Advances in drought resistance of rice

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 199-217

  Farooq, Muhammad ^a   Wahid, Abdul ^a   Lee, Dong Jin ^b   Ito, Osamu ^c   Siddique, Kadambot H M ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Pakistan)

^b Dankook University   (South Korea)

^c JAPAN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Breeding and selection; Drought management; Grain yield; QTLs; Water relations

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449441056     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: 15497836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07352680902952173     Document Type: Article

References (227)

1. Agarie, S., Uchida, H., Agata, W., Kubota, F., and Kaufman, P. B. 1998. Effects of silicon on transpiration and leaf conductance in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod. Sci. 1: 89-95.
2. Agrawal, G. K., Tamogami, S., Iwahashi, H., Agrawal, V. P., and Rakwal, R. 2003. Transient regulation of jasmonic acid-inducible rice MAP kinase gene (OsBWMK1) by diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 41: 355-361.
3. Akiyama, T., and Pillai, M. A. 2001. Molecular cloning, characterization and in vitro expression of a novel endo-1,3-beta-glucanase up-regulated by ABA and drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Sci. 161: 1089-1098.
4. Ali, M. L., Pathan, M. S., Zhang, J., Bai, G., Sarkarung, S., and Nguyen, H. T. 2000. Mapping QTLs for root traits in a recombinant inbred population from two indica ecotypes in rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 756-766.
5. Araus, J. L., Slafer, G. A., Reynolds, M. P., and Royo, C. 2002. Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for? Ann. Bot. 89: 925-940.
6. Asch, F., Dingkuhn, M., Sow, A., and Audebert, A. 2005. Drought induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning between root and shoot in upland rice. Field Crops Res. 93: 223-236.
7. Atlin, G. N., and Lafitte, H. R. 2002. Marker-assisted breeding versus direct selection for drought tolerance in rice. In: Field Screening for Drought Tolerance in Crop Plants with Emphasis on Rice. pp. 208. Saxena, N. P. and O'Toole, J. C., Eds., Proc. Int. Workshop on Field Screening for Drought Tolerance in Rice, Patancheru, India. 11-14 Dec 2000. ICRISAT, Patancheru, India, and The Rockefeller Foundation, New York.
8. Atlin, G. N., Lafitte, H. R., Tao, D., Laza, M., Amante, M., and Courtois, B. 2006. Developing rice cultivars for high-fertility upland systems in the Asian tropics. Field Crops Res. 97: 43-52.
9. Atlin, G. N., Lafitte, R., Venuprasad, R., Kumar, R., and Jongdee, B. 2004. Her-itability of rice yield under stress, correlations across stress levels, and effects of selection: implications for drought tolerance breeding. In: Resilient Crops for Water-limited Environments. pp. 85-87
10. Poland, D., Sawkins, M., Ribaut, J.-M. and Hoisington, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop at Cuernavaca, Mexico, May 24-28, 2004. CIMMYT, Mexico, DF.
11. Azhiri-Sigari, T. A., Yamauchi, A., Kamoshita, A., and Wade, L. J. 2000. Geno-typic variation in response of rainfed lowland rice to drought and rewatering. Root growth Plant Prod Sci. 3: 180-188.
12. Babu, R. C., Nguyen, B. D., Chamarerk, V. P., Shanmugasundaram, P., Chezhian, P., Jeyaprakash, S. K., Ganesh, A., Palchamy, S., Sadasivam, S., Sarkarung, S., Wade, L. J., and Nguyen, H. T. 2003 Genetic analysis of drought resistance in rice by molecular markers. Crop Sci. 43: 1457-1469.
13. Babu,R.C., Zhang,J.X., Blum, A., Ho,T.H.D,Wu, R., and Nguyen, H.T.2004. HVA1, a LEA gene from barley confers dehydration tolerance in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) via cell membrane protection. Plant Sci. 166: 855-862.
14. Bais H. P., George, J., and Ravishankar, G. A. 1999. Influence of polyamines on growth of hairy root cultures of witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Lucknow Local) and formation of coumarins. J. Plant Growth Regul. 18: 33-37.
15. Basnayake, J., Fukai, S., and Ouk, M. 2006. Contribution of potential yield, drought tolerance and escape to adaptation of 15 rice varieties in rainfed lowlands in Cambodia. Proceedings of the Australian Agronomy Conference, Australian Society of Agronomy, Birsbane, Australia.
16. Beck, E. H., Fettig, S., Knake, C., Hartig, K., and Bhattarai, T. 2007. Specific and unspecific responses of plants to cold and drought stress. J. Biosci. 32: 501-510.
17. Bernier, J., Atlin, G., Kumar, A., Serraj, R., and Spaner, D. 2008. Review: breeding upland rice for drought resistance. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88: 927-939.
18. Bernier, J., Kumar, A., Venuprasad, R., Spaner, D., and Atlin, G. 2007. A large effect QTL for grain yield under reproductive-stage drought stress in upland rice. Crop Sci. 47: 507-516.
19. Blum, A. 1988. Plant Breeding for Stress Environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 43-77.
20. Blum, A. 2007. The mitigation of drought stress. http://www.plantstress. com/articles/drought m/drought m.htm. Accessed on August 18, 2007.
21. Blum, A., Mayer, J., Golan, G., and Sinmena, B. 1999. Drought tolerance of a doubled haploid line populationofriceinthefield.In:Genetic Improvement of Rice for Water-limited Environments. pp. 310-330.
22. Ito, O., O'Toole, J. C., and Hardy, B., Eds., Intertaional Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. Bors, W., Langebartels, C., Michel, C., and Sandermann, J. H. 1989. Polyamine as radical scavengers and protectants against ozone damage. Phytochemistry 28: 1589-1595.
23. Bota, J., Flexas, J., and Medrano, H. 2004. Is photosynthesis limited by decreased Rubisco activity and RuBP content under progressive water stress? New Phytol. 162: 671-681.
