25. Herman C.P., and Polivy J. Restrained eating. In: Stunkard A.J. (Ed). Obesity (1980), Saunders, Philadelphia 208-225
26. Hermans D., De Houwer J., and Eelen P. The affective priming effect. Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition & Emotion 8 (1994) 515-533
27. Hill C., Wardle J., and Cooke L. Adiposity is not associated with children's reported liking for selected foods. Appetite 52 (2009) 603-608
28. Hoefling A., and Strack F. The tempting effect of forbidden foods. High calorie content evokes conflicting implicit and explicit evaluations in restrained eaters. Appetite 51 (2008) 681-689
29. Hofmann W., Friese M., and Wiers R.W. Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behaviour. A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review 2 (2008) 111-137
30. Hofmann W., Rauch W., and Gawronski B. And deplete us not into temptation. Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 497-504
31. Jeffery R.W., Epstein L.H., Wilson G.T., Drewnowski A., Stunkard A.J., and Wing R.R. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Current status. Health Psychology 19 (2000) 5-16
32. Kaplan K.J. On the ambivalence-indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement. A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin 77 (1972) 361-372
33. Klauer K.C., and Musch J. Affective priming. Findings and theories. In: Musch J., and Klauer K.C. (Eds). The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (2003), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Mahwah, NJ 7-49
34. Klauer K.C., and Teige-Mocigemba S. Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 648-655
35. Kruger J., Galuska D.A., Serdula M.K., and Jones D.A. Attempting to lose weight: Specific practices among U.S. adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 26 (2004) 402-406
36. Lamote S., Hermans D., Baeyens F., and Eelen P. An exploration of affective priming as an indirect measure of food attitudes. Appetite 42 (2004) 279-286
37. LeGoff D.B., and Spigelman M.N. Salivary response to olfactory food stimuli as a function of dietary restraint and body weight. Appetite 8 (1987) 29-35
38. Lowe M.R., and Butryn M.L. Hedonic hunger. A new dimension of appetite?. Physiology & Behavior 91 (2007) 432-439
39. Mann T., Tomiyama A.J., Westling E., Lew A.-M., Samuels B., and Chatman J. Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments. Diets are not the answer. American Psychologist 62 (2007) 220-233
40. Mela D.J. Eating for pleasure or just wanting to eat? Reconsidering sensory hedonic responses as a driver of obesity. Appetite 47 (2006) 10-17
41. Monteith M.J., Voills C.I., and Ashburn-Nardo L. Taking a look underground. Detecting, interpreting, and reacting to implicit racial biases. Social Cognition 19 (2001) 395-417
42. Nederkoorn C., Braet C., Van Eijs Y., Tanghe A., and Jansen A. Why obese children cannot resist food: The role of impulsivity. Eating Behaviors 7 (2006) 315-322
43. Nisbett R.E., and Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know. Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 231-259
44. Papies E.K., Stroebe W., and Aarts H. Pleasure in the mind. Restrained eating and spontaneous hedonic thoughts about food. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 810-817
45. Papies E.K., Stroebe W., and Aarts H. The allure of forbidden food: On the role of attention in self-regulation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008) 1283-1292
46. Papies E.K., Stroebe W., and Aarts H. Healthy cognition. Processes of self-regulatory success in restrained eating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008) 1290-1300
47. Papies E.K., Stroebe W., and Aarts H. Understanding dieting. A social cognitive analysis of hedonic processes in self-regulation. European Review of Social Psychology 19 (2008) 339-383
48. Pinel J.P.J., Assanand S., and Lehman D.R. Hunger, eating, and ill health. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 1105-1116
49. Roefs A., Herman C.P., MacLeod C.M., Smulders F.T.Y., and Jansen A. At first sight. How do restrained eaters evaluate high-fat palatable foods?. Appetite 44 (2005) 103-114
50. Roefs A., and Jansen A. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward high-fat foods in obesity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111 (2002) 517-521
51. Roefs A., Quaedackers L., Werrij M.Q., Wolters G., Havermans R., Nederkoorn C., et al. The environment influences whether high-fat foods are associated with palatable or with unhealthy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 (2006) 715-736
52. Rogers P.J., and Hill A.J. Breakdown of dietary restraint following mere exposure to food stimuli. Interrelationships between restraint, hunger, salivation, and food intake. Addictive Behaviors 14 (1989) 387-397
53. Stroebe W. Social Psychology and Health (2000), Open University Press, Buckingham, UK
54. Stroebe W. Dieting, overweight and obesity. Self-regulation in a food-rich environment (2008), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
55. Stroebe W., Mensink W., Aarts H., Schut H., and Kruglanski A.W. Why dieters fail. Testing the goal conflict model of eating. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (2008) 26-36
56. Stroebe W., Papies E.K., and Aarts H. From homeostatic to hedonic theories of eating. Self-regulatory failure in food-rich environments. Applied Psychology: An International Review 57 (2008) 172-193
57. Tepper B.J. Dietary restraint and responsiveness to sensory-based food cues as measured by cephalic phase salivation and sensory specific satiety. Physiology and Behavior 52 (1992) 305-311
58. Tesser A., and Martin L. The psychology of evaluation. In: Higgins E.T., and Kruglanski A.W. (Eds). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (1996), Guilford Press, New York, NY, US 948
59. Thompson M.M., Zanna M.P., and Griffin D.W. Let's not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In: Petty R.E., and Krosnick J.A. (Eds). Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (1995), Erlbaum, Mahwah 361-386
60. van Strien T., Breteler M.H.M., and Ouwens M.A. Restraint scale, its sub-scales concern for dieting and weight fluctuation. Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002) 791-802
61. Wardle J. The assessment of restrained eating. Behaviour Research and Therapy 24 (1986) 213-215
62. Wegner D.M. The illusion of conscious will (2002), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
63. Yeomans M.R. Taste, palatability and the control of appetite. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57 (1998) 609-615
64. Wentura D., Kulfanek M., and Greve W. Masked affective priming by name letters: Evidence for a correspondence of explicit and implicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41 (2005) 654-663