Intravascular embolization of venous catheter causes, clinical signs, and management: A systematic review

Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 677-685

  Surov, Alexey ^a   Wienke, Andreas ^a   Carter, Justin M ^a   Stoevesandt, Dietrich ^a   Behrmann, Curd ^a   Spielmann, Rolf Peter ^a   Werdan, Karl ^a   Buerke, Michael ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Internal medicine; Intravascular embolization; Pinchoff syndrome; Venous access; Venous catheter

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; CATHETER COMPLICATION; CATHETER REMOVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; EXPLANT; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART RIGHT ATRIUM; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HUMAN; INTRAVASCULAR VENOUS CATHETER EMBOLIZATION; INTRAVENOUS CATHETER; MORTALITY; PERIPHERAL VEIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY ARTERY; SUPERIOR CAVA VEIN; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORACOTOMY; VASCULAR ACCESS; VEIN CATHETERIZATION;

BLOOD VESSELS; CATHETERIZATION; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; DEVICE REMOVAL; EMBOLISM; EQUIPMENT FAILURE; FOREIGN BODIES; FOREIGN-BODY MIGRATION; HUMANS;

EID: 70449514940     PISSN: 01486071     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0148607109335121     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Kurul S., Saip P., Aydin T. Totally implantable venous-access ports: local problems and extravasation injury. Lancet Oncol. 2002 ; 3: 684-692.
2. McGee DC, Gould MK Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 348: 1123-1133.
3. Ruesch S., Walder B., Tramer MR Complications of central venous catheters: internal jugular versus subclavian access-a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2002 ; 30: 454-460.
4. Polderman KH, Girbes AJ Central venous catheter use. Part 1: mechanical complications. Intensive Care Med. 2002 ; 28: 1-17.
5. Richardson JD, Grover FL, Trinkle JK Intravenous catheter embolism. Experience with 20 cases and collective review. Am J Surg. 1974 ; 128: 722-727.
6. Fisher RG, Ferreyro R. Evaluation of current techniques for nonsurgical removal of intravascular foreign bodies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1978 ; 130: 541-548.
7. Doering RB, Stemmer EA, Connolly JE Complications of indwelling venous catheters. Am J Surg. 1967 ; 114: 259-266.
8. Wellmann KF, Reinhard A., Salazar EP Polyethylene catheter embolism. Review of the literature and report of a case with associated fatal tricuspid and systemic candidiasis. Circulation. 1968 ; 37: 380-392.
9. Burri C., Henkemeyer H., Paessler H. Katheterembolien. Schweiz Med Wchschr. 1971 ; 101: 1537-1540.
10. Bernhardt LC, Wegner G., Mendenhall J. Intravenous catheter embolization to the pulmonary artery. Chest. 1970 ; 57: 329-332.
11. Actis Dato GM, Arslanian A., Di Marzio P., Filosso PL, Ruffini E. Posttraumatic and iatrogenic foreign bodies in the heart: report of fourteen cases and review of the literature. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 ; 126: 408-414.
12. Ando K., Sano A., Kigami Y., et al. Angiographic retrieval of foreign bodies in pulmonary artery: a report of three cases. Radiat Med. 1993 ; 11: 69-74.
13. Andrews RE, Tulloh RM, Rigby ML Percutaneous retrieval of central venous catheter fragments. Arch Dis Child. 2002 ; 87: 149-150.
14. Andris DA, Krzywda EA, Schulte W., Ausman R., Quebbeman EJ Pinch-off syndrome: a rare etiology for central venous catheter occlusion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994 ; 18: 531-533.
15. Balbi M., Bertero G., Bellotti S., et al. Right-sided valvular endocarditis supported by an unexpected intracardiac foreign body. Chest. 1990 ; 97: 1486-1488.
16. Bauch TD, Stoughton TL, Pearl W. Breakage of an embolized intravascular catheter fragment: a complication of nonsurgical trans-venous retrieval. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992 ; 16: 175-177.
17. Behrend M., Paboura E., Raab R. Late embolization of an unfractured port catheter into the heart: report of a case. Surg Today. 2002 ; 32: 724-726.