24. Bouchereau, A., Aziz, A., Larher, F., and Tanguy, M. 1999. Polyamines and environmental challenges: Recent development. Plant Sci. 140: 103-125.
25. Bouman, B. A. M., Humphreys, E., Tuong, T. P., and Barker, R. 2007. Rice and water. Adv. Agron. 92: 187-237.
26. Boyer, J. S. 1976. Photosynthesis at low water potentials. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B 273: 501-512.
27. Boyer, J. S. 1982. Plant productivity and environment potential for increasing crop plant productivity, genotypic selection. Science 218: 443-448.
28. Boyer, J. S. 1996. Advances in drought tolerance in plants. Adv. Agron. 56: 187-218.
29. Bradford, K. J. 1986. Manipulation of seed water relations via osmotic priming to improve germination under stress conditions. HortSci. 21: 1105-1112.
30. Cabuslay, G. S., Ito, O., and Alejal, A. A. 2002. Physiological evaluation of responses of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to water deficit. Plant Sci. 163: 815-827.
31. Cairns, J. E., Audebert, A., Townend, J., Price, A. H., and Mullins, C. E. 2004. Effect of soil mechanical impedance on root growth of two rice varieties under field drought stress. Plant Soil 267: 309-318.
32. Capell, T., Bassie, L., and Christou, P. 2004. Modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10: 9909-9914.
33. Capell, T., Escobar, C., Liu, H., Burtin, D., Lepri, O., and Christou, P. 1998. Overexpression of the oat arginine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) affects normal development patterns in vitro and results in putrescine accumulation in transgenic plants. Theor. Appl. Gen. 97: 246-254.
34. Cattivelli, L., Rizza, F., Badeck, F. W., Mazzucotelli, E., Mastrangelo, A. M., Francia, E., Mare, C., Tondelli, A., and Stanca, A. M. 2008. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrative view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Res. 105: 1-14.
35. Chapman, S. C., and Edmeades, G. O. 1999. Selection improves drought tolerance in tropical maize populations II. Direct and correlated responses among secondary traits. Crop Sci. 39: 1315-1324.
36. Chaves, M. M. 1991. Effects of water deficits on carbon assimilation. J. Exp. Bot. 42: 1-16.
37. Chaves, M. M., and Oliveira, M. M. 2004. Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: prospects for water-saving agriculture. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 2365-2384.
38. Chaves, M. M., Pereira, J. S., Maroco, J., Rodriques, M. L., Ricardo, C. P. P., Osorio, M. L., Carvatho, I., Faria, T., and Pinheiro, C. 2002. How plants cope with water stress in the field photosynthesis and growth? Ann. Bot. 89: 907-916.
39. Chen, T. H. H., and Murata, N. 2002. Enhancement of tolerance to abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 250-257.
40. Cheng, S.H., Willmann,M. R., Chen, H., and Sheen,J.2002. Calcium signalling through protein kinases: the Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family. Plant Physiol. 129: 469-485.
41. Clark, L. J., Aphale, S. L., and Barraclough, P. B. 2000. Screening the ability of rice roots to overcome the mechanical impedance of wax layers: importance of test conditions and measurement criteria. Plant Soil 219: 187-196.
42. Close, T. J. 1997. Dehydrins: a commonality in the response of plants to dehydration and low temperature. Physiol. Plant. 100: 291-296.
43. Coats, B. 2003. Global rice production. In: Rice Origin, History, Technology and Production, pp. 247-470. Smith, C. W., and Dilday, R. H., Eds., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
44. Condon, A. G., Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., and Farquhar, G. D. 2004. Breeding for high water-use efficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 2447-2460.
45. Cook, M. G., and L. Evans, T. 1983. Some physiological aspects of the domestication and improvement of rice (Oryza. spp.). Field Crops Res. 6: 219-238.
46. Cooper M., Rajatasereekul, S., Immark, S., Fukai, S., and Basnayake, J. 1999a. Rainfed lowland rice breeding strategies for northeast Thailand. 1. Genotypic variation and genotype × environment interactions for grain yield. Field Crops Res. 64: 131-152.
47. Cooper, M., Rajatasereekul, S., Somrith, B., Sriwisut, S., Immark, S., Boonwite, C., Suwanwongse, A. S. P., Ruangsook, H., Romyen, P., Porn-uraisanit, P., Skulkhu, E., Fukai, S., Basnayake, L., and Podlich, D. W. 1999b. Rainfed lowland rice breeding strategies for northeast Thailand. 2. Comparison of intrastation and interstation selection. Field Crops Res. 64: 153-176.
48. Cornic, G., and Massacci, A. 1996. Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Photosynthesis and the Environment. Baker, N. R., Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
49. Cruz, R. T., and O'Toole, J. C. 1984. Dry land rice to an irrigation gradient at flowering stage. Agron. J. 76: 178-183.
50. Cutler, J. M., Steponkus, P. L., Wach, M. J., and Shahan, K. W. 1980. Dynamic aspects and enhancement of leaf elongation in rice. Plant Physiol. 66: 147-152.
51. Datta, S. K. 2002. Recent developments in transgenics for abiotic stress tolerance in rice. Japan International Reearch. Centre for Agricultural Sciences working report. pp. 43-53.
52. Davies, W. J., and Jones, H. G. 1991. Abscisic Acid Biochemistry and Physiology. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK.
53. Demmig, B., Winter, K., Kruger, A., and Czygan, F. C. 1988. Zeaxanthin and the heat dissipation of excess light energy in Nerium oleander exposed to a combination of high light and water stress. Plant Physiol. 87: 17-24.
54. Drolet, G., Dumbroff, E. B., Legge, R., and Thompson, J. E. 1986. Radical scavenging properties of polyamines. Phytochemistry 25: 367-371.
55. Du, L. V., and Tuong, T. P. 2002. Enhancing the performance of dry-seeded rice: effects of seed priming, seedling rate, and time of seedling. In: Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities. pp: 241-256. Pandey, S., Mortimer, M., Wade, L., Tuong, T. P., Lopes K., and Hardy, B., Eds., International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines.
