Rhodium, gold and other highly siderophile element abundances in chondritic meteorites

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 74, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 356-379

  Fischer Godde M ^a   Becker, H ^a   Wombacher, F ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE; ENSTATITE CHONDRITE; FRACTIONATION; GOLD; ORDINARY CHONDRITE; RHODIUM; SIDEROPHILE ELEMENT;

EID: 70449579054     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.024     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Anders E., and Grevesse N. Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 (1989) 197-214
2. Baedecker P.A., and Wasson J.T. Elemental fractionations among enstatite chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39 (1975) 735-765
3. Baker J.A., Bizzarro M., Wittig N., Connelly J., and Haack H. Early planetesimal melting from an age of 4.5662 Gyr for differentiated meteorites. Nature 436 (2005) 1127-1131
4. Ballhaus C., Bockrath C., Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser C., Laurenz V., and Berndt J. Fractionation of the noble metals by physical processes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 152 (2006) 667-684
5. Becker H., Morgan J.W., Walker R.J., MacPherson G.J., and Grossman J.N. Rhenium-osmium systematics of calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 3379-3390
6. Becker H., Horan M.F., Walker R.J., Gao S., Lorand J.-P., and Rudnick R.L. Highly siderophile element composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle: constraints from new data on peridotite massifs and xenoliths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 4528-4550
7. Berg T., Marosits J., Maul J., Schönhense G., Hoppe P., Ott U., and Palme H. Evidence for nebular condensation of sub-micron refractory metal alloys. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXX (2009) 1585
8. Bezmen N.I., Asif M., Brügmann G.E., Romanenko I.M., and Naldrett A.J. Distribution of Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, and Au between sulfide and silicate metals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 1251-1260
9. Bischoff A., and Palme H. Composition and mineralogy of refractory-metal-rich assemblages from a Ca, Al-rich inclusion in the Allende meteorite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 2733-2748
10. Bischoff A., Geiger T., Palme H., Spettel B., Schultz L., Scherer P., Loeken T., Bland P., Clayton R.N., Mayeda T.K., Herpers U., Meltzow B., Michel R., and Dittrich-Hannen B. Acfer 217-A new member of the Rumuruti chondrite group (R). Meteoritics 29 (1994) 263-274
11. Bischoff A., Sokol A., Palme H., Schultz L., Weber H.W., and Wolf D. Mineralogy, chemistry, and noble gases of the unpaired Rumuruti-chondrites NWA 753 and NWA 755. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36 (2001) A21
12. Bizzarro M., Baker J.A., and Haack H. Mg isotope evidence for contemporaneous formation of chondrules and refractory inclusions. Nature 431 (2004) 275-278
13. Blander M., Fuchs L.H., Horowitz C., and Land R. Primordial refractory metal particles in the Allende meteorite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44 217-219 (1980) 221-223
14. Brandon A.D., Humayun M., Puchtel I.S., and Zolensky M.E. Re-Os isotopic systematics and platinum group element composition of the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 1619-1631
15. Brandon A.D., Humayun M., Puchtel I.S., Leya I., and Zolensky M. Osmium isotope evidence for an s-process carrier in primitive chondrites. Science 309 (2005) 1233-1236
16. Brearley A.J., and Jones R.H. Chondritic meteorites. In: Papike J.J. (Ed). Planetary Materials (1998), Mineralogical Society of America (Chapter 3)
17. Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F., and Ash R. An experimental study of the solubility and partitioning of iridium, osmium and gold between olivine and silicate melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237 (2005) 855-872
18. Campbell A.J., and Humayun M. Formation of metal in Grosvenor Mountains 95551 and comparison to ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 2481-2495
19. Campbell A.J., Humayun M., and Weisberg M.K. Siderophile element constraints on the formation of metal in the metal-rich chondrites Bencubbin, Weatherford, and Gujba. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) 647-660
20. Campbell A.J., Simon S.B., Humayun M., and Grossman L. Chemical evolution of metal in refractory inclusions in CV3 chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 3119-3134
21. Chabot N.L., and Jones J.H. The parameterization of solid metal-liquid metal partitioning of siderophile elements. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 1425-1436
22. Chabot N.L., Campbell A.J., Jones J.H., Humayun M., and Agee C.B. An experimental test of Henry's Law in solid metal-liquid metal systems with implications for iron meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38 (2003) 181-196
23. Chabot N.L., Campbell A.J., Jones J.H., Humayun M., and Lauer J.H.V. The influence of carbon on trace element partitioning behavior. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 1322-1335