18. Bernhardt LC, Wegner GP, Mendenhall JT Intravenous catheter embolization to the pulmonary artery. Chest. 1970 ; 57: 329-332.
19. Bhalodia MV, Werres R. Spontaneous migration of a catheter embolus from the left inferior to the right inferior pulmonary artery. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998 ; 43: 463-465.
20. Biffi R., Pozzi S., Orsi F., et al. Catheter rupture and distal embolization: a rare complication of central venous ports. J Vasc Access. 2000 ; 1: 19-22.
21. Bloom AI, Woolf YG, Cuenca A. Accidental embolization of an intravenous cannula in the upper limb: retrieval following computed tomography localization. Eur J Emerg Med. 1996 ; 3: 106-107.
22. Bogart DB, Earnest JB, Miller JT Foreign body retrieval using a simple snare device. Catheter and Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990 ; 19: 248-250.
23. Brincker H., Saeter G. Fifty-five patient years' experience with a totally implanted system for intravenous chemotherapy. Cancer. 1986 ; 57: 1124-1129.
24. Brothers TE, Von Moll LK, Niederhuber JE, et al. Experience with subcutaneous infusion ports in three hundred patients. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988 ; 166: 295-301.
25. Carr ME Catheter embolization from implanted venous access devices: case reports. Angiology. 1989 ; 40: 319-323.
26. Chang CL, Chen HH, Lin SE Catheter fracture and cardiac migration-an unusual fracture site of totally implantable venous devices: report of two cases. Chang Gung Med J. 2005 ; 28: 425-430.
27. Chassard D., Bovis F., Paton P., Gelas P., Guiraud M., Bouletreau P. Catheter fracture and embolization in a totally implanted venous access catheter (TIVAC) following shoulder trauma. Clin Nutr. 1992 ; 11: 315-317.
28. Chawla LS, Chegini S., Thomas JW, Guzman NJ Hemodialysis central venous catheter tip fracture with embolization into the pulmonary artery. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 ; 38: 1311-1315.
29. Chow LM, Friedman JN, Macarthur C., et al. Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) fracture and embolization in the pediatric population. J Pediatr. 2003 ; 142: 141-144.
30. Cioppa A., Ambrosini V., Battaglia S., et al. Endovascular foreign body retrieval from right side of the heart: a case series of six patients. Int J Cardiol. 2005 ; 99: 143-144.
31. Coles CE, Whitear WP, Le Vay JH Spontaneous fracture and embolization of a central venous catheter: prevention and early detection. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998 ; 10: 412-414.
32. Dagdelen S., Yuce M., Caglar N. Percutaneous removal of two intracardiac and pulmonary trunkal catheter fragment by using a snare-loop catheter. Int J Cardiol. 2007 ; 116: 413-415.
33. Dakshinamurti S., Ducas J., Odim JN Retrieval of Silastic catheter fragment from heart in septic thromboembolism complicating aplastic anemia. Can J Cardiol. 1996 ; 12: 794-796.
34. Damodaran O., Mallesara G. Medical image. A rare complication of Port-A-Cath use. N Z Med J. 2005 ; 118: U1777.
35. de Graaff JC, Bras LJ, Vos JA Early transection of a central venous catheter in a sedated ICU patient. Br J Anaest. 2006 ; 97: 832-834.
36. Debets JM, Wils JA, Schlangen JT A rare complication of implanted central-venous access devices: catheter fracture and embolization. Support Care Cancer. 1995 ; 3: 432-434.
37. DeGeare VS, Safian R. Percutaneous retrieval of a large peripherally inserted central catheter remnant from the pulmonary arteries. Clin Cardiol. 2001 ; 24: 89.
38. Denny MA, Frank LR Ventricular tachycardia secondary to Port-A-Cath fracture and embolization. J Emerg Med. 2003 ; 24: 29-34.
39. di Carlo I., Fisichella P., Russello D., Puleo S., Latteri F. Catheter fracture and cardiac migration: a rare complication of totally implantable venous devices. J Surg Oncol. 2000 ; 73: 172-173. (Pubitemid 30174212)
40. Dinkel HP, Muhm M., Exadaktylos AK Emergency percutaneous retrieval of a silicone port catheter fragment in pinchoff syndrome by means of an Armplatz gooseneck snare. Emerg Radiol. 2002 ; 9: 165-168.
