Water gas shift catalysis

Catalysis Reviews - Science and Engineering

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 325-440

  Ratnasamy, Chandra ^a   Wagner, Jon ^a  

^a Sud Chemie   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromium free catalysts; CO conversions; Copper Zinc oxide catalysts; Formate mechanism; Fuel cell; Fuel processor; High temperature shift; Hydrogen production; Iron oxide catalysts; Low temperature shift; Pt catalysts; Redox mechanism; Sour gas shift; Water gas shift

Indexed keywords

CHROMIUM-FREE; CHROMIUM-FREE CATALYSTS; CO CONVERSION; FUEL PROCESSOR; FUEL PROCESSORS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHIFTS; IRON OXIDE CATALYST; IRON OXIDE CATALYSTS; LOW TEMPERATURE SHIFTS; PT CATALYSTS; REDOX MECHANISM; WATER GAS SHIFT; WATER-GAS SHIFTS; ZINC OXIDE CATALYST;

CATALYSIS; CERIUM COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL SHIFT; CHROMIUM; COPPER OXIDES; FUEL CELLS; GAS PRODUCERS; GASES; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; IRON OXIDES; LOW TEMPERATURE PRODUCTION; PLATINUM; PRECIOUS METALS; REACTION KINETICS; SOUR GAS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; TITANIUM OXIDES; ZINC; ZINC OXIDE;

CATALYST SUPPORTS;

EID: 70449574460     PISSN: 01614940     EISSN: 15205703     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01614940903048661     Document Type: Review

References (225)

1. Mond, L., Langer, C. (1888) British Patent, 12608.
2. Bosch, C., Wild, W. (1914) Canadian Patent, 153379.
3. Larson, A.T. (1931) US Patent, 1,797,426. Manufacture of hydrogen.
4. Newsome, D.S. (1980) Water gas shift, reaction. Catalysis Reviews - Science and Eng., 21: 275.
5. Lloyd, L., Ridler, D.E., Twigg, M.V. (1996) The water gas shift reaction, Catalyst Handbook, 2nd ed.); Mansion Publishing House: London, 283-338.
6. Kochloefl, K. (1997) Water gas shift reaction, In Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Ertl, G., Knozinger, H., and Weitkamp, J. (eds.), Wiley VHS, Publisher: 4: 1831-1840.
7. Trovarelli, A. (1996) Properties of ceria and ceria-containing materials, Catalysis Reviews - SCI ENG, 38: 439-520.
8. Ladebeck, J.R., Wagner, J.P. (2003) Catalyst development for water gas shift. In Handbook of Fuel Cells - Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, Vol. 3, Vielstich. W., Gasteiger, H., Lamm, A. (eds.) John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 217-229.
9. Song, C. (2002) Fuel Processing for low temperature and high temperature fuel cells: Challenges and Opportunities for sustainable development in the 21st century. Catalysis Today, 77(1-2): 17-49.
10. Moe. J. (1962) M. Design of water-gas shift reactors. Chemical Engineering Progress, 58: 33-36.
11. Gonzales, J.C. Gonzales, M.C., Laborde, M. A., Moreno, N. (1986) Effect of temperature and reduction on the activity of high temperature water gas shift catalysts. Appl. Catal., 20: 3-13.
12. Chinchan, G.C. Logan, R.H., Spencer, M.S. (1984) Water-gas shift reaction over an iron oxide/chromium oxide catalyst. II: Stability of activity. Appl. Catal., 12: 69-88.
13. Bohlbro, H. (1964) The kinetics of the water gas conversion IV. Influence of the alkali on the rate Eq. J. Catal., 3: 207-215.
14. Matijevic, E., Scheider, P. (1978) Ferric hydrous oxide sols: III. Preparation of uniform particles by hydrolysis of Fe(III)-chloride, nitrate, and perchlorate solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 63: 509-524.
15. Rangel, M.C., Santos, M.S., Albornoz, A. (2006) The influence of the preparation method on the catalytic properties of lanthanum-doped hematite in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation,. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 162: 753-760.
16. Edwards, M.A., Whittle, D.M., Rhodes, C., Ward, A.M., Rohan, D., Shannon, M.D., Hutchings, G.J., Kiely, C.J. (2002) Microstructural studies of the copper promoted, iron oxide-chromia water gas shift catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Phys., 4(15): 3902-3908.
17. Kulkova, N.V., Temkin, M.I.J. (1949) Physicheck chimii, 23: 695-698.
18. Temkin, M.I. (1979) The kinetics of some industrial heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In Advances in Catalysis, Vol. 28., Eley, D.D., Pines, H., Weisz, P.B. (eds.), Academic Press: New York, 173-281.
19. Shchibrya, G.G., Morozov, N.M., Temkin, M.I. (1965) Kinetica i Kataliz, 6, 1057-1059.
20. Mezaki R., Oki, S. (1973) Locus of the change in the rate determining step. Journal of Catalysis, 30: 488-489.
21. Amadeo, N.E., Laborde, M.A. (1995) Hydrogen production from the low temperature water gas shift reaction: Kinetics and simulation of the industrial reactor. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 20(12): 949-956.
22. Oki, S., Happel, J., Hinatow, M., Kancko, Y. (1973) In Proc. 5th Intern. Congress on catalysis, Hightower, J.W. (ed.), North Holland Publ. Co.: Amsterdam, Elsevier, New York, 1: 173-183.