56. Dubouzet, J. G., Sakuma, Y., Ito, Y., Kasuga, M., Dubouzet, E. G., Miura, S., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K., and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. 2003. OsDREB genes in rice, Oryza sativa L., encode transcription activators that function in drought-, high-salt-and cold-responsive gene expression. Plant J. 33: 751-763.
57. Edmeades, G. O., Bolanos, J., Lafitte, H. R., Rajaram, S., Pfeiffer, W., and Fischer, R. A. 1989. Traditional approaches to breeding for drought resistance in cereals. In: Drought Resistance in Cereals, pp. 27-52, Baker, F. W. G., Eds., CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
58. Ekanayake, I. J., Garrity, D. P., Masajo, T. M., and O'Toole, J. C. 1985. Root pulling resistance in rice: Inheritance and association with drought resistance. Euphytica 34: 905-913.
59. Ekanayake, I. J., Steponkus, P. L., and De Datta, S. K. 1989. Spikelet sterility and flowering response of rice to water stress at anthesis.Ann. Bot. 63: 257-264.
60. Epstein, E. 1994. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11-17
61. FAO. 2002. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 Summary Report. FAO, Rome, Italy.
62. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Afzal, I., and Khaliq, A. 2006e. Optimization of hydropriming techniques for rice seed invigoration. Seed Sci. Technol. 34: 507-512. (Pubitemid 44212812)
63. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Cheema, M. A., and Afzal, I. 2006d. Integration of pre-sowing soaking, chilling and heating treatments for vigor enhancement in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Sci. Technol. 34: 499-506.
64. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., and Hafeez, K. 2006f. Seed invigoration by osmo-hardening in fine and coarse rice. Seed Sci. Technol. 34: 181-187.
65. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Khalid, M., Tabassum, R., and Mehmood, T. 2006a. Nutrient homeostasis, reserves metabolism and seedling vigor as affected by seed priming in coarse rice. Can. J. Bot. 84: 1196-1202.
66. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Tabassum, R., and Afzal, I. 2006b. Enhancing the performance of direct seeded fine rice by seed priming. Plant Prod. Sci. 9: 446-456.
67. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., and Wahid, A. 2006c. Priming of field-sown rice seed enhances germination, seedling establishment, allometry and yield. Plant Growth Reg. 49: 285-294.
68. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Wahid, A., Ahmad, N., and Saleem, B. A. 2009b. Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. J. Agron. Crop Sci. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009. 00365.x.
69. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Wahid, A., Cheema, Z. A., Cheema, M. A., and Khaliq, A. 2008. Physiological role of exogenously applied glycinebetaine in improving drought tolerance of fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194: 325-333.
70. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Wahid, A., Khaliq, A., and Kobayashi, N. 2009h. Rice seed invigoration. In: Lichtfouse, E. (Ed.). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Springer, Netherlands.
71. Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A. Wahid, A., and Rehman, H. 2009c. Physiological role of exogenously applied nitric oxide in mitigating drought stress in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. doi:10.1007/s/1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00368.x (published online).
72. Farooq, M., Kobayashi, N., Wahid, A., Ito, O., and Basra, S. M. A. 2009i. Strategies to produce more rice with less water. Adv. Agron. 101: 351-387.
73. Farooq, M., Kobayashia, N., Ito, O., Wahid, A., and Serraj, R. 2009g. Leaf dimensions affect plant growth, transpiration and transpiration efficiency of lowland rice near isogenic lines in response to water deficits. Environ. Exp. Bot. (submitted).
74. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., and Lee, D. J. 2009e. Exogenously applied polyamines increase drought tolerance of rice by improving leaf water status, photosynthesis and membrane properties. Acta Physiol. Plant. doi: 10.1007/s11738-009-0307-2 (published online).
75. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Basra, S. M. A., and Islamuddin. 2009d. Improving water economy and gas exchange with brassinosteroids in rice under drought stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-037x.2009.00368.x (published online).
76. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D., and Basra, S. M. A. 2009a. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 29: 185-212.
77. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., and Lee, D. J. 2009f. Comparative time course action of the foliar applied glycinebetaine, salicylic acid, nitrous oxide, brassinos-teroids and spermine in improving drought resistance of rice. Bot. Stud. (submitted).
78. Fischer, K., Lafitte, H., Fukai, S., Atlin, G., and Hardy, B. 2003. Breeding Rice for Drought-Prone Environments. International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Philippines.
79. Flexas, J., Bota, J., Cifre, J., Escalona, J. M., Galmés, J., Gulias, J., Lefi, E. K., Martinez-Canellas, S. F., Moreno, M. T., Ribas-Carbo, M., Riera, D., Sampol, B., and Medrano, H. 2004. Understanding down-regulation of photosynthesis under water stress: future prospects and searching for physiological tools for irrigation management. Ann. Appl. Biol. 144: 273-283.
80. Fukai, S., and Cooper, M. 1995. Development of drought-resistant cultivars using physio-morphological traits in rice. Field Crops Res. 40: 67-86.
81. Fukai, S., Pantuwan, G., Jongdee, B., and Cooper, M. 1999. Screening for drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice, Field Crops Res. 64: 61-74.
82. Garg, A. K., Kim, J. K., Owens, T. G., Ranwala, A. P., Choi, Y. D., Kochian, L. V., and Wu, R. J. 2002. Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 15898-15903.
83. Garrity D. P., and O'Toole, J. C. 1994. Screening rice for drought resistance at the reproductive phase. Field Crops Res. 39: 99-110.
84. Ge, L., Chen, H., Jiang, J. F., Zhao, Y., Xu, M. L., Xu, Y. Y., Tan, K. H., Xu, Z. H., and Chong, K. 2004 Overexpression of OsRAA1 causes pleiotropic phenotypes in transgenic rice plants, including altered leaf, flower, and root development and root response to gravity. Plant Physiol.135: 1502-1513.