24. Chen J.H., Papanastassiou D.A., and Wasserburg G.J. Re-Os systematics in chondrites and the fractionation of the platinum group elements in the early solar system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 3379-3392
25. Choi B.-G., and Wasson J.T. Microscale oxygen isotopic exchange and magnetite formation in the Ningqiang anomalous carbonaceous chondrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 4655-4660
26. Chou C.-L., Baedecker P.A., and Wasson J.T. Allende inclusions: volatile-element distribution and evidence for incomplete volatilization of presolar solids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40 (1976) 85-94
27. Cohen A.S., and Waters F.G. Separation of osmium from geological materials by solvent extraction for analysis by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 332 (1996) 269-275
28. Corgne A., Wood B.J., and Fei Y. C- and S-rich molten alloy immiscibility and core formation of planetesimals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (2008) 2409-2416
29. Crocket J.H., Fleet M.E., and S W.E. Implications of composition for experimental partitioning of platinum-group elements and gold between sulfide liquid and basalt melt: the significance of nickel content. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 4139-4149
30. Ebihara M., Wolf R., and Anders E. Are C1 chondrites chemically fractionated? A trace element study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46 (1982) 1849-1861
31. Ehmann W.D., Baedecker P.A., and McKown D.M. Gold and iridium in meteorites and some selected rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34 (1970) 493-507
32. Eisenhour D.D., and Buseck P.R. Transmission electron microscopy of RMNs: implications for single-phase condensation of the refractory siderophile elements. Meteoritics 27 (1992) 217-218
33. Ertel W., Dingwell D.B., and Sylvester P.J. Siderophile elements in silicate melts - a review of the mechanically assisted equilibration technique and the nanonugget issue. Chem. Geol. 248 (2008) 119-139
34. Fegley Jr. B., and Palme H. Evidence for oxidizing conditions in the solar nebula from Mo and W depletions in refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 72 (1985) 311-326
35. Fischer-Gödde M., Wombacher F., and Becker H. Rhodium, gold and other highly siderophile elements in chondrites. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXVIII (2007) 1625
36. Fleet M.E., Stone W.E., and Crocket J.H. Partitioning of palladium, iridium, and platinum between sulfide liquid and basalt melt: effects of melt composition, concentration, and oxygen fugacity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 2545-2554
37. Fleet M.E., Chryssoulis S.L., Stone W.E., and Weisener C.G. Partitioning of platinum-group elements and Au in the Fe-Ni-Cu-S system: experiments on the fractional crystallization of sulfide melt. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 115 (1993) 36-44
38. Fleet M.E., Crocket J.H., and Stone W.E. Partitioning of platinum-group elements (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd) and gold between sulfide liquid and basalt melt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 2397-2412
39. Fleet M.E., Liu M., and Crocket J.H. Partitioning of trace amounts of highly siderophile elements in the Fe-Ni-S system and their fractionation in nature. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (1999) 2611-2622
40. Friedrich J.M., Wang M.-S., and Lipschutz M.E. Comparison of the trace element composition of Tagish Lake with other primitive carbonaceous chondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37 (2002) 677-686
41. Geiger T., and Bischoff A. (Os, Ru, Ir)S2 and other refractory siderophile element-rich particles in the metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites Karoonda, Mulga (West) and PCA82500. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XX (1989) 335-336
42. Geiger T., and Bischoff A. Formation of opaque minerals in CK chondrites. Planet. Space Sci. 43 (1995) 485-498
43. Grossman L., and Ganapathy R. Trace elements in the Allende meteorite - I. Coarse-grained, Ca-rich inclusions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40 (1976) 331-344
44. Grossman J.N., and Wasson J.T. The origin and history of the metal and sulfide components of chondrules. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (1985) 925-939
45. Hammond S.J., Rogers N.W., and Bland P.A. Laser ablation analysis of metal grains in carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (2008) A346
46. Hermann F., and Wichtl M. Neutronenaktivierungsanalytische bestimmung von spurenelementen in meteoriten der vatikanischen sammlung. In: Kiesl W., and Malissa H. (Eds). Analyse Extraterrestrischen Materials (1974), Springer 163-172
47. Hertogen J., Janssens M.-J., Takahashi H., Morgan J.W., and Anders E. Enstatite chondrites: trace element clues to their origin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47 (1983) 2241-2255
48. Holzheid A., Sylvester P., O'Neill H.S.C., Rubie D.C., and Palme H. Evidence for a late chondritic veneer in the Earth's mantle from high-pressure partitioning of palladium and platinum. Nature 406 (2000) 396-399
