Maxillofacial trauma-Developments, innovations and controversies

Injury

Volumn 40, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1252-1259

  Perry, Michael ^a  

^a ULSTER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ATLS; Controversies; Developments; Maxillofacial; Trauma

Indexed keywords

AIRWAY; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ESTHETICS; EXOPHTHALMOS; FACE DEFORMITY; HEAD INJURY; HEMATOMA; HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT; HYPOTENSION; INTRAOCULAR HEMORRHAGE; LAW; MAXILLOFACIAL INJURY; MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY; NERVE TRANSECTION; NOSE INJURY; OPTIC NERVE; ORBIT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEATBELT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORKLOAD;

ABSORBABLE IMPLANTS; ADULT; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; EYE INJURIES; FRACTURE FIXATION, INTERNAL; FRONTAL SINUS; HUMANS; MANDIBULAR CONDYLE; MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES; ORBITAL DISEASES; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; REOPERATION; SKULL FRACTURES; SOFT TISSUE INJURIES; SPECIALTIES, SURGICAL; TIME FACTORS; TITANIUM; VISION DISORDERS;

EID: 70449532381     PISSN: 00201383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.12.015     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Abubaker A.D., Sotereanos G., and Patterson G.T. Use of the coronal surgical incision for reconstruction of severe craniofacial injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48 (1990) 579-582
2. Al-Kayat A., and Bramley P. A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch. Br J Oral Surg 17 (1979) 91-93
3. Al-Qurainy I.A., Stassen L.F., Dutton G.N., Moos K.F., and el Attar A. The characteristics of midfacial fractures and the association with ocular injury: a prospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 29 (1991) 291-301
4. Alvi A., Doherty T., and Lewen G. Facial fractures and concomitant injuries in trauma patients. Laryngoscope 113 (2003) 102-106
5. Amagasaki K., Tsuji R., and Nagaseki Y. Visual recovery following immediate decompression of traumatic retrobulbar haemorrhage via transcranial approach. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 38 (1998) 221-224
6. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced trauma life support for doctors ATLS. 7th ed. (2004), American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL
7. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for the management of the difficult airway. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 597-602
8. Andersson J., Hallmer F., and Eriksson L. Unilateral mandibular condylar fractures: a 31-year follow-up of non-surgical treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36 (2007) 310-314
9. Ansari M.H. Blindness after facial fractures: a 19-year retrospective study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63 (2005) 229-237
10. Appling W.D., Patrinely J.R., and Salzer T.A. Transconjunctival approach vs. subciliary skin-muscle flap approach for orbital fracture repair. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119 (1993) 1000-1007
11. Ardekian L., Rosen D., Klein Y., Peled M., Michaelson M., and Laufer D. Life threatening complications and irreversible damage following maxillofacial trauma. Injury 29 (1998) 253-256
12. Asensio J.A., Forno W., Castillo G., Roldan, Gambaro E., and Petrone P. Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy related to profound shock after penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. South Med J 95 (2002) 1053-1057
13. Ates H., Kayikcioglu O., and Andac K. Bilateral angle closure glaucoma following general anesthesia. Int Ophthalmol 23 (1999) 129-130
14. Babajews A., and Williams J.L. Blindness after trauma insufficient to cause bony injury: case report and review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24 (1986) 7-11
15. Bahr W., Bagambisa F.B., Schlegel G., and Schilli W. Comparison of transcutaneous incisions used for exposure of infraorbital rim and orbital floor: a retrospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 90 (1992) 585-591
16. Bailey W.K., Kuo P.C., and Evans L.S. Diagnosis and treatment of retrobulbar haemorrhage. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51 (1993) 780-782
17. Basile C., Addabbo G., and Montanaro A. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and dialysis: role of hypotension and anaemia. J Nephrol 14 (2001) 420-423
18. Bater M.C., Ramchandani P.L., Ramchandani M., and Flood T.R. An orbital apex fracture resulting in multiple cranial neuropathies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46 (2008) 163-164