23. Trimm, D.L. (2005) Minimization of carbon monoxide in a hydrogen stream for fuel cell applications. Applied Catalysis A., 296: 1-11.
24. 3 catalysts for high temperature water gas shift reaction. J. Catal., 239: 227-236.
25. Lei, Y., Cant, N.W., Trimm, D.L. (2005) Activity patterns for the water gas shift reaction over supported precious metal catalysts. Catal. Lett., 103(1-2): 133-136.
26. Natesakhawat, S., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Ozkan, U.S. (2006) Development of chromium-free, iron-based catalysts for high temperature water gas shift reaction. J. Mol. Catalysis A: Chemical, 260: 82-94.
27. Araujo, G.C., Rangel, M.C. (2000) An environmental friendly catalyst for the high temperature shift reaction. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 130: 1601-1606.
28. Araujo, G.C., Rangel, M.C. (2000) An environment friendly dopant for high temperature shift catalysts. Catal. Today, 62: 201-207.
29. Andreev, A., Idakiev, V., Mihajlova, D., Shopov, D. (1986) Iron-based catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction promoted by first-row transition metal oxides. Appl. Catal., 22: 385-387.
30. Kappen, P., Grunwaldt, J.D., Hammershoi, B.S., Trager, L., Clausen, B. S. (2001) The state of copper promoter atoms in high temperature shift catalysts - An in-situ fluorescence XAFS study. J. Catal., 198: 56-65.
31. 3 high temperature water gas shift catalysts. Catalysis Communications, 3(8): 381-384.
32. Rhodes, C., Hutchings, G.J. (2002) Studies of the role of the copper promoter in the iron oxide-chromia, low temperature water gas shift catalyst. Phy. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5: 2719-2723.
33. Costa, J.L. R., Marchetti, G.S., Rangel, M.C. (2002) A thorium-doped catalyst for the high temperature shift reaction. Catal. Today, 77: 205-213.
34. Chinchen, G.C. Eur. Patent. Appl., A, 1982, 0062410. Catalytic preparation of hydrogen from carbon monoxide and water.
35. Rethwisch, D. G., Dumesic, J. A. Effect of metal-oxygen bond strength on the properties of oxides. II. Water gas shift over bulk oxides, Appl. Catal., 1986, 21(1): 97-109.
36. Hutchings, G. J., Copperwaithet, R.G., Gottschalk, F.M., Hunter, R., Mellor, R., Orchard, S.W., Sangiorgio, T. (1992) A comparative evaluation of cobalt chromium oxide, cobalt manganese oxide and coppermanganese oxide as catalysts for the water gas shift reaction. J. Catal., 137: 408-422.
37. Gottschalk, F.M., Hutchings, G.J. (1989) Manganese oxide water gas shift catalysts: Initial Optimization studies. Appl. Catal., 51(1): 127-139.
38. Ladebeck, J., Kochloefl, K. (1995) Cr-free iron catalysts for water gas shift reaction, Preparation of Catalysts VI. In, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol 91, Issue 5, G. Poncelet, G., Martens, J., Delmon, B., Jacobs, P.A., Grange, P. (eds.), Elsevier Sci. Publ.: B. V. Amsterdam, 1079-1083.
39. 2 catalysts. Appl. Catal., 25: 139-147.
40. Uchida, H., Isogai, N., Oba, M., Hasegawa, T. (1967) The zinc oxide-copper catalyst for carbon monoxide shift conversion.I. The dependency of the catalyst activity on the chemical composition of the catalyst. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 40: 1981-1986.
41. Uchida, H., Isogai, N., Oba, M., Hasegawa, T. (1968) The zinc oxide - copper catalyst for carbon monoxide shift conversion.II. The catalyst activity and the catalyst structures. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 41: 479-485.
42. Bohlbro, H. (1969) An investigation on the kinetics of the conversion of carbon monoxide with water vapour over iron oxide-based catalysts, 2nd ed., Gellerup: Copenhagen, p. 135.
43. Bohlbro, H., Jorgensen, M. H. (eds.), Water gas shift reaction. Chem. Eng. World, 46: 5-8.
44. 3 system prepared by homogeneous preparation water gas shift reaction. J. Mol. Catalysis A: Chemical, 275: 130-138.
45. Petrini, G.,Montino, F.,Bossi,A.,Garbassi, F. (1983) Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 16: 735.
46. Sengupta, G., Das, D.P., Kundu, M.L., Dutta, S., Roy, S.K., Sahay, R.N., Mishra, K.K., Ketchik, S.V. (1989) Study of copper-zinc oxide catalysts, characterization of the coprecipitate and mixed oxide. Appl. Catal. 55(2): 165-180.
47. Gines, M.J.L., Amadeo, N., Laborde, M., Apesteguia, C.R. (1995) Activity and structure sensitivity of the water gas shift reaction over Cu-Zn-Al mixed oxide catalysts, Appl. Catal., A: General, 131: 283-296.
48. Chinchen, G.C., Spencer, M.S. (1991) Sensitive and insensitive reactions on copper catalysts: The water gas shift reaction and methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide. Catal. Today, 10: 293-301.
49. Tanaka, Y., Takeguchi, T., Kikuchi, R., Eguchi, K. (2005) Influence of preparation method and additive for Cu-Mn spinel oxide catalysts on water gas shift reaction of reformed fuels. Appl. Catal., 279: 59-66.