49. Horan M.F., Walker R.J., Morgan J.W., Grossman J.N., and Rubin A.E. Highly siderophile elements in chondrites. Chem. Geol. 196 (2003) 5-20
50. Horan M.F., Alexander C.M.O.D., and Walker R.J. Highly siderophile element evidence for early Solar System processes in components from ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (2009) 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.22
51. Humayun M., and Campbell A.J. The duration of ordinary chondrite metamorphism inferred from tungsten microdistribution in metal. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 198 (2002) 225-243
52. Humayun M., and Cassen P. Processes determining the volatile abundances of the meteorites and terrestrial planets. In: Canup R.M., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), Univ. of Arizona Press 3-23
53. Humayun M., Keil K., and Bischoff A. Siderophile elements in metal from Northwest Africa 2526, an enstatite chondrite partial melt residue. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXX (2009) 1744
54. Jana D., and Walker D. The impact of carbon on element distribution during core formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 2759-2763
55. Jarosewich E., Clarke R.S., and Barrows J.N. The Allende meteorite reference sample. Smithson Contrib. Earth Sci. 27 (1987) 1-49
56. Jochum K.P. Rhodium and other platinum-group elements in carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 3353-3357
57. Jones J.H., and Malvin D.J. A nonmetal interaction model for the segregation of trace metals during solidification of Fe-Ni-S, Fe-Ni-P, and Fe-Ni-S-P alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 21B (1990) 697-706
58. Jones J.H., and Walker D. Partitioning of siderophile elements in the FeNiS system: 1 bar to 80 kbar. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 105 (1991) 127-133
59. Kallemeyn G.W., and Wasson J.T. The compositional classification of chondrites - I. The carbonaceous chondrite groups. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 (1981) 1217-1230
60. Kallemeyn G.W., and Wasson J.T. Compositions of enstatite (EH3, EH4, 5 and EL6) chondrites: implications regarding their formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 (1986) 2153-2164
61. Kallemeyn G.W., Boynton W.V., Willis J., and Wasson J.T. Formation of the Bencubbin polymict meteoritic breccia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42 (1978) 507-515
62. Kallemeyn G.W., Rubin A.E., Wang D., and Wasson J.T. Ordinary chondrites: bulk compositions, classification, lithophile-element fractionations, and composition-petrographic type relationships. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 (1989) 2747-2767
63. Kallemeyn G.W., Rubin A.E., and Wasson J.T. The compositional classification of chondrites: V. The Karoonda (CK) group of carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 881-892
64. Kallemeyn G.W., Rubin A.E., and Wasson J.T. The compositional classification of chondrites: VII. The R chondrite group. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 2243-2256
65. Kelly W.R., and Larimer J.W. Chemical fractionations in meteorites: VIII. Iron meteorites and the cosmochemical history of the metal phase. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41 (1977) 93-111
66. 182W in CAIs, metal-rich chondrites, and iron meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 5805-5818
67. Kong P., and Ebihara M. Metal phases of L chondrites: their formation and evolution in the nebular and in the parent body. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 2667-2680
68. Kong P., and Ebihara M. The origin and nebular history of the metal phase of ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 2317-2329
69. Kong P., and Palme H. Compositional and genetic relationship between chondrules, chondrule rims, metal, and matrix in the Renazzo chondrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (1999) 3673-3682
70. Larimer J.W., and Anders E. Chemical fractionations in meteorites: III. Major element fractionations in chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 34 (1970) 367-387
71. Li J., and Agee C.B. The effect of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity and composition on partitioning of nickel and cobalt between liquid Fe-Ni-S alloy and liquid silicate: implications for the earth's core formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 1821-1832
72. Libourel G., and Krot A.N. Evidence for the presence of planetesimal material among the precursors of magnesian chondrules of nebular origin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 254 (2007) 1-8
73. Libourel G., Krot A.N., and Chaussidon M. Presence of planetesimal material among the precursors of magnesian chondrules. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) A356
74. Lodders K. Solar system abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements. Astrophys. J. 591 (2003) 1220-1247
75. Lodders K., Palme H., and Gail H.P. Abundances of the elements in the solar system. In: Trümper J.E. (Ed). Landolt-Börnstein, New Series vol. VI/4B (2009), Springer 560-630
76. Ludwig K. R. (2003) ISOPLOT 3.00. A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronological Center Spec. Publ. No. 4, p. 70.
