Mental disorder, predisposition, prediction, and ability to control: Evaluating sex offenders for civil commitment

Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 395-411

  Elwood, Richard W ^a  

^a Sand Ridge Evaluation Unit   (United States)

Author keywords

Civil commitment; Risk assessment; Sexual recidivism; Sexually violent predators

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449502804     PISSN: 10790632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1079063209347723     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Andreasen, N.C. (1995). The validation of psychiatric diagnosis: New models and approaches. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 161-162.
5. Becker, J.V., Stinson, J., Tromp, S., & Messer, G. (2003). Characteristics of individuals petitioned for civil commitment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47, 185-195.
6. Bengtson, S., & Långström, N. (2007). Unguided clinical and actuarial assessment of re-offending risk: A direct comparison with sex offenders in Denmark. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 135-153.
7. Berlin, F.S., Galbreath, N.W., Geary, B., & McGlone, G. (2003). The use of actuarials at civil commitment hearings to predict the likelihood of future sexual violence. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 15, 377-382.
8. Civil commitment of a sexually violent person, 28 C.F.R. § 549.95. (2008). Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c026685cdda5d6e3c3ffde8d761c54b&rgn=div8&view=text&node=28:2.0.3.3.21.8.43.6&idno=28.
9. Clayton, D., & McKeigue, P. (2001). Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases. Lancet, 358, 1356-1360.
10. Cooke, D.J., & Michie, C. (2009). Limitations of diagnostic precision and predictive utility in the individual case: A challenge for forensic practice. Law and Human Behavior. Prepublished March 11, doi: 10.1007/s10979-009-9176-x.
11. DeRubeis, R.J., Hollon, S.D., Amsterdam, J.D., Shelton, R.C., Young, P.R., Salomon, R.et al.(2005). Cognitive therapy vs. medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 62, 409-416.
12. Doren, D.M. (2002a). Evaluating sex offenders: A manual for civil commitments and beyond. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Doren, D.M. (2002b). The use of actuarial risk assessment. In B. K. Schwartz (Ed.), The sex offender: Vol. 4. Current treatment modalities and system issues (pp. 6-1-6-9). Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.
14. Doren, D.M., & Elwood, R.W. (2009). The diagnostic reliability of sexual sadism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 251-261.
15. Dries, S.C. (2006). Sexual predators and federal habeas corpus: Has the great writ gone AWOL? Suffolk University Law Review, 39, 672-697.
16. Elwood, R.W., Doren, D.M., & Thornton, D. (2008). Diagnostic and risk profiles of men detained under Wisconsin's sexually violent person law. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Prepublished December 4, doi: 10.1177/0306624X08327305.
17. Frances, A., Sreenivasan, S., & Weinberger, L.E. (2008). Defining mental disorder when it really counts: DSM-IV-TR and SVP/SDP statutes. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 36, 375-384.
18. Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S.,et al.(2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 34-41.
19. Green, M.D., Freedman, M., & Gordis, L. (2008). Reference guide on epidemiology. Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/sciman06.pdf/$file/sciman06.pdf.
20. Hanson, R.K., & Morton-Bourgon, K.E. (2004). Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis. Ottawa, Ontario: Public Safety of Canada. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cor/rep/_fl/2004-02-pred-se-eng.pdf.
21. Hanson. R.K., & Morton-Bourgon, K.E. (2007). The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Ottawa, Ontario: Public Safety of Canada. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cor/rep/_fl/crp2007-01-en.pdf.
22. Harris, G.T., & Rice, M.E. (2007). Characterizing the value of actuarial violence risk assessments. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 34, 1638-1658.
23. Hart, S.D., Michie, C., & Cooke, D.J. (2007). Precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments: Evaluating the margins of error' of group vs. individual predictions of violence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(Suppl. 49), s60-s65.
24. Hill, A.B. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 58, 295-300.
25. Jackson, R.L., & Hess, D.T. (2007). Evaluation for civil commitment of sex offenders: A survey of experts. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 425-448.
26. Janus, E.S. (2006). Failure to protect: America's sexual predator laws and the rise of the preventive state. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
27. Kansas v. Crane, 534 U. S. (2002). Retrieved February 23, 2009, from the World Wide Web site: http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2001/2001_00_957/.
28. Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U. S. (1997). Retrieved February 23, 2009, from the World Wide Web site: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1996/1996_95_1649/.
29. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602.
30. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S.,et al.(1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
31. Knight, R.A., & Thornton, D. (2007). Evaluating and improving risk assessment schemes for sexual recidivism: A long-term follow-up of convicted sexual offenders. Research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved April 28, 2008, from the World Wide Web site: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/217618.pdf.