85. Gerbeau, P., Amodeo, G., Henzler, T., Santoni, V., Ripoche, P., and Maurel, C. 2002. The water permeability of Arabidopsis plasma membrane is regulated by divalent cations and pH. Plant J. 30: 71-81.
86. Glaszmann, J. C. 1987. Isozymes and classification of Asian rice varieties. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74: 21-30.
87. Hanson, A. D., and Hitz, W. D. 1982. Metabolic responses of mesophytes to plant water deficits. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33: 163-203.
88. Haque, M. M., Mackill, D. J., and Ingram, K. T. 1992. Inheritance of leaf epicuticular wax content in rice. Crop Sci. 32: 865-868.
89. Harris, D., and Jones, M. 1997. On-farm seed priming to accelerate germination in rainfed, dry-seeded rice. Int. Rice Res. Notes 22: 30.
90. Harris, D., Tripathi, R. S., and Joshi, A. 2002. On-farm seed priming to improve crop establishment and yield in dry direct-seeded rice. In: Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities. pp: 231-240 Pandey, S., Mortimer, M., Wade, L., Tuong, T. P., Lopes, K., and Hardy, B., Eds., International Research Institute, Manila, Philippines.
91. Henson, I. E. 1985. Modification of leaf size in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its effects on water stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation. Ann. Bot. 56: 481-487.
92. Hirayama, M., Wada, Y., and Nemoto, H. 2006. Estimation of drought tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breed. Sci. 56: 47-54.
93. Hoekstra, F. A., Golovina, E. A., and Buitink, J. 2001. Mechanisms of plant desiccation tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 431-438.
94. Holmberg, N., and Bülow, L. 1998. Improving stress tolerance in plants by gene transfer. Trends Plant Sci. 3: 61-66.
95. Hsiao, T. C., O'Toole, J. C., Yambao, E. B., and Turner, N. C. 1984. Influence of osmotic adjustment on leaf rolling and tissue death in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Physiol. 75: 338-341.
96. Hu, H., Dai, M., Yao, J., Xiao, B., Li, X., Zhang, Q., and Xiong, L. 2006. Overexpressing a NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 12987-12992.
97. Hu, J., Jiang, D., Cao, W., and Luo, W. 2004. Effect of short-term drought on leaf water potential, photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning in paddy rice. Chin. J. App. Ecol. 15: 63-67.
98. Ingram, J., and Bartels, D. 1996. The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 377-403.
99. Ingram, K. T., Bueno, F. D., Namuco, O. S., Yambao, E. B., and Beyrouty, C. A. 1994. Rice root traits for drought resistance and their genetic variation. In: Rice Roots: Nutrient and Water Use, pp. 67-78. Kirk, G. J. D., Eds., International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. Ingram
100. K. T., Real, J. G., Maguling, M. A., Obien, M. A., and Loresto, G. C. 1990. Comparison of selection indices to screen lowland rice from drought resistance. Euphytica 48: 1990253-1990260.
101. Inthapan, P., and Fukai, S. 1988. Growth and yield of rice cultivars under sprinkler irrigation in south-eastern Queensland. 2. Comparison with maize and grain sorghum under wet and dry conditions. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28: 243-248
102. IRRI. 2002. Rice Almanac: Source Book for the Most Important Economic Activity on Earth, 3rd edn. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK.
103. Ishimaru, K., Ono, K., and Kashiwagi, T. 2004. Identification of a new gene controlling plant height in rice using the candidate-gene strategy. Planta 218: 388-395.
104. Ishimaru, K., Shirotab, K., Higab, M., and Kawamitsub, Y. 2001. Identification of quantitative trait loci for adaxial and abaxial stomatal frequencies in Oryza sativa. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39: 173-177.
105. Jang, I. C., Oh, S. J., Seo, J. S., Choi, W. B., Song, S. I., Kim, C. H., Kim, Y. S., Seo, H. S., Do Choi, Y., Nahm, B. H., and Kim, J. K. 2003. Expression of a bifunctional fusion of the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in transgenic rice plants increases trehalose accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance without stunting growth. Plant Physiol. 131: 516-524.
106. Jian-Chang, Y., Liu, K., Zhang, S.-F., Wang, X.-M., Wang, Z.-Q., and Liu, L.-J. 2008. Hormones in rice spikelets in responses to water stress during meiosis. Acta Agron. Sin. 34: 111-118.
107. Johansson, I., Karlsson, M., Shukla, V. K., Chrispeels, M. J., Larsson, C., and Kjellbom,P.1998. Water transport activityof the plasma membrane aquaporin PM28A is regulated by phosphorylation. Plant Cell 10: 451-459.
108. Jongdee, B., Fukai, S., and Cooper, M. 2002. Leaf water potential and osmotic adjustment as physiological traits to improve drought tolerance in rice. Field Crops Res. 76: 153-163.
109. Jongdee, B., Pantuwan, G., Fukai, S., and Fischer, K. 2006. Improving drought tolerance in rainfed lowland rice: An example from Thailand. Agric. Water Manag. 80: 225-240.
110. Kaminaka, H., Morita, S., Nakajima, M., Masumura, T., and Tanaka, K. 1998. Gene cloning and expression of cytosolic glutathione reductase in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 1269-1280.
111. Kamoshita, A., Babu, R. C., Boopathi, N. M., and Fukai, S. 2008. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of drought-resistance traits for development of rice cultivars adapted to rainfed environments. Field Crops Res. 109: 1-23.
112. Kamoshita, A., Rodriguez, R., Yamauchi, A., and Wade, L. J. 2004. Geno-typic variation in response of rainfed lowland rice to prolonged drought and rewatering. Plant Prod. Sci. 7: 406-420.
113. Karaba, A., Dixit, S., Greco, R., Aharoni, A., Trijatmiko, K. R., Marsch-Martinez, N., Krishnan, A., Nataraja, K. N., Udayakumar, M., and Pereira, A. 2007. Improvement of water use efficiency in rice by expression of HARDY, an Arabidopsis drought and salt tolerance gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 15270-15275.