50. Tanaka, Y., Utaka, T., Kikuchi, R., Takeguchi, T., Sasaki, K., Eguchi, K. (2003) Water gas shift reaction for the reformed fuels over Cu-MnO catalysts prepared via spinel type oxide. J. Catal., 215: 271-278.
51. Tanaka, Y., Utaka, T., Kikuchi, R., Sasaki, K., Eguchi, K. (2003) Water gas shift reaction over Cu-based mixed oxides for CO removal from the reformed fuels. Appl. Catal., 242: 287-295.
52. Herwijnen, V.T., De Jong, W.A. (1980) Kinetics and mechanism of the CO shift on Cu-ZnO: 1. Kinetics of the forward and reverse CO shift reaction. J. Catalysis, 63: 83-93.
53. Grenoble, D.C., Estadt, M.M. (1981) Ollis, The chemistry and catalysis of the water gas shift reaction: 1. The kinetics over supported metal catalysts. D. F. J. of Catalysis, 67: 90-102.
54. Fiolitakis, E., Hofman, H. (1983) Dependence of the kinetics of the low temperature water gas shift reaction on the catalyst oxygen activity as investigated by wavefront analysis. J. of Catalysis, 80: 328-339.
55. Hadden, R.A., Vandervell, H.D., Waugh, K.C., Webb, G. (1988) Kinetics and Mechanism of the reverse shift reaction on unsupported copper. In Proc. 9th International Congress on Catalysis, Calgary, Vol. 4, Philips, M.J., Ternan, M. (eds.), Chem. Inst of Canada: Ottawa, 1835.
56. 2 catalysts in an idealized reaction atmosphere. J. Catalysis, 244: 137-152.
57. Salmi, T., Hakkarainen, R. (1989) Kinetic study of the low temperature water gas shift reaction over a Cu-ZnO catalyst. Appl. Catal., 49, 285-306.
58. Ovesen, C.V., Clausen, B.S., Hammershoi, B.S., Steffensen, G., Askgaard, T., Chorkendorff, I., Norskov, J.K., Rasmussen, P.B., Stolze, P., Taylor, P.A. (1996) Microkinetic analysis of the water gas reaction under industrial conditions. J. of catalysis, 158, 170-180.
59. Ovesen, C.V., Stolze, P., Norskovand, J.K., Campbell, C.T.A. (1992) Kinetic model of the water gas shift reaction. J. of Catalysis, 134, 445-468.
60. 2 water gas shift catalyst: First unambiguous evidence of the minority role of formates as reaction intermediates. J. of Catalysis, 247, 277-287.
61. Meunier, F.C., Goguet, A., Hardacre, C., Burch, R., Thompsett, D. (2007) Quantitative DRIFTS investigation of possible reaction mechanisms for the water gas - shift reaction on high-activity Pt- and Au-based catalysts. J. of Catalysis, 252, 18-22.
62. 2 catalyst: Effect of the temperature on the reactivity of formate surface species studied by operando DRIFT during isotopic transient at chemical steady state. Catalysis Today, 126(1-2), 143-147.
63. Schumacher, N., Boisen, A., Dahl, D., Gokhale, A. A., Kandoi, S., Grabow, L. C., Dumesic, J.A., Mavrikakis, M., Chorkendorff, I. (2005) Trends in low temperature water gas shift reactivity on transition metals. J. of Catalysis, 229, 265-275.
64. Twigg, M.V., Spencer, M.S. (2001) Deactivation of supported copper metal catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Appl. Cat. A: Gen., 212, 161-174.
65. Tohji, K., Udagawa, Y., Hizushima, T., Vino, A. (1985) The structure of the Cu- ZnO catalysts by an in-situ EXAFS study. J. Phys. Chem. 89(26), 5671-5676.
66. Spencer, M.S. (1999) The role of Zinc oxide in Cu-ZnO catalysts for methanol synthesis and water gas shift reaction. Topics in Catalysis 8(2-4), 259-266.
67. Aldridge, C.L. (1968) U.S. Patent, 3,615, 216. Water gas shift process for producing hydrogen using a cesium compound catalyst.
68. Aldridge, C.L., Kalina, T. (1969) U.K. Patent, 1,325, 172.
69. Zong, Q., Tang, E., Yang, Y., Zhang, X., Huagong, S. (1995) Chemical Abstracts, 137416X.
70. Zhang, T., Jacobs, P.D., Haynes, Jr, H.W. (1994) Laboratory evaluation of four coal liquefaction catalysts prepared from modified alumina supports. Catalysis Today, 19(3), 353-366.
71. Tang, E., Mao, P. (1994) Hydrogen Energy Prog. X., In Proceedings of the World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 1, 539.
72. Mellor, J.R., Copperthwaite, R.G., Coville, N.J. (1997) The selective influence of sulfur on the performance of novel cobalt-based water gas shift catalysts. Appl. Catal. A: General, 164, 69-79.
73. 3. J. of Catalysis, 158, 354-355.
74. 3 catalysts. Catal.Comm., 4(5), 215-221.
75. 2 catalysts. Catal. Today, 72, 51-57.
76. 2 for pure hydrocarbon production. Catal. Today, 75, 169-175.
77. Goerke, O., Pfeifer, P., Schubert, K. (2004) Selective oxidation of CO in microreactors. Appl. Catal., A, 263, 11-18.