41. D'Silva K., Dwivedi AJ, Shetty A., Ashare R. Pinch-off syndrome: a rare complication of totally implantable venous devices. Breast J. 2005 ; 11: 83-84.
42. Egglin KP, Dickey KW, Rosenblatt M., Pollak JS Retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies: experience in 32 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 ; 164: 1259-1264.
43. Espiritu JD, Stolar CG Pulmonary hypertension due to a retained totally implantable venous access device fragment. Chest. 2006 ; 131: 1574-1576.
44. Ewer MS, Ali MK, Gibbs HR, Swafford J. Nodus migrans: the case of the migrating knot. Am J Crit Care. 1992 ; 1: 108-110.
45. Farrell AG, Parikh SR, Darragh RK, Girod DA Retrieval of "old" foreign bodies from the cardiovascular system in children. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1998 ; 44: 212-216.
46. Fazeny-Dorner B., Wenzel C., Berzlanovich A., et al. Central venous catheter pinch-off and fracture: recognition, prevention, and management. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003 ; 31: 927-930.
47. Fievez M., Henuzet CH, Ryckaert MC Prolonged catheterization. A rare cause of pulmonary atheroma. Chest. 1985 ; 88: 154.
48. Filippou DK, Tsikkinis C., Filippou G., et al. Rupture of totally implantable central venous access devices (Intraports) in patients with cancer: report of four cases. World J Surg Oncol. 2004 ; 2: 36-40.
49. Franey T., DeMarco LC, Geiss AC, Ward RJ Catheter fracture and embolization in a totally implanted venous access catheter. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1988 ; 12: 528-530.
50. Freiberg DB, Barnes D. Fatal sepsis following peripheral intravenous cannula embolus. Chest. 1992 ; 101: 865-866.
51. Galli S., Zollo A., Cavatorta F., Gazzo P. Accidental migration of ASH-split catheter during central venous catheter replacement: retrieval using an interventional radiology approach. J Vasc Access. 2001 ; 2: 64-67.
52. Gowda MR, Gowda RM, Khan IA, et al. Positional ventricular tachycardia from a fractured mediport catheter with right ventricular migration. Angiology. 2004 ; 55: 557-560.
53. Grabenwoeger F., Bardach G., Dock W., Pinterits F. Percutaneous extraction of centrally embolized foreign bodies: a report of 16 cases. Br J Radiol. 1988 ; 61: 1014-1018.
54. Handberg J., Hansen SW, Nielsen SW, Mygind T. Vascuport catheter migration. A serious complication of long-term venous access. Ann Oncol. 1993 ; 4: 173-174.
55. Hayari L., Yalonetsky S., Lorber A. Treatment strategy in the fracture of an implanted central venous catheter. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006 ; 28: 160-162.
56. Hehir DJ, Cross KS, Kirkham R., Moore DJ, Shanik DG Foreign body complications of central venous catheterization in critically ill patients. Isr J Med Sci. 1992 ; 161: 49-51.
57. Herr D., Carlon GC Case of embolization by a sheared pulmonary artery catheter tip. Crit Care Med. 1987 ; 15: 337-338.
58. Horgan AM, Kenny C., Duffy A., O' Reilly S. Unusual complication of a Hickman catheter. J Clin Oncol. 2006 ; 24: 1474-1479.
59. Hu CC, Lin SC, Huang PH, et al. A lady with a broken haemodialysis catheter fragment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002 ; 17: 1126-1128.
60. Huang CH, Chen WJ, Ho YL, Wu CC, Lee YT Nonsurgical trans-venous retrieval of fractured implantable central venous access device. J Formos Med Assoc. 1999 ; 98: 265-270.
61. Inoue Y., Nezu R., Nakai S., Takagi Y., Okada A. Spontaneous partial fracture of the catheter of a totally implantable subcutaneous infusion port. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992 ; 16: 75-77.