114. Kathiresan, A., Lafitte, H., Chen, J., and Bennet, J. 2004. Expression microarrays and their application in drought stress research. Field Crops Res. 97: 101-110.
115. Kato, Y., Abe, J. Kamoshita, A., and Yamagishi, J. 2006. Genotypic variation in root growth angle in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its association with deep root development in upland fields with different water regimes. Plant Soil 287: 117-129.
116. Kato, Y., Kamoshita, A., and Yamagishi, J. 2007. Evaluating the resistance of six rice cultivars to drought: root restriction and the use of raised beds. Plant Soil 300: 149-161.
117. Khush, G. S. 1997. Origin, dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 35: 25-34.
118. Kirigwi, F. M., Van Ginkel, M., Brown-Guedira, G., Gill, B. S., Paulsen, G. M., and Fritz. A. K. 2007. Markers associated with a QTL for grain yield in wheat under drought. Mol. Breed. 20: 401-413.
119. Kobata T., Tanaka, S., Utumi, M., Hara, S., and Imaki, T. 1994. Sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) subject to drought during the booting stage occurs not because of lack of assimilate or of water deficit in the shoot but because of dehydration of the root zone. Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 63: 510-517.
120. Koller, A., Washburn, M. P., Lange, B. M., Andon, N. L., Deciu, C., Haynes, P. A., Hays, L., Schieltz, D., Ulaszek, R., Wei, J., Wolters, D., and Yates, J. R. 2002. From the Cover: Proteomic survey of metabolic pathways in rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11969-11974.
121. Kondo, M., Maddala, V. R., and Aragones, D. V. 2000. Characteristics of root growth and water uptake from soil in upland rice and maize under water stress. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 46: 721-732.
122. Kondo, M., Pablico, P. P., Aragones, D. V., Agbisit, R., Abe, J., and Morita, S. 2003. Genotypic and environmental variations in root morphology in rice genotypes under upland field conditions. Plant Soil 255: 189-200.
123. Ku, M. S. B., Agarie, S., Nomura, M., Fukayama, H., Tsuchida, H., Ono, K., Hirose, S., Toki, S., Miyao, M., and Matsuoka, M. 1999. High-level expression of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 17: 76-80.
124. Kumar, A., Bernier, J., Verulkar, S., Lafitte, H. R., and Atlin, G. N. 2008. Breeding for drought tolerance: direct selection for yield, response to selection and use of drought-tolerant donors in upland and lowland-adapted populations. Field Crops Res. 107: 221-231.
125. Kumar, S., Dhingra, A., and Daniell, H. 2004. Plastid-expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in carrot cultured cells, roots, and leaves confers enhanced salt tolerance. Plant Physiol. 136: 2843-2854.
126. Kumar, R., Sarawgi, A. K. Ramos, C., Amarante, S. T., Ismail, A. M., and Wade, L. J. 2006. Partitioning of dry matter during drought stress in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res. 98: 1-11. (Pubitemid 44304348)
127. Kumar, R., Venuprasad, R., and Atlin, G. N. 2007. Genetic analysis of rainfed lowland rice drought tolerance under naturally-occurring stress in eastern India: heritability and QTL effects. Field Crops Res. 103: 42-52.
128. Lafitte, H. R., Blum, A., and Atlin, G. 2004 a. Using secondary traits to help identify drought-tolerant genotypes. In: Breeding Rice for Drought-prone Environments, pp. 37-48, Fischer, K. S., Lafitte, R., Fukai, S., Atlin, G. and Hardy, B., Eds., International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines.
129. Lafitte, H. R., Champoux, M. C., McLaren, G., and O'Toole. J. C. 2001. Rice root morphological traits are related to isozyme group and adaptation. Field Crops Res. 71: 57-70.
130. Lafitte, H. R., Ismail, A., and Bennett, J. 2004b. Abiotic stress tolerance in rice for Asia: progress and the future. New directions for a diverse planet. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, 26 Sep-01 Oct 2004, Brisbane, Australia.
131. Lafitte, H. R., Li, Z. K., Vijayakumar, C. H. M., Gao, Y. M., Shi, Y., Xu, J. L., Fu B. Y., Yu, S. B., Ali, A. J., Domingo, J., Maghirang, R., Torres R., and Mackill, D. 2006. Improvements of rice drought tolerance through backcross breeding: evaluation of donors and selection in drought nurseries. Field Crops Res. 97: 77-86.
132. Lafitte, H., Price, A., and Courtois, B. 2004c. Yield response to water deficit in an upland rice mapping population: associations among traits and genetic markers. Theor. App. Gen. 109: 1237-1246.
133. Lafitte, H. R., Yongsheng, G., Yan, S., and Li, Z. K. 2007. Whole plant responses, key processes, and adaptation to drought stress: the case of rice. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 169-175.
134. Lanceras, J., Pantuwan, G., Jongdee, B., and Toojinda, T. 2004. Quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance at reproductive stage in rice. Plant Physiol. 135: 384-399.
135. Lawlor, D. W. 1995. The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. In: Environment and Plant Metabolism, pp. 129-160, Smirnoff, N., Ed., Flexibility and Acclimation Oxford BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxfordshire, UK.
136. Lawlor, D. W., and Cornic, G. 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell Environ. 25: 275-294.
137. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses: Vol.I: Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses. pp. 102-106. Levitt, J., Ed., Academic Press, New York.
138. Lewin, J., and Reimann, B. E. F. 1969. Silicon and plant growth. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20: 289-304.
139. Li, Z. Y. and Chen, S. Y. 1999. Inducible expression of translation elongation factor 1A gene in rice seedlings in response to environmental stresses. Acta Bot. Sin. 41: 800-806.
140. Lilley, J. M., and Fukai, S. 1994. Effect of timing and severity of water deficit on four diverse rice cultivars: II. Pathological responses to soil water deficit. Field Crops Res. 37: 215-223. (Pubitemid 2141411)
141. Lilley, J. M., and Ludlow, M. M. 1996. Expression of osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance in diverse rice lines. Field Crops Res. 48: 185-197.