77. Mann U., Frost D.J., Becker H., Rubie D.C., Shearer C.K., and Agee C.B. Effect of pressure on the partitioning of highly siderophile elements between liquid Fe-alloy and peridotitic liquid. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXVIII (2007) 1544
78. Mason B., and Taylor S.R. Inclusions in the Allende meteorite. Smithson Contrib. Earth Sci. 25 (1982) 1-30
79. McDonald I., and Russell S.S. Platinum-group elements in enstatite chondrites and enstatite achondrites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36 (2001) A128-A129
80. McDonald I., Andreoli M.A.G., Hart R.J., and Tredoux M. Platinum-group elements in the Morokweng impact structure, South Africa: evidence for the impact of a large ordinary chondrite projectile at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 299-309
81. Meisel T., Walker R.J., and Morgan J.W. The osmium isotopic composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle. Nature 383 (1996) 517-520
82. Meisel T., Fellner N., and Moser J. A simple procedure for the determination of platinum group elements and rhenium (Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt) using ID-ICP-MS with an inexpensive on-line matrix separation in geological and environmental materials. J. Anal. Atomic Spectr. 18 (2003) 720-726
83. Morgan J.W., Janssens M.-J., Takahashi H., Hertogen J., and Anders E. H-chondrites: trace element clues to their origin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (1985) 247-259
84. Mungall J.E., Andrews D.R.A., Cabri L.J., Sylvester P.J., and Tubrett M. Partitioning of Cu, Ni, Au, and platinum-group elements between monosulfide solid solution and sulfide melt under controlled oxygen and sulfur fugacities. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 4349-4360
85. O'Neill H.S.C., Dingwell D.B., Borisov A., Spettel B., and Palme H. Experimental petrochemistry of some highly siderophile elements at high temperatures, and some implications for core formation and the mantle's early history. Chem. Geol. 120 (1995) 255-273
86. Pack A., Russell S.S., Shelley J.M.G., and van Zuilen M. Geo- and cosmochemistry of the twin elements yttrium and holmium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 4592-4608
87. Palme H. Are there chemical gradients in the inner solar system?. Space Sci. Rev. 192 (2000) 237-262
88. Palme H. Platinum-group elements in cosmochemistry. Elements 4 (2008) 233-238
89. Palme H., and Wlotzka F. A metal particle from a Ca, Al-rich inclusion from the meteorite Allende, and the condensation of refractory siderophile elements. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 33 (1976) 45-60
90. Palme H., Larimer J.W., and Lipschutz M.E. Moderately volatile elements. In: Kerridge J.F., and Matthews M.S. (Eds). Meteorites and the Early Solar System (1988), Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. 436-461
91. Palme H., Hutcheon I.D., and Spettel B. Composition and origin of refractory-metal-rich assemblages in a Ca, Al-rich Allende inclusion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 495-513
92. Palme H., Borisov A., and Wulf A.V. Experimental determination of the oxidation sequence of refractory metals. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXIX (1998) 1611
93. Rambaldi E.R. The content of Sb, Ge and refractory siderophile elements in metals of L-group chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 33 (1977) 407-419
94. Rambaldi E.R. Trace element content of metals from H- and LL-group chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36 (1977) 347-358
95. Rambaldi E.R., Cendales M., and Thacker R. Trace element distribution between magnetic and non-magnetic portions of ordinary chondrites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 40 (1978) 175-186
96. Rankenburg K., Brandon A.D., and Humayun M. Osmium isotope systematics of ureilites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 2402-2413
97. Reisberg L., Dauphas N., Luguet A., Pearson D.G., Gallino R., and Zimmermann C. Nucleosynthetic osmium isotope anomalies in acid leachates of the Murchison meteorite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277 (2009) 334-344
98. Righter K., Drake M., and Yaxley G. Prediction of siderophile element metal/silicate partition coefficients to 20 GPa and 2800 °C: the effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and silicate and metallic melt compositions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 100 (1997) 115-134
99. Righter K., Campbell A.J., Humayun M., and Hervig R.L. Partitioning of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Ir, and Au between Cr-bearing spinel, olivine, pyroxene and silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (2004) 867-880
100. 187Os dans le manteau. Ph. D. thesis, Paris Univ.