62. Kao CL, Chang JP Catheter fracture and embolization from an implanted venous access device. J Emerg Med. 2002 ; 22: 95-96.
63. Kapadia S., Parakh R., Grover T., Yadav A. Catheter fracture and cardiac migration of a totally implantable venous device. Ind J Cancer. 2005 ; 42: 155-157.
64. Kim OK, Kim SH, Kim JB, et al. Transluminal removal of a fractured and embolized indwelling central venous catheter in the pulmonary artery. Korean J Int Med. 2006 ; 21: 187-190.
65. Kirvela O., Satokari K. In situ breakage of a totally implanted venous access system. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987 ; 13: 99-101.
66. Klotz HP, Schopke W., Kohler A., Pestalozzi B., Largiader F. Catheter fracture: a rare complication of totally implantable subclavian venous access devices. J Surg Oncol. 1996 ; 62: 222-225.
67. Koller M., Papa MZ, Zweig A., Ben-Ari G. Spontaneous leak and transection of permanent subclavian catheters. J Surg Oncol. 1998 ; 68: 166-168.
68. Koseoglu K., Parildar M., Oran I., Memis A. Retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies with goose-neck snare. Eur J Radiol. 2004 ; 49: 281-285.
69. Kossoff EH, Poirier MP Peripherally inserted central venous catheter fracture and embolization to the lung. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998 ; 14: 403-405.
70. Lafreniere R. Indwelling subclavian catheters and a visit with the "pinched-off sign." J Clin Oncol. 1991 ; 47: 261-264.
71. Lam AW, Chen YM, Yang KY, Tsai CM, Perng RP Disconnection of a venous Port-A-Cath followed by embolization after saline flush: rare case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1999 ; 29: 643-645.
72. Lanigan C., Cornwell E. Pulmonary artery catheter entrapment. Anesthesia. 1991 ; 46: 600-601.
73. Linz DN, Bisset GS, Warner BW Fracture and embolization of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994 ; 18: 79-80.
74. Liu JC, Tseng HS, Chen CY, et al. Percutaneous retrieval of 20 centrally dislodged Port-A catheter fragments. Clin Imaging. 2004 ; 28: 223-229.
75. Lyons SV, McFarland TM, Khaja F. Unrecognized central venous catheter embolus. Chest. 1992 ; 101: 294-295.
76. Maisey NR, Sacks N., Johnston SR Catheter fracture: a rare complication of totally implantable venous devices. Breast. 2003 ; 12: 287-289.
77. Mautone A., Pitschneider W., Desiato R. Percutaneous retrieval of a broken catheter from the pulmonary artery. J Int Cardiol. 2006 ; 19: 81-86.
78. McMenamin EM Catheter fracture: a complication in venous access devices. Cancer Nurs. 1993 ; 16: 464-467.
79. Mehta JB, Archie DS, Kincaid W., Bowie RR Percutaneous retrieval of a Hickman catheter fragment. J Tenn Med Assoc. 1989 ; 82: 129-130.
80. Mercuri M., Distefano M., Crovaro M., et al. Central venous catheter disruption and embolization: percutaneous retrieval. A case report. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2000 ; 4: 133-138.
81. Mirza B., Vanek V., Kupensky D. Pinch-off syndrome: case report and collective review of the literature. Am Surg. 2004 ; 70: 635-644.
82. Monsuez JJ, Douard MC, Martin-Bouyer Y. Catheter fragments embolization Angiology. 1997 ; 48: 117-120.
83. Moreno AJ, Fredericks P., Pan P., Perez RG, Cabellon S. Ultrasonic localization of a nonopaque intravascular catheter fragment. Br J Radiol. 1987 ; 60: 91-92.
84. Morguet AJ, Schultheiss HP Embolization of the tip of a central venous catheter into the pulmonary artery. N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 352: e3.
85. Morton JE, Jan-Mohamed RM, Barker HF, Milligan DW Percutaneous insertion of subclavian Hickman catheters. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1991 ; 7: 39-41.
86. Murphy M., Healey AE, Harper J., Saltissi S., McWilliams RG Percutaneous removal of a right atrial catheter fragment: the value of the En Snare. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004 ; 19: 2686-2687.