142. Lin, C. C., and Kao, C. H. 2000. Effect of NaCl stress on H2O2 metabolism in rice leaves, Plant Growth Regul. 30: 151-155.
143. Liu, G. L., Mei, H.-W., Yu, X.-Q., Zou, G.-H., Liu, H.-Y., Li, M.-S., Chen, L., Wu, J.-H., and Luo, L.-J. 2007. Panicle water potential, a physiological trait to identify drought tolerance in rice. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 49: 1464-1469.
144. Liu, Q., Umeda, M., and Uchimiya, H. 1994. Isolation and expression analysis of two rice genes encoding the major intrinsic protein. Plant Mol. Biol. 26: 2003-2007.
145. Lux A., Luxová, M., Morita, S., Abe, J., and Inanaga, S. 1999 Endodermal silicification in developing seminal roots of lowland and upland cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Can. J. Bot. 77: 955-960.
146. Ma, J. F., Goto, S., Tamai, K., and Ichii, M. 2001. Role of root hairs and lateral roots in silicon uptake by rice. Plant Physiol. 127: 1773-1780.
147. Ma, J. F., Tamai, K., Ichii, M., and Wu, G. F. 2002. A rice mutant defective in Si uptake. Plant Physiol. 130: 2111-2117.
148. Ma, J. F., Tamai, K., Yamaji, N., Mitani, N., Konishi, S., Katsuhara, M., Ishiguro, M., Murata, Y., and Yano, M. 2006. A Si transporter in rice. Nature 440: 688-691.
149. Ma, J. F., and Yamaji, N. 2008. Functions and transport of silicon in plants. Cellular Mol. Life Sci. 65: 3049-3057.
150. Mambani, B., and Lal, R. 1983. Response of upland rice varieties to drought stress. II. Screening rice varieties by means of variable moisture regimes along a toposequence. Plant Soil 73: 73-94.
151. Manickavelu, A., Nadarajan, N., S. Ganesh, K., R. Gnanamalar, P., and Babu, R. C. 2006. Drought tolerance in rice: morphological and molecular genetic consideration. Plant Growth Regul. 50: 121-138.
152. Matoh, T., Murata, S., and Takahashi, E. 1991. Effect of silicate application on photosynthesis of rice plants (in Japanese). Jpn J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 62: 248-251.
153. Matsuoka, M., Furbank, R. T., Fukayama, H., and Miyao, M. 2001. Molecular engineering of C4 photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 297-314.
154. McCouch, S., Teytelman, L., Xu, Y., Lobos, K., Clare, K., Walton, M., Fu, B., Maghirang, R., Li, Z., Xing, Y., Zhang, Q., Kono, I., Yano, M., Fjellstrom, R., DeClerck, G., Schneider, D., Cartinhour, S., Ware, D., and Stein, L. 2003. Development and mapping of 2240 new SSR markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.). DNA Res. 9: 199-207.
155. McDonald, M. B. 2000. Seed priming. In: Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis. Black, M. and Bewley, J. D., Eds., Basis Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England.
156. McLean, J. L., Dawe, D. C., Hardy, B., and Hettel, G. P. 2002. Rice Almanac. p. 253. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines; WARDA, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; CIAT, Cali, Colombia; and FAO, Rome.
157. Mitchell, J. H., Siamhan, D., Wamala, M. H., Risimeri, J. B., Chinyamakobvu, E., Henderson, S. A., and Fukai, S. 1998. The use of seedling leaf death score for evaluation of drought resistance of rice. Field Crops Res. 55: 129-139.
158. Morgan, P. W. 1990. Effects of abiotic stresses on plant hormone systems. In: Stress Responses in Plants: Adaptation and Acclimation Mechanisms, pp. 113-146, Wiley-Liss, Inc., Delaware, USA.
159. Ndjiondjop, M. N., Semagn, K., Cissoko, M., Tsunematsu, H., and Jones, M. 2006. Genetic relationship among rice varieties based on expressed sequence tags and microsatellite markers. Asian J. Plant Sci. 5: 429-437.
160. Nelson, C. J. 1988. Genetic associations between photosynthetic characteristics and yield: review of the evidence. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 26: 543-554.
161. Nemoto, H., Suga, R., Ishihara, M., and Okutsu, Y. 1998. Deep rooted rice varieties detected through observation of root characteristics using the trench method. Breed. Sci. 48: 321-324.
162. Nguyen, H. T., Babu, R. C., and Blum A. 1997. Breeding for drought resistance in rice: Physilogy and molecular genetics considerations. Crop Sci. 37: 1426-1434.
163. O'Toole, J. C. 1982. Adaptation of rice to drought-prone environments. In: Drought Resistance in Crops, with Emphasis on Rice, pp. 195-213. International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
164. O'Toole, J. C., and Chang, T. T. 1979. Drought resistance in cereal. Rice: a case study. In: Stress Physiology in Crop Plants, pp. 374-405, Mussell, H. and Staples, R. C., Eds., Wiley, New York.
165. O'Toole, J. C., Hsiao, T. C., and Namuco, O. S. 1984. Panicle water relations during water stress. Plant Sci. 33: 111-114.
166. O'Toole, J. C., and Namuco, O. S. 1983. Role of panicle exsertion in water stress induced sterility. Crop Sci. 23: 1093-1097.
167. Ouk, M., Basnayake, J., Tsubo, M., Fukai, S., Fischer, K. S., Cooper, M., and Nesbitt, H. 2006. Use of drought response index for identification of drought tolerant genotypes in rainfed lowland rice. Field Crops Res. 99: 48-58.
168. Pandey, S., Bhandari, H., Sharan, R., Naik, D., Taunk, S. K., and Sastri, A. D. R. A. S. 2005. Economic Costs of Drought and Rainfed Rice Farmers' Coping Mechanisms in Eastern India. Final project report. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines.