19. Baumann A., and Ewers R. Midfacial degloving: an alternative approach for traumatic corrections in the midface. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 30 (2001) 272-277
20. Baumann A., and Ewers R. Transcaruncular approach for reconstruction of medial orbital wall fracture. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 29 (2000) 264-267
21. Beadles K.A., and Lessner A.M. Management of traumatic eyelid injuries. Semin Ophthalmol 9 (1994) 145-151
22. Becelli R. Craniofacial traumas: immediate and delayed treatment. J Craniofac Surg 11 July (2000) 265-269
23. Belanger H.G., Scott S.G., Scholten J., Curtiss G., and Vanderploeg R.D. Utility of mechanism-of-injury-based assessment and treatment: Blast Injury Program case illustration. J Rehabil Res Dev 42 (2005) 403-412
24. Bell R.B., Dierks E.J., Homer L., and Potter B.E. Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with craniomaxillofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62 (2004) 676-684
25. Bell B.R., Dierks E.J., Brar P., Potter J.K., and Potter B.E. A protocol for the management of frontal sinus fractures emphasizing sinus preservation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65 (2007) 825-839
26. Benzil D.L., Robotti E., Dagi T.F., Sullivan P., Bevivino J.R., and Knuckey N.W. Early single-stage repair of complex craniofacial trauma. Neurosurgery 30 (1993) 166-171 discussion 171-172
27. Besenski N. Traumatic injuries: imaging of head injuries. Eur Radiol 12 (2002) 1237-1252
28. Blacksin M.F. Patterns of fracture after air bag deployment. J Trauma 35 (1993) 840
29. Borsa J.J., Fontaine A.B., Eskridge J.M., Song J.K., Hoffer E.K., and Aoki A.A. Transcatheter arterial embolization for intractable epistaxis secondary to gunshot wounds. J Vasc Interv Radiol 10 (1999) 297-302
30. Bose D., and Tejwani N.C. Evolving trends in the care of polytrauma patients. Injury 37 (2006) 20-28
31. Brooks A., Holroyd B., and Riley B. Missed injury in major trauma patients. Injury 35 April (2004) 407-410
32. Brooks A.J., Sperry D., Riley B., and Girling K.J. Improving performance in the management of severely injured patients in critical care. Injury 36 February (2005) 310-316
33. Burkat C.N., and Lemke B.N. Retrobulbar hemorrhage: inferolateral anterior orbitotomy for emergent management. Arch Ophthalmol 123 (2005) 1260-1262
34. Bynoe R.P., Kerwin A.J., Parker H.H., et al. Maxillofacial injuries and life-threatening hemorrhage: treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization. J Trauma 55 (2003) 74-79
35. Cacciatori M., Bell R.W., and Habib N.E. Blow-out fracture of the orbit associated with inflation of an airbag: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35 (1997) 241
36. Campell A.S., Butler A.P., and Grandas O.H. A case of external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm from hyoid bone fracture. Am Surg 69 (2003) 534-535
37. Cannell H., Dyer P.V., and Paterson A. Maxillofacial injuries in the multiply injured. Eur J Emerg Med 3 March (1996) 43-47
38. Carmont M.R. The Advanced Trauma Life Support course: a history of its development and review of related literature. Postgrad Med J 81 (2005) 87-91
39. Chadwick J. The medical works of hippocrates (1950), Thomas, Springfield, IL
40. Champy M., Lodde J.P., Schmitt R., Jaeger J.H., and Muster D. Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. J Maxillofac Surg 6 (1978) 14-21
41. Chang S.H., and Miller N.R. The incidence of vision loss due to perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy associated with spine surgery: the Johns Hopkins Hospital Experience. Spine 30 June 1 (2005) 1299-1302
42. Cornelius C.P., Altenmuller E., and Ehrenfeld M. The use of flash visual evoked potentials in the early diagnosis of suspected optic nerve lesions due to craniofacial trauma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 24 1 (1996) 1-11
43. Cullinane D.C., Reddy S., and Bass J.G. Anterior ischaemic neuropathy. J Trauma 47 July (1999) 210
44. Cultrera F., Giuffrida M., and Mancuso P. Delayed post-traumatic frontal sinus mucopyocoele presenting with meningitis. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 34 (2006) 502-504
45. Dalati T. Isolated hyoid bone fracture Review of an unusual entity. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34 (2005) 449-452
46. Dancey A., and Perry M. Blindness after blunt facial trauma: are there any clinical clues to early recognition?. J Trauma 58 February (2005) 328-335
47. Davies G., Deakin C., and Wilson A. The effect of a rigid collar on intracranial pressure. Injury 27 November (1996) 647-649