87. Myint H., McGregor J., Edwards R., Lucie NP Spontaneous fracture of the outlet catheter of a totally implanted catheter system (Port-A-Cath). Int J Artif Organs. 1994 ; 17: 505-507.
88. Nace CS, Ingle RJ Central venous catheter "pinch-off" and fracture: a review of two under-recognized complications. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1993 ; 20: 1227-1236.
89. Nazareno J., Elliott JA, Finnie KJ Cardiac arrhythmia due to subclavian catheter fracture and embolization. Can J Cardiol. 2005 ; 21: 791-792.
90. Nellore A., Trerotola SO Delayed migration of a catheter fragment from the left to the right pulmonary artery. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 ; 15: 497-499.
91. Neumann HPH, Hofmann T., Koester W., et al. Extraction of an intracardial catheter embolus using combined radiography and transesophageal echocardiography. Clin Cardiol. 1988 ; 11: 427-429.
92. Noyen J., Hoorntje J., de Langen Z., Leemslag JW, Sleijfer D. Spontaneous fracture of the catheter of a totally implantable venous access port: case report of a rare complication. J Clin Oncol. 1987 ; 5: 1295-1299.
93. Oto A., Tokgozoglu SL, Oram A., et al. Late percutaneous extraction of an intracardiac catheter fragment. Jpn Heart J. 1993 ; 34: 117-119.
94. Pappas P., Dalianis N., Filippou D., et al. Automatic rupture of unused intraport catheter. Ann Ital Chir. 2007 ; 78: 233-236.
95. Peng CH, Tan PH, Chou AKI, et al. Retention of broken central venous catheters in pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava-a case report. Anaesthesion Sin. 1997 ; 35: 171-174.
96. Peskin B., Soudack M., Ben-Nun A. Hickman catheter rupture and embolization-a life-threatening complication. Isr Med Assoc J. 1999 ; 1: 289.
97. Pitirutti M., Cina A., Cotroneo A., et al. Percutaneous intravascular retrieval of embolized fragments of long-term central venous catheters. J Vasc Access. 2000 ; 1: 23-27.
98. Prager D., Hertzberg RW Spontaneous intravenous catheter fracture and embolization from an implanted venous access port and analysis by scanning electron microscopy. Cancer. 1987 ; 60: 270-273.
99. Prischl FC, Mayr H., Ulbrich W., et al. Rupture of double lumen Hickman catheter at time of removal by surgery-another potentially serious complication. Nephron. 1993 ; 64: 153.
100. Propp DA, Cline D., Hennenfent BR Catheter embolism. J Emerg Med. 1988 ; 6: 17-21.
101. Punt CJ, Strijk S., van der Hoeven JJ, van de Sluis R., Verhagen CA Spontaneous fracture of implanted central venous catheters in cancer patients: report of two cases and retrospective analysis of the 'pinch-off sign' as a risk factor. Anticancer Drugs. 1995 ; 6: 594-598.
102. Racionero MA, Prados C., Acitores I., Lazaro-Carrasco MT, Alvarez-Sala R. An infrequent complication of Swan-Ganz catheters. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1995 ; 36: 519-520.
103. Ramsden WH, Cohen AT, Blanshard KS Case report: central venous catheter fracture due to compression between the clavicle and first rib. Clin Radiol. 1995 ; 50: 59-60.
104. Raymond-Carrier S., Dube M., Nolin L., Ouimet D., Leblanc M. Hemodialysis catheter tip embolization in the right pulmonary vasculature: report of a cardiac arrest. ASAIO J. 2003 ; 49: 751-754.
105. Roggla G., Linkesch M., Roggla M., Wagner A., Haber P., Linkesch W. A rare complication of a central venous catheter system (Port-A-Cath). A case report of a catheter embolization after catheter fracture during power training. Int J Sports Med. 1993 ; 14: 345-346.
106. Roye GD, Breazeale EE, Byrnes JPM, Rue LW Management of catheter emboli. Sout Med J. 1996 ; 89: 714-718.
107. Rubenstein RB, Alberty RE, Michels LG, Pederson RW, Rosenthal D. Hickman catheter separation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1985 ; 9: 754-757.
