Landless but not assetless: Female agricultural labour on the road to better status, evidence from India

Journal of Peasant Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 517-545

  Garikipati, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Andhra Pradesh; Feminisation of agriculture labour; India; Women's status

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LABOR; FEMINIZATION; GENDER RELATIONS; LABOR MARKET; WAGE; WOMENS STATUS; WORKING CONDITIONS;

ANDHRA PRADESH; ASIA; EURASIA; INDIA; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 70449345840     PISSN: 03066150     EISSN: 17439361     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03066150903142774     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Agarwal, B. 1984. Women, poverty and agricultural growth in India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 13(4), 167-220.
2. Agarwal, B. 1994. A field of one's own: gender and land rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Agarwal, B. 1997. Bargaining and gender relations: within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics, 3(1), 1-51.
4. Agarwal, B. 2003. Gender and land rights revisited: exploring new prospects via the state, family and market. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(1-2), 184-224.
5. Agresti, A. 2002. Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
6. Allendorf, K. 2007. Do women's land rights promote empowerment and child health in Nepal?. World Development, 35(11), 1975-88.
7. Athreya, B.V., G. Djurfeldt and S. Lindberg. 1990. Barriers broken: production relations and agrarian change in Tamil Nadu. New Delhi: Sage.
8. Bagchi, K.K. 2007. Introduction. In: K.K. Bagchi, ed. Employment and poverty alleviation programmes in India: an appraisal. 1. New Delhi: Abhijeet, pp. 1-39.
9. Bansal, H. 2003. SHG-bank linkage program in India: an overview. Journal of Microfinance, 5(1), 21-49.
10. Bardhan, K. 1985a. Women's work, welfare and status: forces of tradition and change in India (part 1). Economic and Political Weekly, 20(50), 2207-20.
11. Bardhan, K. 1985b. Women's work, welfare and status: forces of tradition and change in India (part 2). Economic and Political Weekly, 20(51-52), 2261-9.
12. Bardhan, P. 1984. Land, labour and rural poverty: essays in development economics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
13. Basu, K. 2006. Gender and say: a model of household behavior with endogenous balance of power. Economic Journal, 116(511), 558-80.
14. Bennet, L. 1992. Women, poverty and productivity in India. Economic Development Institute Seminar Paper, 43. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
15. Bhaduri, A. 1973. A study in agricultural backwardness under semi-feudalism. Economic Journal, 83(329), 120-37.
16. Bhaduri, A. 1983a. Cropsharing as a labor process. Journal of Peasant Studies, 10(2-3), 88-93.
17. Bhaduri, A. 1983b. The economic structure of backward agriculture. New Delhi: Macmillan.
18. Bharadwaj, K. 1985. A view on commercialisation in Indian agriculture and development of capitalism. Journal of Peasant Studies, 12(4), 26-56.
19. Brass, T. 1993. Some observations on unfree labour, capitalist restructuring and deproletarianisation. In: T. Brass, M. van der Linden and J. Lucassen, eds. Free and unfree labour. 1. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, pp. 31-50.
20. Brass, T. 1995. Unfree labour and agrarian change: a different view. Economic and Political Weekly, 30(13), 697-9.
21. Brass, T. and M. van der Linden, eds. 1997. Free and unfree labour: the debate continues. Bern: Peter Lang Publishing.
22. Breman, J. 1996. Footloose labour: working in the Indian informal economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Byres, T.J. 1981. The new technology, class formation and class action in the Indian countryside. Journal of Peasant Studies, 8(4), 405-54.
24. Chant, S. 2007. Gender, generation and poverty, exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
25. Chaudhry, P. 1994. The veiled woman: shifting gender equations in rural Haryana, 1880-1990. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
26. da Corta, L. and D. Venkateshwarlu. 1999. Unfree relations and feminization of agricultural labor in AP, 1970-95. Journal of Peasant Studies, 26(2-3), 71-139.
27. Das, R. 2007. Looking, but not seeing: the state and/as class in rural India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 34(3-4), 408-40.
28. Deaton, A. and J. Dreze. 2002. Poverty and inequality in India, a re-examination. Economic and Political Weekly, 37(36), 3729-48.
29. Deere, C.D. and M. Leon. 2001. Empowering women: land and property rights in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
30. Deere, C.D. and M. Leon. 2003. The gender asset gap: land in Latin America. World Development, 31(6), 925-47.
31. Deshingkar, P. and D. Start. 2003. Seasonal migration for livelihoods in India: coping, accumulation and exclusion. ODI Working Paper 220. London: Overseas Development Institute.
32. Duvvury, N. 1989. Work participation of women in India: a study with special reference to female agricultural labourers, 1961-1981. In: Limited options: women workers in rural India, New Delhi. Asian Employment Program (ARTEP), ILO.
