A Survey Study of Voting Behavior and Political Participation in Zhejiang

Japanese Journal of Political Science

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 225-250

  He, Baogang ^a  

^a DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449653140     PISSN: 14681099     EISSN: 14740060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1468109906002349     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Tianjian Shi, Political Participation in Beijing (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 268–270.
2. Cabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).
3. See James R. Townsend, Political Participation in Communist China (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, Fourth Printing, 1972)
4. Victor C. Falkenheim (ed.), Citizens and Groups in Contemporary China (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1987)
5. John Burns, Political Participation in Rural China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
6. Kent Jennings, ‘Political Participation in Chinese Countryside’, American Political Science Review, 91 (2) (June 1997): 361–372.
7. David Zweig, ‘Democratic Values, Political Structures, and Alternative Politics in Greater China’, United States Institute of Peace Peaceworks (44) (July 2002).
8. Yang Zhong and Jie Chen, ‘To Vote or Not to Vote: An Analysis of Villagers’ Participation in Chinese Village Elections', Comparative Political Studies, 35 (6) (2002): 686–712
9. Jie Chen and Yang Zhong, ‘Why Do People Vote in Semi-competitive Elections in China?’, The Journal of Politics, 64 (1) (February 2002): 178–197.
10. Kuan Hsin-chi and Lau Siu-kai, ‘Traditional Orientations and Political Participation in Three Chinese Societies’, Journal of Contemporary China, 11 (31) (May 2002): 297–318.
11. Torstein Hjellum, ‘Is a Participant Culture Emerging in China’, in Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard and David Strand (eds), Reconstructing Twentieth-Century China: State Control, Civil Society, and National Identity (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 216–250.
12. The focus of the paper is on political participation and vote behavior in village elections. As for the study of village elections, see Kevin O'Brien, ‘Village Committees: Implementing Political Reform in China's Villages’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (32) (July 1994)
13. Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, ‘Accommodating ‘Democracy’ in a One-Party State: Introducing Village Elections in China’, The China Quarterly, 162 (June 2000): 465–489
14. Tianjian Shi, ‘Village Committee Elections in China: Institutionalist Tacticsfor Democracy’, World Politics, 51 (3) (April 1999): 384–412
15. Deniel Kelliher, ‘The Chinese Debate over Village Self-Government’, The China Journal, 37 (January 1997): 67–75
16. Baogang He, ‘Village Elections, Village Power Structure and Rural Governance in Zhejiang’, American Asian Review, 20 (3) (Fall, 2002): 55–89
17. Baogang He, ‘Are Village Elections Competitive?’, in Joseph Y. S. Cheng (ed.), China's Challenges in the Twenty-First Century (Hong Kong: The City University of Hong Kong Press, 2003), pp. 71–92
18. Baogang He, ‘Kinship, Village Elections and Structural Conditions in Zhejiang’, in Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian (eds), Damage Control: The Chinese Communist Party in the Jiang Zemin Era (Singapore: Times Media Private Limited, 2003), pp. 142–172
19. Baogang He, ‘Village Citizenship in China’, Citizenship Studies, forthcoming 2005.
20. As far as I know, the Chinese scholar Min Qi was the early pioneer in carrying out social survey on Chinese political culture. See Min Qi, Zhongguo zhengzhi wenhua: minzhu zhengzhi nanchan de shehui xinli yinsu [Chinese Political Culture: The Origins of Social-Psychological Difficulty in Democratic Politics] (Kunming: Yuanan renming chubanshe, 1989). Generally speaking, those who produced excellent writings on village elections such as Xu Yong tend to be skeptical of the results of most indigenous Chinese surveys due to the unprofessional survey workers, political control of the work, and cost constraints.
21. See M. Manion, ‘Survey Research in the Study of Contemporary China: Learning from Local Samples’, The China Quarterly, 139 (September 1994): 764.
22. Tianjian Shi, ‘Vote and Nonvoting in China: Voting Behavior in Plebiscitary and Limited-Choice Elections’, The Journal of Politics, 64 (4) (November 1999): 1115–1139.
23. Zhong and Chen, ‘To Vote or Not to Vote’, p. 692.
24. Jing Yan, ‘Cong huanjie xuanju kan xian jieduan nongmin zhengzhi canyu’ [‘Village Election and Current Political Participation of the Villagers’], MA Thesis (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
25. Cheng Haiyan, ‘Shaoxingxian huashecun cunminweiyuanhui xuanju diaoca baogao’ [‘Studies on Village Election in Huashe Village, Shaoxing County’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1999).
26. Wang Zhenghua, ‘Qianxi nongcun xuanju wenti de zhengjie 1996 nian dongjiacun cunweihui xuanju diaoca’ [‘Problems in Village Election: a Case Study of Dongjia Village Election in 1996’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
27. Zhang Hong, ‘Cong cunmin zizhi shijian fenxi huipingxian cunmin minzhu yishi zhengqiang de biaoxian ji yuanying’ [‘Village Autonomy: Manifestations and Causes of a Higher Sense of Rural Democracy among Villagers of Huiping Township’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