78. Lywood, W.J., Twigg, M.V. (1991) U.S. Patent 5,030,440. Hydrogen production.
79. 2 catalysts. Chem. Eng. Journal, 134 (1-2), 16-22.
80. 2 catalyst during inverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. J. of Catalysis, 226, 382-392.
81. 3 catalysts. AICh.E. Journal, 52(5), 1806-1813.
82. Xue, E., O'Keefe, M., Ross, J.R.H. (1996) Water gas shift conversion using a feed with a low steam to carbon monoxide ratio and containing sulfur. Catalysis Today, 30, 107-118.
83. 2-supported noble metal catalysts on their activity for water gas shift reaction. J. of Catalysis, 225, 327-336.
84. Panagiotopoulou, P., Kondarides, D.I. (2006) Effect of the nature of the support on the catalytic performance of noble metal catalysts for the water gas reaction. Catalysis Today, 112, 49-52.
85. Basinskaa, A., Manieckib, T.P., Jozwiakb, W.K. (2006) Catalytic activity in water gas shift reaction of platinum group metals supported on iron oxide. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 89, 319.
86. 2 for the water gas shift reaction. J. of Catalysis, 212, 225-230.
87. Ruettinger, W., Liu,X., Farrauto, R.J. (2006) Mechanism of aging for a Pt-ceriazirconia water gas shift catalyst. Appl. Catal., B, 65(1-2), 135-141.
88. Kusar, H., Hocevar, S., Levec, J. (2006) Kinetics of the water gas shift reaction over nanostructured copper ceria catalysts. J. Appl. Catal. B., 65(1-2), 135-141.
89. 2 catalyst. Chem. Eng. Sci., 62(18-20), 5026-5032.
90. 2 catalysts for water gas shift reaction at low temperatures. Catal. Lett., 105, 157-161.
91. Schneider, M., Kochloefl, K., Maletz, G.J., Ladebeck, J., Heinisch, C. (1998) U.S. Patent 5,830,425. Chromium-free catalyst based on iron oxide for conversion of carbon monoxide.
92. Panagiotopoulou, P., Kondarides, D.I. (2006) Effect of the nature of the support on the catalytic performance of noble metal catalysts for the water gas shift reaction. Catalysis Today, 112, 49-52.
93. Thinon, O., Diehl, F., Avenier, P., Schuurman, Y. (2008) Screening of bifunctional water gas shift catalysts. Catalysis Today, 137, 29-35.
94. 2 support. Catal. Comm. 9(8), 1759-1765.
95. 2 supported Pt, Pd and Ir catalysts. Catal. Comm., 7(2), 91-95.
96. 2 catalysts. J. of Catalysis, 240, 114-125.
97. 2-supported Pt-Re and Pd-Re catalysts. Appl. Catal. A. Gen., 296, 80-89.
98. 2 - Problem of catalyst deactivation. Appl. Catal., A: General, 338, 66-71.
99. Lox, E.S.J., Engler, B.H. (1997) Environmental Catalysis, Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis-mobile sources, Ertl, G., Knozinger, H., Weitkamp, J. (eds) Wiley-VCH: 4, 1559-1633.
100. Wu, X., Fan, J., Ran, R., Weng, D. (2005) Effect of preparation methods on the structure and redox behavior of Pt-ceria-zirconia catalysts. Chem. Eng. Journal, 109(1), 133-139.
101. Bridger, G.W., Chinchen, G.C. (1970) Water gas shift, Catalyst Handbook, ICI, Wolf. Scientific Books: London, 1970, 97-125.
102. 2 supported Pt, Pd and Ir catalysts. Catal. Comm., 7(2), 91-95.
103. Hagemeyer, A., Brooks, C.J., Calhart, R.E., Yaccato, K., Herrmann, M. (2007) U.S. Patent 7,270,798 B2. Noble metal-free niekel catalyst for hydrogen generation.
104. Zerva, C., Philippopoulos, C.J. (2006) Ceria catalysts for water gas shift reaction: Influence of preparation methods on their activity. Appl. Catal. B: Env., 67, 105-112.
105. 2 (rutile) for water gas shift reaction at low temperatures. Catal. Comm., 7(4), 240-244.
106. Hilaire, S., Wang, X., Luo, T., Gorte, R.T., Wagner, J.P. (2001) A comparative study of water gas shift reaction over ceria-supported metallic catalysts. Appl. Catal., A: Gen, 215, 271-278.
107. 2 in relation to reactant promoted mechanism. J. of Catalysis, 136, 493-503.
108. 2, J. Catal., 1993, 141, 71-81.
109. Zalc, J.M., Sokolovski, V., Loffler, D.G. (2002) Are noble metal based, water gas shift catalysts practical for automotive fuel processing. J. of Catalysis, 206, 169-171.
110. 2 catalysts for water gas shift reaction at low temperatures. Appl.Catal., 303(1) 48-55, Iida, H., Igarashi, A., Abstracts, Proc. 14th International Congress on Calalysis, Seoul, Korea, 2008.
111. Fisher, J.M., Thompsett, D., Walton, R.I., Wright, C.S. (2006) Compound having a pyrochlore-structure and its use as a catalyst carrier in water gas shift reaction. WO 2006/030179.
112. 2-δ J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(11), 5262-5272.
113. Ruettinger, W., Ilinich, O., Farrauto, R.J. (2003) A new generation of water gas shift catalysts for fuel cell applications. J. of Power Sources, 118(1-2), 61-65.