48. Davis B.R., Powell J.E., and Morrison A.D. Free-grafting of mandibular condyle fractures: clinical outcomes in 10 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34 (2005) 871-876
49. Deng M., Dong H., Long X., Li X., and Cheng Y. Endoscope-assisted reduction of longstanding condylar dislocation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36 (2007) 752-755
50. Derdyn C., Persing J.A., Broaddus W.C., Delashaw J.B., Jane J., Levine P.A., and Torner J. Craniofacial trauma: an assessment of risk related to timing of surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 86 August (1990) 238-245 discussion 246-247
51. Diaz J.H. The difficult intubation kit. Anesthesiol Rev 17 5, September-October (1990) 49-56
52. Diecidue R., Richard J., Spera J., and Streck P. Post-traumatic haemorrhage in a patient with previously undiagnosed von Willebrand's disease. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58 (2000) 332-336
53. Driver P.J., Cashwell L.F., and Yeatts R.P. Airbag-associated bilateral hyphemas and angle recession (letter). Am J Ophthalmol 118 (1994) 250
54. Duman H., Deveci M., Uygur F., and Sengezer M. Reconstruction of contour and anterior wall defects of frontal bone with a porous polyethylene implant. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 27 (1999) 298-301
55. Dutton G.N., Al-Qurainy I.A., Stassen L.F.A., et al. Ophthalmic consequences of midface trauma. Eye 6 (1992) 86
56. Eckelt U., Schneider M., Erasmus F., et al. Open versus closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process a prospective randomized multi centre study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 34 (2006) 306
57. El-Guindy A. Endoscopic transantral sphenopalatine artery ligation for intractable posterior epistaxis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 107 (1998) 1033-1037
58. El Khatib K., Danino A., and Malka G. The frontal sinus: a culprit or a victim? A review of 40 cases. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 32 (2004) 314
59. El-Maaytah M., Smith S., Jerjes W., et al. The effect of the new "24 hour alcohol licensing law" on the incidence of facial trauma in London. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46 6, September (2008) 460-463
60. Ellis E., Simon P., and Throckmorton G.S. Occlusal results after open or closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58 (2000) 260-268
61. Exadaktylos A.K., Sclabas G., Schmid S., and Zimmermann H. Do we really need routine CT scanning in the primary evaluation of blunt chest trauma in patients with 'normal' chest radiograph?. J Trauma 51 (2001) 1173-1176
62. Exadaktylos A.K., Sclabas G.M., Smolka K., et al. The value of computed tomographic scanning in the diagnosis and management of orbital fractures associated with head trauma: a prospective, consecutive study at a level I trauma center. J Trauma 58 February (2005) 336-341
63. Gabrielli M., Aparecida M., Gabrielli C., Hochuli-Vieira E., and Pereira-Fillho V. Immediate reconstruction of frontal sinus fractures: review of 26 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62 (2004) 582-586
64. Garcia R. Air bag implicated in temporomandibular joint injury. J Craniomandib Pract 12 (1994) 125
65. Gerbino G., Roccia F., Benech A., and Caldarelli C. Analysis of 158 frontal sinus fractures: current surgical management and complications. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 28 (2000) 133-139
66. Gerbino G., Ramieri A., and Nasi A. Diagnosis and management of retrobulbar haematomas following blunt orbital trauma: a description of eight cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34 (2005) 127-131
67. Gerhard S., Ennemoser T., Rudisch A., and Emshoff R. Condylar injury: magnetic resonance imaging findings of temporomandibular joint soft-tissue changes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36 (2007) 214-218
68. Ghufoor K., Sandhu G., and Sutcliffe J. Delayed onset of retrobulbar haemorrhage following severe head injury: a case report and review. Injury 29 (1998) 139-141
69. Gruss J.S., and Phillips J.H. Complex facial trauma: the evolving role of rigid fixation and immediate bone graft reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 93 (1989) 104
70. Gruss J.S. The role of primary bone grafting in complex craniomaxillofacial trauma. Plast Reconstr Surg 75 January (1985) 17-24
71. Gruss J.S., Antonyshyn O., and Phillips J.H. Early definitive bone and soft-tissue reconstruction of major gunshot wounds of the face. Plast Reconstr Surg 87 January (1991) 436-450