33. Foster, P. 2004. India to aid farmers after debt suicides. Telegraph, 5 July.
34. Garikipati, S. 2008a. Redefining gender roles, reworking gender relations: female agricultural labour in dry regions of Andhra Pradesh. In: S. Horrell, H. Johnson and P. Mosley, eds. Work, female empowerment and economic development. London: Routledge, pp. 140-200.
35. Garikipati, S. 2008b. Wage work, migration and widening gender gap: evidence from a semi- arid region of Andhra Pradesh. European Journal of Development Research, 20(4), 629-48.
36. Garikipati, S. 2008c. The impact of lending to women on household vulnerability and women's empowerment: evidence from India. World Development, 36(12), 2620-42.
37. Goldstein, M. and C. Udry. 2006. The profits of power: land rights and agricultural investment in Ghana. Economic Growth Centre Discussion Paper Series 929. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
38. Government of Andhra Pradesh 2001. Statutory minimum wages for male and female agricultural workers for the district of Mahabubnagar. Mahabubnagar: Department of Agriculture.
39. Government of Andhra Pradesh 2002a. Rainfall data from 1924 to 2001 for the district of Mahabubnagar. Mahabubnagar: Meteorological Department.
40. Government of Andhra Pradesh 2002b. Quarterly periodical report on agricultural land ceilings for quarter ending 31-03-2002. Hyderabad: Chief Commissioner Land Administration Office.
41. Government of Andhra Pradesh 2003. Land matters: use of government land for poverty reduction. Hyderabad: Velugu.
42. Government of Andhra Pradesh 2004. Women's empowerment and self-employment, development of women and children in rural areas. Hyderabad: Department of Rural Development.
43. Government of India 2000. Approach paper to the ninth five year plan, chapter 10. New Delhi: National Development Council.
44. Government of India 2001. Census of India (data taken from Table 3, Statement 2; Table 9, Statement 3 for Mahabubnagar). New Delhi: Gol.
45. Harriss, J. 1991. A review of research on rural society and agrarian change in South Asia. South Asia Research, 11(1), 16-39.
46. Harriss, J. 1992. Does the 'depressor' still work? Agrarian structure and development in India: a review of evidence and argument. Journal of Peasant Studies, 19(2), 189-227.
47. Harriss-White, B. 2004. Labour, gender relations and the rural economy. In: B. Harriss-White and S. Janakarajan, eds. Rural India facing the 21st century: essays on long term village change and recent development policy. Delhi: Anthem Press, pp. 159-74.
48. Hashemi, S.M., S.R. Schuler and A.P. Riley. 1996. Rural credit programs and women's empowerment in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(4), 635-53.
49. Hazell, P.B.R. and C. Ramaswamy. 1991. The green revolution reconsidered: the impact of high yielding rice varieties in South India. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
50. Horrell, S., H. Johnson and P. Mosley, eds. 2008. Economic work, female empowerment and economic development. London: Routledge.
51. Jejeebhoy, S.J. 2000. Women's autonomy in rural India: its dimensions, determinants, and the influence of context. In: H. Presser and G. Sen, eds. Women's empowerment and demographic processes: moving beyond Cairo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 204-38.
52. Jejeebhoy, S.J. and Z.A. Sathar. 2001. Women's autonomy in India and Pakistan: the influence of religion and region. Population and Development Review, 27(4), 687-712.
53. Jodhka, S.S. 1994. Agrarian change and attached labour: emerging patterns in Haryana Agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly, 29(39), A102-16.
54. Kabeer, N. 1994. Reversed realities: gender hierarchies in development thought. London: Verso.
55. Kabeer, N. 1999. The conditions and consequences of choice: reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Discussion paper No.108. Geneva: UNRISD.
56. Kalpagam, U. 1994. Labour and gender: survival in urban India. Delhi: Sage Publications.
57. Kapadia, K. 1992. Every blade of green: landless women labourers, production and reproduction in South India. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 35(3), 266-76.
58. Kapadia, K. 1993. Mutuality and competition: female landless labour and wage rates in Tamil Nadu. Journal of Peasant Studies, 20(2), 296-316.
59. Kapadia, K. 1995. The profitability of bonded labour: the gem-cutting industry in rural South India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 22(3), 446-83.
60. Kishor, S. 2000. Empowerment of women in Egypt and links to the survival and health of their infants. In: H. Presser and G. Sen, eds. Women's empowerment and demographic processes: moving beyond Cairo. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. Malhotra, A. and S.R. Schuler. 2005. Women's empowerment as a variable in international development. In: D. Narayan, ed. Measuring empowerment: cross-disciplinary perspectives. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 71-88.