108. Sagar V., Lederer E. Pulmonary embolism due to catheter fracture from a tunneled dialysis catheter. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 ; 43: e13 - e14.
109. Saifi J., MacDowell RT, Khouri G., Webster DJ In-situ breakage of an implantable venous access system. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1987 ; 13: 159-162.
110. Sarzo G., Finco C., Zustovich F., et al. Early rupture of subclavian vein catheter: a case report and literature review. J Vasc Access. 2004 ; 5: 39-46.
111. Sattary M., Kazory A., Phillips R. Fracture and cardiac migration of an implanted venous catheter. Int Card Thor Surg. 2003 ; 2: 532-533.
112. Savage C., Ozkan OS, Walser EM, Wang D., Zwischenberger JB Percutaneous retrieval of chronic intravascular foreign bodies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003 ; 26: 440-442.
113. Schlangen JTH, Debets JMH, Wils JA The "pinch-off phenomenon": a radiological symptom for potential fracture of an implanted permanent subclavian catheter system. Eur J Rad. 1995 ; 20: 112-113.
114. Schummer W., Schummer C., Schelenz C. Case report: the malfunctioning implanted venous access device. Br J Nurs. 2003 ; 12: 212-214.
115. Siegel RL, Nosher JL, Bodner L. Routine peripherally inserted central catheter placement resulting in delayed intravascular foreign body. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 ; 15: 1167-1169.
116. Smith SJ, Vyborny C., Vogelzang RL Percutaneous extraction of two deeply lodged foreign bodies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1994 ; 17: 113-115.
117. Sproat IA, Bielke D., Crummy AB, Rahko P. Transthoracic 2D echocardiographic guidance for percutaneous removal of a nonopaque intracardiac catheter fragment. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1993 ; 16: 58-60.
118. Steiner B., Wojtunik H., Kessler M., Bambauer R., Mehlmann U., Langer HJ Transluminal removal of an embolized venous catheter fragment with simple means: a case report. Ther Apher Dial. 2003 ; 7: 510-512.
119. Suarez-Penaranda JM, Guitian-Barreiro, Concheiro-Carro L. Longstanding intracardiac catheter embolism. An unusual autopsy finding. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995 ; 16: 124-126.
120. Surov A., Jordan K., Buerke M., et al. Atypical pulmonary embolism of port catheter fragments in oncology patients. Supp Care Cancer. 2006 ; 14: 479-483.
121. Szekely J., Racz L., Karatson A. Broken piece in the lungs: a complication of haemodialysis via subclavian cannulation. Int Urol Nephrol. 1989 ; 21: 533-540.
122. Takasugi JK, O'Connell TX Prevention of complications in permanent central venous catheters. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988 ; 167: 6-11.
123. Talwar V., Pavithran K., Vaid AK, Doval DC Spontaneous fracture and pulmonary embolization of a central venous catheter. J Vasc Access. 2003 ; 4: 158-159.
124. Thanigaraj S., Panneerselvam A., Yanos J. Retrieval of an IV catheter fragment from the pulmonary 11 years after embolization. Chest. 2000 ; 117: 1209-1211.
125. Thapa PB, Shrestha R., Singh DR, Sharma SK Removal of central venous catheter fragment embolus in a young male. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2006 ; 3: 340-341.
126. Tsai TN, Chu KM, Tzeng BH, et al. Flailed tricuspid valve as a complication of retrieving fractured catheter. Int J Cardiol. 2007 ; 119: 225-226.
127. Ulasi II, Ijoma CK, Anyanwu CH A case of fractured internal jugular catheter. Nigerian Postgrad Med J. 2003 ; 10: 270-271.
128. Vadlamani P., Dawn B., Perry MC Catheter fracture and embolization from totally implanted venous access ports-case reports. Angiology. 1998 ; 49: 1013-1016.
129. Van der Akker-Berman LM, Pinzur S., Aydinalp A., et al. Uneventful 25-year course of an intracardiac intravenous catheter fragment in the right heart. J Int Cardiol. 2002 ; 15: 421-423.