114. Sugie, Y., Kimura, K. (2003) U.S. Patent, 6630119. Hydrogen gas generating method.
115. Wagner, J.P., Cai, Y., Wagner, A.L. (2003) U.S. Patent 2003/0186804 A1. Catalyst for production of hydrogen.
116. Burch, R. (2006) Gold catalysts for pure hydrogen production in the water-gas shift reaction: Activity, structure and reaction mechanism. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 5483-5500.
117. Tibiletti, D., Amieiro-Fonseca, A., Burch, R., Chen, Y., Fisher, J. M., Goguet, A., Hardacre, C., Hu, P., Thompsett, D. (2005) DFT and in-situ EXAFS investigation of gold/ceria zirconia low temperature water gas shift catalysts: Identification of the nature of active form of gold. J. of Phy. Chem., B, 109, 22553-22559.
118. Haruta, M., Yamada, N., Kobayashi, T., Iijima, S. (1989) Gold catalysts prepared by coprecipitation for low temperature oxidation of hydrogen and of carbon monoxide. J. of Catal., 115, 301-309.
119. 4. J. of Catal., 144, 175-192.
120. Andreeva, D., Ivanov, I., Ilieva, L., Sobczak, J.W., Avdeev, G., Tabakova, T. (2007) Nanosized gold catalysts supported on ceria and ceria-alumina for water gas shift reaction. Appl.Catal., A: Gen:., 333(2), 153-160.
121. 3-MOx catalysts for water gas shift reaction. Catal. Lett. 102, 99-108.
122. [122] Venugopal, A., Aluha, J., Mogano, D., Scurrell, M.S. (2003) The gold-rutheniumiron oxide catalytic system for the low temperature water gas shift reaction: The examination of gold-ruthenium interactions. App. Cat., A: Gen., 245, 149-158.
123. 2 catalysts for the water gas shift reaction. Appl. Catal., A Gen., 202, 91-97.
124. 2. Chem. Comm. 3, 271-272.
125. Idakiev, V., Tabakova, T., Yuan, Z.Y., Su, B.L. (2004) Gold catalysts supported on mesoporous titania for low temperature water gas shift reaction. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 270, 135-141.
126. Mohamed, M.M., Salama, T.M., Toman, A.I., El-Shobaky, G.A. (2005) Low temperature water gas shift reaction on cerium-containing mordenites prepared by different methods. Appl. Catal. A. Gen., 279, 23-33.
127. Fu, Q., Kudriavtseva, S., Saltsburg, H., Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (2003) Gold ceria catalysts for low temperature water gas shift catalysts. Chem. Eng. Journal, 93, 41-53.
128. Miyake, Y., Tsuji, S. (2000) European Patent EP 1043059 A1. Catalyst for purifying an exhaust gas.
129. Rodríguez, J.A., Wang. X. Liu, P., Wen, W. Hansen, J.C. Hrbk, J., Perez, M., Evans, J. (2007) Gold nanoparticles on ceria: Importance of O vacancies in the activation of gold. Topics in Catal., 44(1-2), 73-81.
130. 2 catalyst during the low temperature water gas shift reaction and its reactivation: A combined TEM, XRD, XPS, DRIFTS and activity study. J. of Catal., 2007, 252, 231-242.
131. 2 catalyst during the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction and its reactivation: A combined TEM, XRD, XPS, DRIFTS and activity study. J. Catalysis, 250, 139-150.
132. Andreeva, D., Ivanov, I., Ilieva, L., Sobezak, J.W., Avdeev, G., Petrov, K. (2007) Gold based catalysts on ceria and ceria-alumina for water gas shift reaction. Topics in Catalysis, 44(1-2), 173-182.
133. Janssens, T.V.W., Clausen, B.S., Hvrolbek, B., Falsig, H., Christensen, C.H., Bligaard, T., Norskov, J.K. (2007) Insights into the reactivity of supported gold nanoparticles: Combining theory and experiments. Topics in Catalysis, 44(1-2), 15-26.
134. Yoon, B., Hakkinen, H., Landman, U. (2003) Interaction of O2 with gold clusters: Molecular and dissociative adsorption. J. Phy. Chem., A107, 4066-4071.
135. Bond, G.C., Thompson, D.T. (1999) Catalysis Reviews, Catalysis by gold. 41(3-4), 319-388.
136. Moreau, F., Bond, G.C. (2006) CO oxidation activity of gold catalysts supported on various oxides and their improvement by inclusion of an iron component. Catalysis Today, 114(4), 362-368.
137. Fu, Q., Deng, W., Saltsburg, H., Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (2005) Activity and stability of low content gold-cerium oxide catalysts for water gas shift reaction. Appl. Catal:B., Environmental, 56, 57-68.
138. Jacobs, G., Ricote, S., Patterson, P.M., Graham, W.M., Dozier, A., Khalid, S., Rhodus, E., Davis, B.H. (2005) Low temperature water gas shift: Examining efficiency of Au as a promoter for ceria-based catalysts prepared by CVD of a Au precursor. Appl. Catal., A, Gen, 292, 229-243.
139. Juan, M.A.H., Yeung, C.M.M., Tsang, S.C. (2008) A study of co-precipitated bimetallic gold catalysts for water-gas shift reaction. Catal. Comm., 9(7), 1551-1557.