169. Pantuwan, G., Fukai, S., Cooper, M., Rajatasereekul, S., and O'Toole, J. C. 2002c. Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands. 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance. Field Crops Res. 73: 181-200. (Pubitemid 34119538)
170. Pantuwan, G., Fukai, S., Cooper, M., Rajatasereekul, S., and O'Toole, J. C. 2002a. Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands. 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance. Field Crops Res. 73: 181-200. (Pubitemid 34119538)
171. Pantuwan, G., Fukai, S., Cooper, M., Rajatasereekul, S., and O'Toole, J. C., 2002b. Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to drought under rainfed lowlands. 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance. Field Crops Res. 73: 181-200. (Pubitemid 34119538)
172. Parry, M. A. J., Andralojc, P. J., Khan, S., Lea, P. L., and Keys, A. J. 2002. Rubisco activity: effects of drought stress. Ann Bot. 89: 833-839.
173. Passioura, J. B. 1982. The role of root system characteristics in the drought resistance of crop plants. In: Drought Resistance in Crops with the Emphasis on Rice, pp. 71-82, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines.
174. Paul, M. J., and Foyer, C. H. 2001. Sink regulation of photosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 52: 1383-1400.
175. Pieters, A. J., and Souki, S. E. 2005. Effects of drought during grain filling on PS II activity in rice. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 903-911.
176. Plaut, Z. 2003. Plant exposure to water stress during specific growth stages. In: Encyclopedia of Water Science, pp. 673-675, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
177. Price, A., and Courtois, B. 1999. Mapping QTLs associated with drought resistance in rice: progress, problems, and prospects. Plant Growth Regul. 29: 123-133.
178. Price, A. H., Thomos, A. D., and Virk, D. S. 1997. Genetic dissection of root growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.). I. A hydroponic screen. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95: 132-142.
179. Puckridge, D. W., and O'Toole, J. C. 1981. Dry matter and grain production of rice, using a line source sprinkler in drought studies. Field Crops Res. 3: 303-319.
180. Reid, D. M., and Wample, R. L. 1985. Water relations and plant hormones. In: Hormonal Regulation of Development. III. Role of Environ. Factors. pp. 513-578, Pharis, R. P., and Reid, D. M., Eds., Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Vol.II. New Series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
181. Rhodes, D., and Hanson, A. D. 1993. Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sul-phonium compounds in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44: 357-384.
182. Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., Appels, R., and Condon, A. G. 2000. Physiological traits to improve the yield of rain-fed wheat: Can molecular genetics help? pp. 54-58 In: Ribaut, J. M. and Poland, D., Eds., Molecular Approaches for the Genetic Improvement of Cereals for Stable Production in Water-Limited Environments. A strategic planning workshop, El Batan, Mexico. 21-25 June, 1999. CIMMYT
183. Rohila, J. S., Jain, R. K., and Wu, R. 2002. Genetic improvement of Basmati rice for salt and drought tolerance by regulated expression of a barley Hva1 cDNA. Plant Sci. 163: 525-532.
184. Rosielle, A. A., and Hamblin, J. 1981. Theoretical aspects of selection for yield in stress and non-stress environments. Crop Sci. 21: 943-946.
185. Saijo, Y., Hata, S., Kyozuka, J., Shimamoto, K., and Izui, K. 2000. Over-expression of a single Ca2+-dependent protein kinase confers both cold and salt/drought tolerance on rice plants. Plant J. 23: 319-327.
186. Sakamoto, A., and Murata, N. 2002. The role of glycinebetaine in the protection of plants from stress: clues from transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 163-171.
187. Sato, Y., and Yokoya, S. 2007. Enhanced tolerance to drought stress in transgenic rice plants overexpressing a small heat-shock protein, sHSP17.7. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 329-334.
188. Sawahel, W. 2003. Improved performance of transgenic glycinebetaine- accumulating rice plants under drought stress. Biol. Plant. 47: 39-44.
189. Scholten, H. J. 1998. Effect of polyamines on the growth and development of some horticultural crops in micropropagation. Sci. Hort. 77: 83-88.
190. Serraj, R., and Sinclair, T. R. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ. 25: 333-341.
191. Sharkey, T. D. 1990. Water stress effects on photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 24: 651.
192. Siopongco, J. D. L. C., Sekiya, K., Yamauchi, A., Egdane, J., Ismail, A. M., and Wade, L. J. 2008. Stomatal responses in rainfed lowland rice to partial soil drying; evidence for root signals. Plant Prod. Sci. 11: 28-41.
193. Sivamani, E., Bahieldin, A., Wraith, M., Al-Niemi, T., Dyer, W. E., Ho, T. H. D., and Qu, R. 2000. Improved biomass productivity and water use effciency under water deficit conditions in transgenic wheat constitutively expressing the barley HVA1 gene. Plant Sci.155: 1-9.
194. Smirnoff, N., and Stewart, G. R. 1985. Stress metabolites and their role in coastal plants. Vegetation 62: 273-278.
195. Su, J., Hirji, R., Zhang, L., He, C., Selvaraj, G., and Wu, R. 2006. Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of choline oxidase in transgenic rice as a strategy for producing the stress-protectant glycine betaine. J. Exp. Bot. 57: 1129-1135.
196. Su, J., and Wu, R. 2004. Stress-inducible synthesis of proline in transgenic rice confers faster growth under stress conditions than that with constitutive synthesis. Plant Sci. 166: 941-948.
197. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2006. Plant Physiology, 4th Edition. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers, Massachusetts.
198. Tamai, K., and Ma, J. F. 2003. Characterization of silicon uptake by rice roots. New Phytol. 158: 431-436.
199. Taylor, A. G., Allen, P. S., Bennett, M. A., Bradford, J. K., Burris, J. S., and Misra, M. K. 1998. Seed enhancements. Seed Sci. Res. 8: 245-256.
200. Tezara, W., Mitchell, V. J., Driscoll, S. D., and Lawlor, D. W. 1999. Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP. Nature 401: 914-917.