32. Kupfer, D. A., First, M. B., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (2002). A research agenda for DSM-V. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved February 19, 2009, from http://www.appi.org/pdf/kupfer_2292.pdf.
33. La Fond, J.Q. (2005). Preventing sexual violence: How society should cope with sex offenders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
34. Långström, N., Sjöstedt, G., & Grann, M. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and recidivism in sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 139-150.
35. Levenson, J.S. (2004). Sexual predator civil commitment: A comparison of selected and released offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy, and Comparative Criminology, 48, 638-648.
36. Madigan, M.P., Ziegler, R.G., Benichou, J., Byrne, C., & Hoover, R.N. (1995). Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 1681-1685.
37. Mayes, R., & Horwitz, A.V. (2005). DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 41, 249-267.
38. Meehl, P.E. (1973). Psychodiagnosis: Selected papers. New York: Norton.
39. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law. (2001). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/.
40. Merriam-Webster Online. (2009). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 25, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary.htm.
41. Miller, H.A., Amenta, A.E., & Conroy, M.A. (2005). Sexually violent predator evaluations: Empirical evidence, strategies for professionals, and research directions. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 29-83.
42. Montaldi, D.F. (2007). The logic of sexually violent predator status in the United States of America. Sexual Offender Treatment, 2(1), 1-28. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/index.php?id=57&type=123.
43. Moran, P. (1999). The epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 231-242.
44. National Basketball Association. (2006). 2006-07 Player survey: Height. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from http://www.nba.com/news/survey_height_2006.html.
45. Packard, R., & Levenson, J. (2006). Revisiting the reliability of diagnostic decisions in sex offender civil commitment. Sex Offender Treatment, 1(3). Retrieved October 20, 2008, from http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/50.html.
46. Practice Pointers: Chapter 980. (2002, April). Wisconsin Defender, 10, 4.
47. Prentky, R.A., Janus, E., Barbaree, H., Schwartz, B.K., & Kafka, M.P. (2006). Sexually violent predators in the courtroom: Science on trial. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 12, 357-393.
48. PubMed (n.d.). National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez.
49. Quinsey, V.L., Rice, M.E., & Harris, G.T. (1995). Actuarial prediction of sexual recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 85-105.
50. Regier, D.A., Boyd, J.H., Burke, J.D. Jr., Rae, D.S., Myers, J.K., Kramer, M., Robins, L.N., George, L.K., Karno, M., and Locke, B.Z. (1988). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States: Based on five Epidemiologic Catchment Area sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977-986.
51. Robins, E., & Guze, S.B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983-987.
52. Rothman, K.J., & Greenland, S. (2005). Causation and causal inference in epidemiology. American Journal of Public Health, 95(Suppl. 1), S144-S150.
53. Rounsaville, B.J., Alarcón, R.D., Andrews, G., Jackson, J.S., Kendell, R.E., & Kendler, K. (2002). Basic nomenclature issues for DSM-V. In D. A. Kupfer, M. B. First, & D. A. Regier (Eds.), A research agenda for DSM-V (pp. 1-29). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved February 19, 2009, from http://www.appi.org/pdf/kupfer_2292.pdf.
54. Seling v. Young, 531 U. S. (2001). Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2000/2000_99_1185/.
55. State v. Laxton, WI 82, 254 Wis. 2d 185, 647 N.W.2d 784 (2002).
56. State v. Post, 197 Wis.2d 279, 307 (1995). Retrieved February 19, 2009 from http://www.wicourts.gov/sc/opinion/DisplayDocument.html?content=html&seqNo=16944.
57. State v. Seibert, 308 Wis. 2d 395 (Wis. Ct. App 2008).
58. Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary. (2009). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved February 24, 2009, from http://www.stedmans.com/section.cfm/45.
59. Streiner, D.J., & Cairney, J.C. (2007). What's under the ROC? An introduction to receiver operating characteristics curves. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 121-128.
60. Thornton, D. (2006). Age and sexual recidivism: A variable connection. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 18, 123-135.
61. Szasz, T.S. (1960). The myth of mental illness. American Psychologist, 15, 113-118.
62. Wilson M. (1993). DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: A history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 399-410.
63. Wisconsin Office of Public Defender (n.d.). Sexually violent persons commitment. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from http://www.wisspd.org/html/980case/ch980/ch980.asp#IVE___Jury_Instructions.
64. Woodruff, R.A., Goodwin, D.W., & Guze, S.B. (1974). Psychiatric diagnosis. New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Zanarini, M.C., Skodol, A.E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E.,et al.(2000). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: Reliability of axis I and II diagnoses. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 291-299.
66. Zander, T.K. (2005). Civil commitment without psychosis: The law's reliance on the weakest links in psychodiagnosis. Journal of Sexual Offender Civil Commitment: Science and the Law, 1, 17-82.