72. Gue O., and Keskin A. Remodelling following condylar fractures in children. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 29 (2001) 232-237
73. Hall S.K. Acute angle-closure glaucoma as a complication of combined beta-agonist and ipratropium bromide therapy in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 23 (1994) 884-887
74. Harrison D.W., and Wails R.N. Blindness following minor head trauma in children: a report of two cases with a review of the literature. J Emerg Med 8 (1990) 21-24
75. Haug R.H., Barber J.E., and Reifeis R. A comparison of mandibular angle fracture plating techniques. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 82 (1996) 257-263
76. Ho A.M., Fung K.Y., Joynt G.M., Karmakar M.K., and Peng Z. Rigid cervical collar and intracranial pressure of patients with severe head injury. J Trauma 53 6 (2002) 185-1188
77. Holmes S., Coghlan K., McAllinden P., Hardee P., and Chan O. Complications with use of the Epistat in the arrest of midfacial haemorrhage. Injury 34 (2003) 901-907
78. Hutchison I., Magennis P., Shepherd J., and Brown A. The BAOMS United Kingdom Survey of Facial Injuries. Part 1. Aetiology and the association with alcohol consumption. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 36 (1998) 3-13
79. Ikejiri M., Adachi-Usami E., Mizota A., et al. Potentials in traumatic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmologica 216 (2002) 415-419
80. Islam S., Shorafa M., Hoffman G., and Patel P. Internal fixation of comminuted cartilaginous fracture of the larynx with mini-plates. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45 (2007) 321-322
81. Jank S., Emshoff R., Etzelsdorfer M., Strobl H., Nicasi A., and Norer B. The diagnostic value of ultrasonography in the detection of orbital floor fractures with a curved array transducer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33 (2004) 13-18
82. Jensen J., Sindet-Pedersen S., and Christensen L. Rigid fixation in reconstruction of craniofacial fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50 (1992) 550-554
83. Joachim E.Z., Mischkowski R.A., Behr R., Ernestus R.-I., and Speder B. The fronto-orbital osteotomy as plastic-reconstructive approach to the anterior and middle skull base. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 29 (2001) 159-164
84. Kalavrezos N.D., Gruitz K., Warnke T., and Sailer H.E. Frontal sinus fractures: computed tomography evaluation of sinus obliteration with lyophilized cartilage. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 27 (1999) 20-24
85. Katou F., Andoh N., Motegi K., and Nagura H. Immuno-inflammatory responses in the tissue adjacent to titanium miniplates used in the treatment of mandibular fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 24 (1996) 155-162
86. Keel M., and Trentz O. Pathophysiology of polytrauma. Injury 36 (2005) 691-709
87. Kermer C., Lindner A., Friede I., Wagner A., and Millesi W. Preoperative stereolithographic model planning for primary reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 26 (1998) 136-139
88. Kiyokawa K., Hayakawa K., Tanabe H., et al. Cranioplasty with split lateral skull plate segments for reconstruction of skull defects. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 26 (1998) 379-385
89. Komiyama M., Nishikawa M., Kan M., Shigemoto T., and Kaji A. Endovascular treatment of intractable oronasal bleeding associated with severe craniofacial injury. J Trauma 44 (1998) 330-334
90. Kreisler N.S., Durieux M.E., and Spiekermann B.F. Airway obstruction due to a rigid collar. J Neurosurg Anaesthesiol 12 (2000) 118-119
91. Krimmel M., Cornelius C.-P., and Reinert S. Endoscopically assisted zygomatic fracture reduction and osteosynthesis revisited. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31 (2002) 485-488
92. Kuhn J.E., and Graziano G.P. Airway compromise as a result of retropharyngeal hematoma following cervical spine injury. J Spinal Disord 4 3, September (1991) 264-269
93. Last R.J. Anatomy regional and applied. 6th ed. (1978), Churchill Livingstone
94. Lewis V.L., Manson P.N., Cerullo L.J., and Meyer P.R. Facial injuries associated with cervical fractures: recognition, patterns and management. J Trauma 25 (1985) 90-93
95. Maas C.S., Merwin G.E., Wilson J., Frey M.D., and Maves M.D. Comparison of biomaterials for facial bone augmentation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116 (1990) 551-556
96. Loukota R.A. Endoscopically assisted reduction and fixation of condylar neck/base fractures the learning curve. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44 (2006) 480