140. Fu. Q., Weber, A., Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (2001) Nanostructured Au-Ceria catalysts for the low temperature water gas shift. Catal. Lett., 77, 87-95.
141. Andreeva, D. (2002) Low temperature water gas shift over gold catalysts. Gold Bulletin, 35, 82-88.
142. 2 for water gas shift reaction and characterization by ADF-STEM, temperature - programmed reaction and pulse reaction. Appl. Catal., A, Gen, 291, 179-187.
143. Rajaram, R.R., Hayes, J.W., Ansell, G.P., Hatcher, H.A. (1999) U.S. Patent, 5,993,762. Method of using catalyst containing noble metal and cerium oxide.
144. 2 supported platinum catalysts measured by H2 and CO chemisorption. Appl. Catal., A, Gen: 260, 1-8.
145. Freund, A., Lang, J., Lehmann, T., Starz, K.A. (1996) Improved Pt alloy catalysts for fuel cell applications. 27(1-2), 279-283.
146. Kopasz, J.P., Krause, T.R., Ahmed, S., Krumpelt, M. (2002) Fuel requirements for fuel cell systems, American Chemical Society Division of fuel Chemistry. Preprints, 47(2), 489-491.
147. 2 catalysts in high temperature water gas shift for fuel cell applications. Ind.Eng.Chem. Research, 43(12), 3055-3062.
148. Deng, W., Stephanapoulos, M. (2006) On the issue of deactivation of Au-ceria, Ptceria water gas shift catalysts in practical fuel cell applications. Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed., 45(14), 2285-2289.
149. 2 catalysts. J. of Power Sources, 165(2), 854-860.
150. x species for the water gas reaction: Catalytic activity and stability evaluation. Topics in Catalysis, 46, 363-373.
151. Hillaire, S., Ruettinger, W., Xu, X., Farrauto, R. (2005) Deactivation of Pt-CeO2 water gas shift catalysts due to shutdown/startup modes for fuel cell applications. Applied Catalysis B, Environmental, 56, 69-75.
152. Hagemeyer, A., Carhart, R.E., Yaccato, K., Strasser, P., Herrmann, M., Grasselli, R.K., Brooks, C.J., Phillips, C.B. (2007) U.S. Patent 7,179,442 B2. Catalyst formulations containing Groups 11 metals for hydrogen generation.
153. Ponec, V. (1997) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide hydrogenation. In Handbook of Heterogeneous catalysis, Ertl, G., Knozinger, H., Weitkamp, J. (eds.), Wiley VCH Publishers: 4, 1876-1894.
154. Olga, Ruettinger, W.F., Farrauto, R.J. (2003) U.S. Patent 20030064887. Suppression of methanation activity by a water gas shift reaction catalyst.
155. Germani, G., Alphonse, P.; Courty, M., Schuurman, Y. Mirodatos, C. (2005) Platinum-ceria-alumina catalysts on nanostructures for carbon monoxide conversions. Catalysis Today, 110, 114-120.
156. Boreskov, G.K. (1966) Forms of oxygen bonds on the surface of oxidation catalysts, Disc. Faraday Soc., 1966, 41, 263-276.
157. Boreskov, G.K.; Yureva, T.M., Morozov, N.M., Sergeeva A.S., Kinet. Katal, 11, 1476 (1970).
158. 2 over chromia-promoted magnetite: Implications for water gas shift. J. Catal., 103, 65-78.
159. Khan, A., Chen, P., Boolchand, P., Smirnoitis, P.G. (2008) Modified nanocrystalline ferrites for high temperature water gas shift membrane reactor applications. J. Catalysis, 253, 91-104.
160. Armstrong, E.F., Hilditch, T.P. (1920) A study of Catalytic Actions at Solid Surfaces-IV. The interaction of carbon monoxide and steam as conditioned by iron oxide and by copper. Proc. Royal Soc., A97, 265-272.
161. Deluzarche, A., Hindemann, J.P., Keinemann, A., Keiffer, R. (1985) Application of chemical trapping to the determination of surface species and to the study of their evolution under reaction conditions in heterogeneous catalysis. J. Mol. Catal., 31(2), 225-250.
162. Diagne, C., Vos, P.J., Keinneman, A., Perez, M.J. and Portella, F.M. (1990) Water gas shift reaction over chromia-promoted magnetite, use of temperatureprogrammed- desorption and chemical trapping in the study of the reaction mechanism. React, Kinet, Katal. Lett., 42(1), 25-31.
163. Davydov, A. (2003) Formate Anions, Molecular Spectroscopy of Oxide Catalyst Surfaces. Sheppard, N.T. (ed.), John Wiley Sons, Inc.: 56-78 (hydroxyl groups), 447-453 (formate anions).
164. Davydov, A.V., Boreskov, G.K., Yurieva, T.M., Rubene, N.A. (1977) Associative mechanisms of the water gas shift reactions. Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 236, 1402.
165. Van Herwijnen, T., de Jong, W.A. (1980) Kinetics and mechanism of the CO shift on Cu/ZnO:1. Kinetics of the forward and reverse CO shift reactions. J. Catal., 63(I), 83-93.
166. Van Herwijnen, T., Guczalski, R.T., de Jong, W.A. (1980) Kinetics and mechanism of the CO shift on Cu/ZnO:II. Kinetics of the decomposition of formic acid. J. Catal., 63(1), 94-101.