101. Rubin A.E. Magnetite-sulfide chondrules and nodules in CK carbonaceous chondrites: implications for the timing of CK oxidation. Meteoritics 28 (1993) 130-135
102. Rubin A.E., and Kallemeyn G.W. Pecora Escarpment 91002: a member of the new Rumuruti (R) chondrite group. Meteoritics 29 (1994) 255-264
103. Rubin A.E., Huber H., and Wasson J.T. Possible impact-induced refractory lithophile fractionations in EL chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73 (2009) 1523-1537
104. Schulze H., Bischoff A., Palme H., Spettel B., Dreibus G., and Otto J. Mineralogy and chemistry of Rumuruti: the first meteorite fall of the new R chondrite group. Meteoritics 29 (1994) 275-286
105. Scott E.R.D. Chemical fractionation in iron meteorites and its interpretation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 36 (1972) 1205-1236
106. Scott E.R.D., and Wasson J.T. Classification and properties of iron meteorites. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13 (1975) 527-546
107. Sears D.W., Kallemeyn G.W., and Wasson J.T. Composition and origin of clasts and inclusions in the Abee enstatite chondrite breccia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 62 (1983) 180-192
108. Shirey S.B., and Walker R.J. The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26 (1998) 423-500
109. Smoliar M.I., Walker R.J., and Morgan J.W. Re-Os ages of group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites. Science 271 (1996) 1099-1102
110. Stöffler D., Keil K., and Edward R.D.S. Shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 3845-3867
111. Strelow F.W.E., Victor A.H., van Zyl C.R., and Eloff C. Distribution coefficients and cation exchange behavior of elements in hydrochloric acid-acetone. Anal. Chem. 43 (1971) 870-876
112. Sylvester P.J., Ward B.J., Grossman L., and Hutcheon I.D. Chemical compositions of siderophile element-rich opaque assemblages in an Allende inclusion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54 (1990) 3491-3508
113. Sylvester P.J., Simon S.B., and Grossman L. Refractory inclusions from the Leoville, Efremovka, and Vigarano C3V chondrites: major element differences between types A and B, and extraordinary refractory siderophile element compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 3763-3784
114. Tagle R., and Berlin J. A database of chondrite analysis including platinum group elements, Ni, Co, Au, and Cr: implications for the identification of chondritic projectiles. Meteor. Planet. Sci. 43 (2008) 1-19
115. Takahashi H., Janssens M.-J., Morgan J.W., and Anders E. Further studies of trace elements in C3 chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42 (1978) 97-106
116. Van Niekerk D., Humayun M., and Keil K. In situ determination of siderophile trace elements in EL3 meteorites. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXX (2009) 2049
117. Van Orman J.A., Keshav S., and Fei Y. High-pressure solid/liquid partitioning of Os, Re and Pt in the Fe-S system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 274 (2008) 250-257
118. 187Os systematics of chondrites: implications regarding early solar system processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) 4187-4201
119. 186Os isotopic and highly siderophile element systematics of group IVA irons. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. XXXVI (2005) 1313
120. Walter M.J., Newsome H.E., Ertel W., and Holzheid A. Siderophile elements in the Earth and Moon: metal/silicate partitioning and implications for core formation. In: Canup R., and Righter K. (Eds). Origin of the Earth and Moon (2000), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 265-290
121. Wasson J.T., and Kallemeyn G.W. Compositions of chondrites. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 325 (1988) 535-544
122. 17O and evidence for nebular oxidation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 2657-2669
123. Widom E., Rubin A.E., and Wasson J.T. Composition and formation of metal nodules and veins in ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 (1986) 1989-1995
124. Wolf R., Richter G.R., Woodrow A.B., and Anders E. Chemical fractionations in meteorites - XI. C2 chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44 (1980) 711-717
125. Yokoyama T., Rai V.K., Alexander C.M.O., Lewis R.S., Carlson R.W., Shirey S.B., Thiemens M.H., and Walker R.J. Osmium isotope evidence for uniform distribution of s- and r-process components in the early solar system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 259 (2007) 567-580