130. van der Hem KG, Meijer S., Werter CJ, van Groeningen CJ " Spontaneous" catheter fracture and embolization of a totally implanted venous access port. Neth J Med. 1991 ; 38: 262-264.
131. Weijmer MC, Kars SM, Ter Wee PM A scanning electron microscopy analysis of a spontaneous hemodialysis catheter fracture. Am J Kidn Dis. 2001 ; 38: 858-861.
132. Weiss CR, Fishman EK Multidetector 3D CT of pulmonary embolism of a peripheral intravenous line. Emerg Radiol. 2005 ; 11: 247-249.
133. Yang FS, Ohta I., Chiang HJ, Lin JC, Shih SL, Ma YC Nonsurgical retrieval of intravascular foreign body: experience of 12 cases. Eur J Radiol. 1994 ; 18: 1-5.
134. Yen HJ, Hwang B., Lee PC Transcatheter retrieval of different types of central venous catheter fragment: eyperience in 13 cases. Angiology. 2006 ; 3: 347-353.
135. Yildizeli B., Lacin T., Baltacioglu F., Batirel HF, Yuksel M. Approach to fragmented central venous catheters. Vascular. 2005 ; 13: 120-123.
136. Zaman F., Pervez A., Murphy S., Abreo KD Retrieval of a fractured piece of Tessio catheter with a snare using a transcutaneous trans-venous approach. Semin Dial. 2005 ; 18: 343-344.
137. Zieren J., Thul P., Romaniuk P., Muller JM Intravascular disruption of central venous ports. Clin Nutr. 1998 ; 17: 89-91.
138. Turner DD, Sommers SC Accidental passage of a polyethylene catheter from cubital vein to right atrium. N Engl J Med. 1954 ; 251: 744-745.
139. Surov A., Buerke M., John E., et al. Intravenous port catheter embolization: mechanisms, clinical features, and management. Angiology. 2008 ; 59: 90-97.
140. Ballarini C., Intra M., Pisani Ceretti A., et al. Complications of subcutaneous infusion port in the general oncology population. Oncology. 1999 ; 56: 97-102.
141. Biffi R., de Braud F., Pozzi S., et al. Totally implantable central venous access ports for long-term chemotherapy. A prospective study analyzing complications and costs of 333 devices with a minimum follow-up of 180 days. Ann Oncol. 1998 ; 9: 767-773.
142. Kock HJ, Pietsch M., Krause U., Wilke H., Eigler FW Implantable vascular access systems: experience in 1500 patients with totally implanted central venous port systems. World J Surg. 1998 ; 22: 12-16.
143. Cheng CC, Tsai TN, Yang CC, Han CL Percutaneous retrieval of dislodged totally implantable central venous access system in 92 cases: experience in a single hospital. Eur J Radiol. 2009 ; 69: 346-350.
144. Loughran SG, Borzatta M. Peripherally inserted central catheters: a report of 2506 catheter days. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1995 ; 19: 133-136.
145. Gulley RM, Hawk N. Rupture of indwelling venous catheters. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1983 ; 7: 184-185.
146. Wagman LD, Konrad P., Schmit P. Internal fracture of a pediatric broviac catheter. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1989 ; 13: 560-561.
147. Wagman LD, Neifeld JP Experience with the Hickman catheter: unusual complications and suggestions for their prevention. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1986 ; 10: 311-315.
148. Thomas J., Sinclair-Smith B., Bloomfield D., Davachi A. Nonsurgical retrieval of a broken segment of steel spring guide from right atrium and inferior vena cava. Circulation. 1964 ; 30: 106-108.
149. Uflacker R., Lima S., Melichar AC Intravascular foreign bodies: percutaneous retrieval. Radiology. 1986 ; 160: 731-735.
150. Wendth AJ, Cross VF, Moriarty DJ, Vitale P., Lorenz F. Retrieval of an intracardiac foreign body. Angiology. 1972 ; 23: 329-337.
151. Burnes JU, Kelly DG Spontaneous separation and migration of a metal splice segment of a repaired Hickman catheter. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993 ; 17: 287-288.