28. Xie Zhuofeng, ‘Guanyu nongcun jichen xuanju de jidian sikao 1996 nian nanerchun cunweihui xuanju diaoca’ [‘Reflections on Village Election: A Case Study of Nan-er Village’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
29. Bai Gang, ‘Cunmin zizhi: Zhongguao nongmin de zhengzhi canyu’ [‘Village Autonomy: Political Participation of Chinese Villagers’], working paper (1 February, 1996), p. 10.
30. Zhang Jing, ‘Lishuxian cunweihui huanjie xuanju guanca’ [‘Observations of Village Election in Lishu County’], Ershiyi shiji (21th Century), 50 (Hong Kong) (December 1998): 145.
31. Melanie Manion, ‘The Electoral Connection in the Chinese Countryside’, The American Political Science Review, 90 (4) (December 1996): 742.
32. Weixing Chen, The Political Economy of Rural Development in China, 1978–1999 (Westport: Praeger, 1999), p. 127.
33. Bai Gang, ‘Village Autonomy’, p. 11.
34. Xie Zhuofeng, ‘Reflections on Village Election’.
35. Wang Zhenghua, ‘Qianxi nongcun xuanju wenti de zhengjie: 1996 dongjiacun cunweihui xuanju diaoca’ [‘Problems in Village Election: a Case Study of Dongjia Village Election in 1996’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
36. Participation is sees as a function of cognitions and beliefs. See Lester W. Milbrath, Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? (Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1965), pp. 64–72
37. also see Christopher Arterton and Harlan Hahn, Political Participation (Washington, DC: The American Political Science Association, 1975).
38. Zweig, ‘Democratic Values’, p. 41.
39. Cheng Zhiyuan and Liu Dongjing, ‘Nongmin xingzhong de tianping hunan huaihuadiqu nongcun an liuxuan yu liubuxuan de yuanzhe xuanju dangjiaren’ [‘The Villagers Have a Scale: Village Heads in Huaihua, Hunan Are Elected with Six Criteria’], Xiangzheng luntan [Township Forum], no. 4 (Beijing, 1994), p. 13.
40. Chang Yumin, ‘Shenmeyang de ganbu zhui bu shou nongmin huanying?’ [‘Who Are the Most Unpopular among Villagers?’], Xiangzheng luntan [Township Forum], no. 4 (Beijing, 1994), p. 14.
41. Xiangzheng luntan [Township Forum].
42. Xu Yong, ‘Gufenzhi jueqi zhong de cunzhi moshi zhuanghuan’ [‘The Emergence of Share-holder Economy and the Transformation of Village Governance’], Huazhong shifandaxue xuebao [Journal of Centural China Normal University], Social Science edition, no.2 (1998), p. 5.
43. Shao Xingliang et al., ‘Yiminweitian’ [‘The People Are the Most Important’], Xiangzheng luntan [Township Forum], no. 4 (Beijing, 1994), p. 11.
44. Chen Xiang, ‘The Impact of the New Rich on Village Election’, 1999 summer field work report.
45. ‘The Impact of the New Rich on Village Election’.
46. ‘The Impact of the New Rich on Village Election’.
47. ‘The Impact of the New Rich on Village Election’.
48. ‘The Impact of the New Rich on Village Election’.
49. Jing Yan, ‘Village Election and Current Political Participati’.
50. Song Peihua, ‘Cunminweiyunhui minzhu xuanju wenti diaocha’ [‘Democratic Election of Village Committee: Case Study of Tao-Xu-Feng Village in Hemudu’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1999).
51. Fu Xia, ‘Huamincun xuanju zhi wo jian’ [‘My View on the Election in Huamin Village’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
52. Cao Liwei, ‘Renzhongdaoyuan_kan cunminweiyuanhui xunju de wenti jiqi wanshan’ [‘A Long Way to Go: Problems in the Election of Village Committee and Solutions’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
53. Zhang Zongsheng, ‘Cunmin weiyuanhui yu dangzhibu guanxi de fenxi’ [‘Analysis of the Relationship between the Village Committee And the Part Branch’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1998).
54. Wu Yi, ‘Cunzhi zhong de zhengzhi ren: yige cunzhuang cunmin gonggong canyu he gonggong yishi de fenxi’ [‘The Political Man in the Governance of the Village: Analysis of Awareness in Participation and Communal Sense’], Zhannue yu guangli [Strategy and Management], no. 1 (Beijing, 1998), p. 96.
55. Fu Xia, ‘My View on the Election in Huamin Village’.
56. Hu Liwei, ‘Ignorance during Election: An Investigation of Village Election in Siyuancun, Yangcunqiao Township’, 1998 summer field work report.
57. Qiu Zhengjun, ‘Cunguan zhijie xuanju, gai xi hai shi you?’ [‘Direct Election of Village Head: Good or Bad? On the 1999 Village Election in Chengzhou Municipality’], Summer Study (School of Political Science, Zhejiang University, 1999).
58. In West Java, Indonesia, it is found that income and mass media exposure have a stronger influence than economic independence/dependence and a much stronger influence than age and occupation on voting, and the number of administrators or the size of the village bureaucracy has a negative influence on voting. Dwight Y. King, ‘Associational Activity and Political Participation of Villagers in West Java, Indonesia’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 11 (1) (1983): 85.
59. Townsend, Political Participation in Communist China, p. 218.
60. Amy Epstein Gadsden and Anne F. Thurston, ‘Village elections in China: Progress, Problems and Prospects’ (International Republic Institute, Washington, DC, January 2001), p. 19.
61. Milbrath, Political Participation, p. 153.
62. Jude Howell, ‘Prospects for Village Self-Governance in China’, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 25 (3) (1998): 96.
63. Thurston has studied the varieties of village self-government. See Anne F. Thurston, ‘Muddling toward Democracy: Political Change in Grassroots China’, United States Institute of Peace Peaceworks (23) (1998).
64. Jie Chen and Yang Zhong have emphasized the importance of regional differences in local elections. See Jie Chen and Yang Zhong, ‘Why Do People Vote’, pp. 178–197.