167. Rhodes, C., Hutchings, G. J, Ward, A. M. Water gas shift reaction: Finding the mechanistic boundary, Catal. Today, 1995, 23, 43-58.
168. C. Binet, M. Daturi, Lavalley, J.C. (1999) Infrared study of polycrystalline ceria prepared in oxidized and reduced states. Catal.Today, 50, 207-225.
169. Fallah, J.El., Boujana, S., Dexpert, H., Kiennemann, A., Marjerus, J., Touret, O., Villain, F, Le Normand, F. (1994) Redox processes on pure ceria and on Rh-Ceria catalyst monitored by X-ray absorption (fast acquisition mode). J. Phys. Chem., 98(21), 5522-5533.
170. Jacobs, G., Patterson, P.M., Graham, U.M., Sparks, D.E., Davis, B.H. (2004) Low temperature water gas shift: Kinetic isotope effect observed for decomposition of surface formates for Pt-ceria catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen, 269, 63-73.
171. Jacobs, G., Graham, U. M., Chenu, E., Patterson, M., Dozier A., Davis, B.H. (2005) Low temperature water gas shift: Impact of Pt promoter loading on the partial reduction of ceria and consequences for catalyst design. J. Catal., 229, 499-512.
172. Jacobs, G., Crawford, A.C., Davis, B.H. (2005) Water gas shift: Steady state isotope switching study of the water gas shift reaction over Pt-Ceria using in-situ DRIFTS. Catal. Lett., 100, 147-152.
173. Lamotte, J., Lavalley, J.C., Druet, D, Freund, E. (1983) Infrared studies of acidbase properties of thorium oxide. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 79(9), 2219-2227.
174. 2. J. Catal., 193, 207-223.
175. 2., J.Chem.Soc., Faraday Trans., 86(2), 397-401.
176. Jacobs, G., Patterson, G. M., Graham, U.M., Crawford, A.C., Dozier, A., Davis, B.H. (2005) Catalytic links among the water gas shift, water-assisted formic acid decomposition, and methanol steam reforming reactions over Pt-promoted thoria. J. Catal., 235, 79-91.
177. Chenu, E., Jacobs, G., Crawford, A.C., Keogh, R.A., Patterson, P.M.,
178. 2 catalyst promoted with Na discovered by combinatorial methods. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 319, 47-57.
179. Mojet, B.L., Miller, J.T., and Koningsberger, D.C. (1999) The effect of CO adsorption at room temperature on the structure of supported Pt particles. J. Phys. Chem., B:103, 2724-2734.
180. Tibiletti, T., Goguet, A., Meunier, F.C., Breen, J.P., Burch, R. (2004) On the importance of steady state isotopic techniques for the investigation of the mechanism of the reverse water gas shift reaction. Chem. Commun., 1636-1637.
181. Bunluesin, T., Gorte, R.J., Graham, G.W. (1998) Studies of the water gas shift reaction on ceria-supported Pt, Pd and Rh: Implications for the oxygen storage properties. Appl. Catal. B: 15, 107-114.
182. Zafiris, G.S., Gorte, R J. (1993) Evidence for low temperature oxygen migration from ceria to Rh. J. Catal., 139, 561-567.
183. 2. J. Catal., 190, 199-204.
184. 2 catalysts for water gas shift reaction: A mechanistic and kinetic study. Appl. Catal., B, 80(1-2), 129-140.
185. Azzam, K.G., Babich, I.V., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L. (2007) Bifunctional catalysts for single-stage water gas shift reaction in fuel cell applications. Part 1. Effect of the support on the reaction sequence. J. Catal., 251 (1), 153-162.
186. Sandoval, A., Gómez-Cortés, A., Zanella, R., Díaz, G., Saniger, J.M. (2007) Gold nanoparticles: Support effects for the water gas shift reaction. J. Mol. Catal., A: Chem., 278(1-2), 200-208.
187. 2 support. Catal. Commun., 9(8), 1759-1765.
188. 2 catalysts for low temperature water gas shift reaction. Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 334(1-2), 321-329.
189. Rodriguez, J. A., Liu, P., Hrbek, J., Evans, J., Perez, M. (2007) Water gas shift reaction on Cu and Au nanoparticles supported on CeO2(111) and Zn(0001): Intrinsic activity and importance of support interactions, Angew. Chem. Int.Ed., 46(8), 1329-1332.
190. Rodriguez, J.A., Liu, P., Hrbek, J., Perez, M., Evans, J. (2008) Water-gas shift activity of Au and Cu nanoparticles supported on molybdenum oxides. J. Mol. Catal., A: Chemical, 281(1-2), 59-65.
191. 2 catalysts: Complex interaction between metallic copper and oxygen vacancies of ceria. J. Phys. Chem. B: 110, 428-434.
192. 2 catalysts during the water gas reaction: Presence of Au and O vacancies in the active phase. J. Chem. Phys., 123, 22110-22114.
193. 2P(001) surface; The importance of the ensemble effect. J. Amer. Chem.Soc., 127, 14871-14878.
194. Liu, P., and Rodriguez, J. A. (2006) Water gas shift reaction on molybdenum carbide surfaces: Essential role of the oxycarbide. J. Phys. Chem. B: 110, 19418- 19425.
195. Barrio, L., Liu, P., Rodriguez, J.A., Campos-Martin, J. M., Fierro, J. L. G. (2006) A density functional theory study of the dissociation of H2 on gold clusters: Importance of fluxionality and ensemble effects. J. Chem. Phys., 125, 164715-164719.