97. Mahapatra A.K., and Bhatia R. Predictive value of visual evoked potentials in unilateral optic nerve injury. Surg Neurol 31 May (1989) 339-342
98. Mahmood S., and Lowe T. Management of epistaxis in the oral and maxillofacial surgery setting: an update on current practice. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95 (2003) 23-29
99. Manfredi J., Raji M.R., Sprinkle P.M., Weinstein G.W., Minardi L.M., and Swanson T.J. Computerised tomographic scan findings in facial fractures associated with blindness. S Plast Reconstr Surg 68 (1981) 479
100. Manisali M., Amin M., Aghabeigi B., and Newman L. Retromandibular approach to the mandibular condyle: a clinical and cadaveric study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32 (2003) 253
101. Manson P.N., Markowitz B., Mirvis S., Dunham M., and Yaremehuk M. Toward CT-based facial fracture treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 85 (1990) 202-212
102. Manson P.N., Crawley W.A., Yaremchuk G.M., Rockamnn J., Hoopes E., and French JH. Midface fractures: advantages of immediate extended open reduction and bone plating. Plast Reconstr Surg 76 (1985) 1-10
103. Marciani R.D., and Gony A.A. Principles of management of complex craniofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51 May (1993) 535-542
104. Martin R.C., Spain D.A., and Richardson J.D. Do facial fractures protect the brain or are they a marker for severe head injury?. Am Surg 68 May (2002) 477-481
105. McCann P.J., Brocklebank L.M., and Ayoub A.F. Assessment of zygomatico-orbital complex fractures using ultrasonography. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38 (2000) 525-529
106. Melton S.M., Kerby J.D., McGiffin D., et al. The evolution of chest computed tomography for the definitive diagnosis of blunt aortic injury: a single-center experience. J Trauma 56 (2004) 243-250
107. Moreau S., DeRugy M.G., Babin E., Courtheoux P., and Valdazo A. Supraselective embolisation in intractable epistaxis: review of 45 cases. Laryngoscope 108 (1998) 887-888
108. Mourouzis C., Evans B., and Shenouda E. Late presentation of a frontal mucoele-50 years post injury. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66 7 (2008) 1510-1513
109. Ono I., Gunji H., Suda K., and Kaneko E. Method for preparing an exact-size model using helical volume scan computed tomography. Plast Reconstr Surg 93 7 (1994) 1363-1371
110. Perry M. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 1. Dilemmas in the management of the multiply injured patient with coexisting facial injuries. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 209-214
111. Perry M., Dancey A., Mireskandari K., Oakley P., Davies S., and Cameron M. Emergency care in facial trauma-a maxillofacial and ophthalmic perspective. Injury 36 August (2005) 875-896
112. Perry M., O'Hare J., and Porter G. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 3. Hypovolaemia and facial injuries in the multiply injured patient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 405-414
113. Perry M., and Morris C. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 2. ATLS, maxillofacial injuries and airway management dilemmas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 309-320
114. Perry M., and Moutray T. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 4. 'Can the patient see?' Timely diagnosis, dilemmas and pitfalls in the multiply injured, poorly responsive/unresponsive patient. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 505-514
115. ®) in sheep. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45 (2007) 447-450
116. Rasubala L., Yoshikawa H., Nagata K., Iijima T., and Ohishi M. Platelet-derived growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein in the healing of mandibular fractures in rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41 (2003) 173-178
117. Reddi S.P., Stevens M.R., Kline S.N., and Villanueva P. Hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial trauma surgery: indications and early experience. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma 5 (1999) 7-12
118. Remigio D., and Wertenbaker C. Postoperative bilateral vision loss. Surv Ophthalmol 44 (2000) 426-432
119. Robotti E., Forcht D., Ravegnani M., and Bocchiotti G. A new prospect on the approach to open, complex, craniofacial trauma. J Neurosurg Sci 36 April-June (1992) 89-99
120. Rohrich R.J., and Mickel T.J. Frontal sinus obliteration: in search of the ideal autogenous material. Plast Reconstr Surg 95 (1995) 580-585
121. Rosenberg A., Gratz K.W., and Sailer H.F. Should titanium miniplates be removed after bone healing is complete?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 22 (1993) 185-188