201. Tian, X. H., Li, X. P., Zhou, H. L., Zhang, J. S., Gong, Z. Z., and Chen, S. Y. 2005. OsDREB4 genes in rice encode AP2-containing proteins that bind specifically to the dehydration-responsive element. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 47: 467-476.
202. Toorchi, M., Shashidhar, H. E., Gireesha, T. M., and Hittalmani, S. 2003. Performance of backcross involving trangressant doubled haploid lines in rice under contrasting moisture regimes: yield components and marker heterozygosity. Crop Sci 43: 1448-1456.
203. Tournaire-Roux, C., Sutka, M., Javot, H., Gout, E., Gerbeau, P., Luu, D. T., Bligny, R., and Maurel C. 2003. Cytosolic pH regulates root water transport during anoxic stress through gating of aquaporins. Nature 425: 393-397.
204. Tripathy, J. N., Zhang, J., Robin, S., Nguyen, T. T., and Nguyen, H. T. 2000. QTLs for cell-membrane stability mapped in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought stress. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100: 1197-1202.
205. Turner, N. C., O'Toole, J. C., Cruz, R. T., Namuco, O. S., and Ahmad, S. 1986. Response of seven diverse rice cultivars to water deficits. I. Stress development, canopy temperature, leaf rolling and growth. Field Crops Res. 13: 257-271.
206. Venuprasad, R., Lafitte, H. R., and Atlin, G. N. 2007. Response to direct selection for grain yield under drought stress in rice. Crop Sci. 47: 285-293.
207. Venuprasad, R., Sta Cruz, M. T., Amante, M., Magbanua, R., Kumar, A., and Atlin, G. N. 2008. Response to two cycles of divergent selection for grain yield under drought stress in four rice breeding populations. Field Crops Res. 107: 232-244.
208. von Caemmerer, S. 2003. C4 photosynthesis in a single C3 cell is theoretically inefficient but may ameliorate internal CO2 diffusion limitations of C3 leaves. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1191-1197.
209. Walden, R., Cordeiro, A., and Tiburcio, A. F. 1997. Polyamines: small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development. Plant Physiol. 113: 1009-1013.
210. Wang, F. Z., Wang, Q. B., Kwon, S. Y., Kwak, S. S., and Su, W. A. 2005. Enhanced drought tolerance of transgenic rice plants expressing a pea manganese superoxide dismutase. J. Plant Physiol. 162: 465-472.
211. Wang, Q., Guan, Y., Wu, Y., Chen, H., Chen, F., and Chu, C. 2008. Overex-pression of a rice OsDREB1F gene increases salt, drought, and low temperature tolerance in both Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 67: 589-602.
212. Wang, S., Xia, S., Peng, K., Kuang, F., Cao, Y., and Xiao. 2007. Effects of formulated fertilizer synergist on abscisic acid accumulation, proline content and photosynthetic characteristics of rice under drought. Rice Sci. 14: 42-48.
213. Ware, D. H., Jaiswal, P. J., Ni, J. J., Yap, I., Pan, X. K., Clark, K. Y., Teytelman, L., Schmidt, S. C., Zhao, W., Chang, K., Cartinhour, S., Stein, L. D., and McCouch, S. R. 2002. Gramene, a tool for grass genomics. Plant Physiol. 130: 1606-1613.
214. Wopereis, M. C. S., Kropff, M. J., Maligaya, A. R., and Tuong, T. P. 1996. Drought-stress responses of two lowland rice cultivars to soil water status. Field Crops Res. 46: 21-39.
215. Wu, L., Fan, Z., Guo, L., Li, Y., Zhang-Liang, C., and Li-Jia, Q. 2005. Over-expression of the bacterial nhaA gene in rice enhances salt and drought tolerance. Plant Sci. 168: 297-302.
216. Xu, D., Duan, X., Wang, B., Hong, B., Ho,T.H. D., and Wu, R.1996. Expression of a Late Embryogenesis Abundant protein gene, HVA1, from barley confers tolerance to water deficit and salt stress in transgenic rice. Plant Physiol. 110: 249-257.
217. Yadav, R., Courtois, B., Huang, N. and McLaren, G. 1997. Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in a doubled-haploid population of rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94: 619-632.
218. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., and Shinozaki, K. 2005. Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic-and cold-stress-responsive promoters. Trends Plant Sci. 10: 88-94.
219. Yambao, E. B., Ingram, K. T., and Real, J. G. 1992. Root xylem influence on the water relations and drought resistance of rice. J. Exp. Bot. 43: 925-932.
220. Yancey, P. H., Clark, M. E., Hand, S. C., Bowlus, R. D., and Somero, G. N. 1982. Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems. Science 217: 1214-1222.
221. Yang, J., Zhang, J., Liu, K., Wang, Z., and Liu, L. 2007. Involvement of polyamines in the drought resistance of rice. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1545-1555.
222. Yang, W., Kong, Z., Omo-Ikerodah, E., Xu, W., Li, Q., and Xue, Y. 2008. Cal-cineurin B-like interacting protein kinase OsCIPK23 functions in pollination and drought stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Genet. Genom. 35: 531-543.
223. Yoshida, S. 1981. Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science. The International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
224. Yoshida, S. 1965. Chemical aspects of the role of silicon in physiology of the rice plant (in Japanese), Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. 15: 18-58.
225. Yoshida, S., and Hasegawa, S. 1982. Drought resistance in crops with emphasis on rice. International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines 97: 114.
226. Zhao, X. Q., Xu, J. L., Zhao, M., Lafitte, R., Zhu, L. H., Fu, B. Y., Gao, Y. M., and Li, Z. K. 2008. QTLs affecting morph-physiological traits related to drought tolerance detected in overlapping introgression lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Sci. 174: 618-625.
227. Zhou, Y., Lam, H. M., and Zhang, J. 2007. Inhibition of photosynthesis and energy dissipation induced by water and high light stresses in rice. J. Exp. Bot. 58: 1207-1217.