196. Gokhale, A.A., Dumesic, J. A., Mavrikakis, M.M. (2008) On the mechanism of low temperature water gas shift reaction on copper. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 130, 1402-1414.
197. Grabow, L.C., Gokhale, A.A., Evans, S.T., Dumesic, A., Mavrikakis, M. (2008) Mechanism of the water gas shift reaction on Pt: First Principles, Experiments, and microkinetic modeling. J. Phys. Chem. C. 112, 4608-4617.
198. Korhonen, S.T., Calatayud, M., Krause, O.I. (2008) Structure and stability of formates and carbonates on monoclinic zirconia: A combined study by density functional theory and infra red spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 16096- 16102.
199. Van Nutter, R. M., Coleman, J.S., Lund, C.R.F. (2008) DFT models for active sites on high temperature water gas shift catalysts. J. Mol. Catalysis - A CHEMICAL, 292, 76-82.
200. Koryabkina, N.A., Phatak, A.A., Ruettinger, W. F, Farrauto, R.J., Rebeiro, F.H. (2003) Determination of kinetic parameters for the water gas shift reaction on copper catalysts under realistic conditions for fuel cell applications. J. Catal., 217, 233-234.
201. Evin, H.N., Jacobs, G., Martinez, J. R., Thomas, G. A., Davis, B. H. (2008) Low temperature water gas shift: Alkali doping to facilitate C-H bond cleaving over Pt-Ceria catalysts - An optimization problem. Catal. Lett., 120, 166-178.
202. Evin, H.N., Jacobs, G., Martinez, J.R., Graham, U.M., Dozier, A., Thomas, G., Davis, B.H. (2008) Low temperature water-gas shift/methanol steam reforming: Alkali doping to facilitate the scission of formate and methoxy C - H bonds over Pt/ceria catalyst. Catal. Lett., 122, 9-19.
203. 2. J. Catal., 69, 128-139.
204. Klier, K. (1992) Preparation of bifunctional catalysts. Catal. Today 15, 361-382.
205. Campbell, J.M., Nakamura, J., Campbell, C.T. (1992) Model studies of cesium promoters in water gas shift catalysts: Cs/Cu(110). J. Catal. 136, 24-42.
206. Olympiou, G.G., Kalamaras, C.M., Yazdi, C.D.Z., Efstathiou, A.M. (2007) Mechanistic aspects of the water-gas shift reaction on alumina-supported noble metal catalysts: In-situ DRIFTS and SSITKA-mass spectrometry studies. Catal. Today, 127, 304-318.
207. 18O and H/D exchange. Catal. Today, 112, 17-22.
208. 3 catalysts. AIChE Journal, 52(5), 1806-1813.
209. Mhadeshwar, A.B., Vlachos, D.G. (2005) Is the water gas shift reaction on Pt simple? Computer aided microkinetic model reaction lumped rate expression and rate determining step. Catal. Today, 105, 162-172.
210. 2 oxidation, water gas shift and preferential oxidation of CO on Rh. J. Catalysis, 234(1), 48-63.
211. 2 catalysts for the oxygen-assisted water gas shift reaction. Topics in Catalysis, in Press.
212. 2 support. Catal. Communications 9(8), 1759-1765.
213. Rynkowski, J., Farbotko, J., Touroude, R., Hillaire, L. (2003) Redox behavior of ceria- titania mixed oxides. Appl. Catal., A Gen., 203, 335-348.
214. 2. Chem. Material, 18, 3249-3256.
215. Taylor, H.S. (1926) Fourth Report of the Committee on Contact catalysis. J. Phys. Chem., 30, 145-171.
216. Knozinger, H., Ratnasamy, P. (1978) Catalytic aluminas. Catalysis Reviews, 17, 31-70.
217. Opalka, S. M., Vanderspurt, T. H., Radhakrishnan, R., She, Y., Willigan, R.R. (2008) Design of water gas shift catalysts for hydrogen production in fuel processes. J. Physics Condensed Matter, 20(6), article no. 064237 (in press).
218. Patt, J., Moon, D.J., Phillips, C., Thompson, L. (2000) Molybdenum carbide catalysts for water gas shift. Catal. Lett., 65, 193-195.
219. Moon, D.J., Ryu, J.W. (2004) Molybdenum carbide catalysts for water gas shift for fuel cell powered vehicles application. Catal. Lett., 92,17-24.
220. Tominaga, H., Nagai, M. (2005) DFT of water gas shift reaction on molybdenum carbide. J. Phys. Chem., B, 109, 20415-20423.
221. Nagai, M., Matsuda, K. (2006) Low temperature water gas shift reaction over cobalt-molybdenum carbide catalysts. J. Catal., 238, 489-496.
222. Chapman, T. (2002) Physics World, July, p. 152.
223. Jacobs, G., Davis, B.H. (2007) Low temperature water gas shift catalysts. Catalysis, 20, 122-185.
224. Knudsen, J., Nilekar, A.U., Vang, R.T., Schnadt, J., Kinkes, E.L., Dumesic, J.A., Mavrikakis, M., and Basenbacher, F. A Cu/Pt near-surface alloy for water gas shift catalysis. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 129, 6485-6490.
225. Wagner, J.P., Cai, Y., Wagner, A.L. (2003) U.S. Patent 2003/0186804 A1. Catalyst for production of hydrogen.