122. Rowe NL, Williams JLI. Maxillofacial Injuries. Vol. I, II. Chicago: Quintessence, 158-221; 1986, 431-3.
123. Russell J., Davidson M., Daly B., and Corrigan A. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 28 (1990) 287-291
124. Sakou T. Bone morphogenetic proteins: from basic studies to clinical approaches. Bone 22 (1998) 591-603
125. Santler G., Kircher H., and Ruda C. Indications and limitations of three-dimensional models in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 26 (1998) 1116
126. Schwab J. Introduction: damage control at the start of 21st century. Injury 35 (2004) 639-641
127. Schoen R., Fakler O., Metzger M.C., Weyer N., and Schmelzeisen R. Preliminary functional results of endoscope-assisted transoral treatment of displaced bilateral condylar mandible fractures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 111-116
128. Schoen R., Fakler O., Gellrich N.C., and Schmelzeisen R. Five year experience with the transoral endoscopic-assisted treatment of displaced condylar mandible fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 116 (2005) 44-50
129. Scholza M., Wehmo M., Lehmbrockc J., et al. Reconstruction of the temporal contour for traumatic tissue loss using a CAD/CAM-prefabricated titanium implant-case report. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 35 (2007) 388-392
130. Shapiro M.B., Jenkins D.H., Schwab C.W., et al. Q1 damage control: collective review. J Trauma 49 (2000) 969-978
131. Sharma B.R., Gupta M., Harish D., and Singh V.P. Missed diagnoses in trauma patients vis-a'-vis significance of autopsy. Injury 36 (2005) 976-983
132. Shimoyama T., Kaneko T., and Horie N. Initial management of massive oral bleeding after midfacial fracture. J Trauma 54 (2003) 332-336
133. Sieûegger M., Mischkowski R.A., Schneider B.T., Krug B., Klesper B., and Zoeller J.E. Image guided surgical navigation for removal of foreign bodies in the head and neck. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 29 (2001) 321-325
134. Stoker N.G., Mankovich N.J., and Valentino D. Stereolithographic models for surgical planning. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50 (1992) 466-471
135. Suzuki D., and Ilsen P.F. Hypovolemic ischemic optic neuropathy. Optometry 71 August (2000) 501-510
136. Swinson B.D., Jerjes W., and Thompson G. Current practice in the management of frontal sinus fractures. J Laryngol Otol 118 (2004) 927
137. Torgessen S., Moe G., and Jonsson R. Immunocompetent cells adjacent to stainless steel and titanium miniplates and screws. Eur J Oral Sci 103 (1995) 46-54
138. Van Olden G.D., Meeuwis J.D., Bolhuis H.W., Boxma H., and Goris R.J. Clinical impact of advanced trauma life support. Am J Emerg Med 22 November (2004) 522-525
139. Vesnaver A., Gorjanc M., Eberlinc A., Dovsak D., and Kansky A. The periauricular transparotid approach for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 33 (2005) 169-179
140. Waldron J., and Stafford N. Ligation of the external carotid artery for severe epistaxis. J Otolaryngol 21 (1992) 249-251
141. Warburton A.L., and Shepherd J.P. Alcohol-related violence and the role of oral and maxillofacial surgeons in multiagency prevention. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31 November (2002) 657-663
142. Weingart D., Steinemann S., Schilli W., et al. Titanium deposition in regional lymph nodes after insertion of titanium screw implants in maxillofacial region. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 23 (1994) 450-452
143. Yoo M.H., Kim J.S., Song H.M., Lee B.J., and Jang Y.J. Endoscopic transnasal reduction of an anterior table frontal sinus fracture: technical note. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 573-575
144. Zee C.S., and Go J.L. CT of head trauma. Neuroimag Clin N Am 8 August (1998) 525-539
145. Zhang Q., Dong Y., Li Z., and Zhao J. Coronal incision for treating zygomatic complex fractures. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg 34 (2006) 182-185