62. Mason, K.O. 1998. Wives economic decision-making power in the family: five Asian countries. In: K.O. Mason, ed. The changing family in comparative perspective: Asia and the United States. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center, pp. 105-33.
63. McPeak, J. and C. Doss. 2006. Are household production decisions cooperative? Evidence on migration and milk sales in Northern Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(3),525-41.
64. Mies, M. 1986. Indian women in subsistence and agricultural labour. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
65. Morduch, J. 1999. The microcredit promise. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1569-614.
66. NABARD 2003. NABARDs microcredit initiatives. Mumbai: National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.
67. NABARD 2004. SHG-bank linkage program highlights. Mumbai: National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.
68. Olsen, W. 1997. Marxist and neo-classical approaches to unfree labour in India. In: T. Brass and M. van der Linden, eds. Free and unfree labour: the debate continues. Bern: Peter Lang Publishing, pp. 379-404.
69. Olsen, W. and R.R.V. Ramana Murthy. 2000. Contract labour and bondage in AP (India). Journal of Social and Political Thought, 1(2). Available from: http://www.yorku.ca/jspot/2/ wkolsenrvramana.htm [Accessed 31 July 2008].
70. Panda, P. and B. Agarwal. 2005. Marital violence, human development and women's property status in India. World Development, 33(5), 823-50.
71. Patnaik, U. 1976. Class differentiation within the peasantry: an approach to analysis of Indian agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly (Review of Agriculture), 11(39), 123-30.
72. Patnaik, U. 2004. It is a crisis rooted in economic reforms: an interview with Patnaik U. The Hindu, 1 July.
73. Pitt, M., et al. 1999. Credit program for the poor and reproductive behaviour in low income countries: are the reported causal relationships the result of heterogeneity bias?. Demography, 36(1), 1-21.
74. Planning Commission 2001. Press release, 22 February.
75. Ramachandran, V.K. 1990. Wage, labour and unfreedom in agriculture: an Indian case study. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
76. Rao, G.B. 2001. Household coping/survival strategies in drought-prone regions: a case study of Anantapur District, AP. Hyderabad: India SPWD-Hyderabad Centre.
77. Rao, G.N. and D.N. Reddy. 2008. Change and transformation in rural Andhra Pradesh: situating village studies in a wider context. In: N.G. Rao and D.N. Reddy, eds. Rural transformation: perspectives from village studies in Andhra Pradesh. Delhi: Daanish Books, pp. 1-59.
78. Rao, K.N. 1998. Trends in rural female employment in AP with focus on Rayalaseema region. In: D.K. Das, ed. Indian economy after 50 years of independence: experiences and challenges, vol. V. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications, pp. 35-59.
79. Rao, N. 2007. Custom and the courts: ensuring women's rights to land, Jharkhand, India. Development and Change, 38(2), 299-319.
80. Revathi, E. 2008. Women's work and technology: irrigation induced dynamics in Timmapur Village of Karimnagar District. In: N.G. Rao and D.N. Reddy, eds. Rural transformation: perspectives from village studies in Andhra Pradesh. Delhi: Daanish Books, pp. 153-90.
81. Roemer, J. 1982. A general theory of exploitation and class. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
82. Rogaly, B. 1997. Linking home and market: towards a gendered analysis of changing labour relations in rural West Bengal. IDS Bulletin, 28(3).
83. Sachs, C. 1996. Gendered fields: rural women, agriculture, and environment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.
84. Sajja, S. 2003. Development conflicts: a study of democratic decentralization and natural resources management in Mahabubnagar District of AP. Thesis (PhD). Department of Sociology, University of Hyderabad.
85. Subramaniam, R.R. and T. Reddy. 1994. Bonded labour in AP: a study in Medak District. CESS Working Paper. Hyderabad: Centre for Economic and Social Studies.
86. Thorat Sukhadeo. 2004. Caste race and discrimination. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
87. Unni, J. 1999. Property rights for women: case for joint titles to agricultural land and urban housing. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(21), 52-78.
88. Walker, K. Le Mons. 2008. Neoliberalism on the ground in rural India: predatory growth, agrarian crisis, internal colonization, and the intensification of class struggle. Journal of Peasant Studies, 35(4), 557-620.
89. Walker, T. and J. Ryan. 1990. Village and household economies in India's semi-arid tropics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
90. World Bank 2001. Engendering development: through gender equality in rights, resources and voice. World Bank Policy Research Report. New York: Oxford University Press.
91. World Bank 2005. Pro-poor growth in the 1990s: lessons and insights from 14 countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
92. World Bank 2007. World development report 2008: agriculture for development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.