On the early copper of Mesopotamia;Über das frühe kupfer mesopotamiens

Iranica Antiqua

Volumn 44, Issue , 2009, Pages 1-45

  Begemann, F ^a   Schmitt Strecker, S ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bronze Age; Indian copper; Lead isotopy; Mesopotamian metal; Mixing by remelting; Provenance study

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449330861     PISSN: 00210870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. ALIMOV, K., BOROFFKA, N., BUBNOVA, M., BURJAKOV, J., CIERNY, J., JAKUBOV, J., LUTZ, J., PARZINGER, H., PERNICKA, E., RADILILOVSKIJ, V., RUZANOV, V., ŠIRINOV, T., STARŠININ, D. & WEISGERBER, G., 1998. Prähistorischer Zinnbergbau in Mittelasien. Vorbericht der Kampagne 1997. Eurasia Antiqua 4: 137-199.
2. BEGEMANN, F., KALLAS, K., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & PERNICKA, E., 1999. Tracing ancient tin via isotope analyses. In: Hauptmann A., Pernicka E., Rehren T. & Yalçin Ü. (eds.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 9: 277-284.
3. BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & PERNICKA, E., 2003. On the composition and provenance of metal finds from Bešiktepe (Troia). In: Wagner G.A. Pernicka E. & Uerpmann H.-P. (eds.), Troia and the Troad - Scientific Approaches: 173-201. Springer.
4. BEGEMANN, F., HAERINCK, E., OVERLAET, B., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & TALLON, F., 2008. An archaeo-metallurgical study of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Luristan, Iran. Iranica Antiqua XLIII: 1-66.
5. BEGEMANN, F., HAUPTMANN, A., PRANGE, M., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & WEISGERBER, G., (in Vorbereitung). 5000 years of copper in Oman III: Lead isotopy and chemistry of ores, slags and artefacts.
6. BERTHOUD, T., 1979. Etude par l'analyse de traces et la modélisation de la filiation entre minerai de cuivre et objets archéologiques du Moyen-Orient. Dissertation. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.
7. BIBBY, G., 1969. Looking for Dilmun. Knopf, New York. 383 pp.
8. BIBBY, G., 1977. Dilmun. Die Entdeckung der vergessenen Hochkultur. Rowohlt, Reinbeck. 414 pp.
9. BUDD, P., POLLARD, A.M., SCAIFE, B. & THOMAS, R.G., 1995. Oxhide ingots, recycling and the Mediterranean metals trade. Journ. Mediterranean Archaeology 8: 1-32 und 70-75.
10. CHAKRABARTI, D.K., 1979. The problem of tin in Early India - a preliminary survey. In: Man and Environment, 3: 61-74.
11. DESCH, C.H., 1929. Interim Report on Sumerian Copper. British Association for the Advancement of Science: 437 - 441. London.
12. ERICSON, J.E. & SHIRAHATA, H., 1985. Lead isotope analysis of ancient copper and base metal ore deposits in Western India. In: England P.A. & van Zelst L. (eds.), Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art: 207 - 212. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Boston.
13. GALE, N.H., 2001. Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade - A contribution to the debate. European Journal Archaeology 4: 113-130.
14. GALE, N.H. & STOS-GALE, Z.A., 1985. Lead isotope analysis and Alashiya: 3. Report Department of Antiquities Cyprus. RDAC 1985: 83-99.
15. GALE, N.H. & STOS-GALE, S., 1995. Comment on «Oxhide ingots, recycling and the Mediterranean metals trade». Journ. Mediterranean Archaeology 8: 33-41.
16. GALE, N.H., BACHMANN, H.G., ROTHENBERG, B., STOS-GALE, Z.A. & TYLECOTE, R.F., 1990. The adventitious production of iron in the smelting of copper. In: Rothenberg B. (ed.), Researches in the Arabah 1959-1984, Vol. 2. The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper: 182 - 191. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies. London.
17. GALILI, E., SHMUELI, N. & ARTZY, M., 1986. Bronze Age ship's cargo of copper and tin. Intern. Journal Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15: 25-37.
18. HAUPTMANN, A., 2000. Zur frühen Metallurgie des Kupfers in Fenan/Jordanien. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 11: 236 pp.
19. HAUPTMANN, A., BEGEMANN, F., HEITKEMPER, E., PERNICKA, E. & SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., 1992. Early copper produced at Feinan, Wadi Araba, Jordan: the composition of ores and copper. Archaeomaterials 6: 1-33.
20. HAUPTMANN, A., MADDIN, R. & PRANGE, M., 2002. On the structure and composition of copper and tin ingots excavated from the shipwreck of Uluburun. BASOR Bull. American School Oriental Research. 328: 1-30.
21. HAUPTMANN, A., REHREN, T. & SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., 2003. Early Bronze Age copper metallurgy at Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran), reconsidered. In: Stöllner Th., Körlin G., Steffens G. & Cierny J. (eds.), Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 16: 197 - 213.
22. HEGDE, K.T.M., 1978. Sources of ancient tin in India. In: Franklin, A.D., Olin, J.S. & Wertime T.A. (eds.), The Search for Ancient Tin: 39 - 42. Washington, D.C.
23. HEGDE, K.T.M. & ERICSON, J.E., 1985. Ancient Indian copper smelting furnaces. In: Craddock P.T. & Hughes M.J. (eds.), Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity: 59 - 69. Occasional Paper No 48, British Museum.
24. HEIMPEL, W., 1987. Das Untere Meer. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie. 77: 22 - 91.
25. HELWING, B. & MÜLLER, U., 2004. Katalog II: Untersuchte Metallobjekte aus Mesopotamien und Syrien. In: Hauptmann H. & Pernicka E. (eds.), Die Metallindustrie Mesopotamiens von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: 91-103. Leidorf/Rahden.
26. HERODOT. Historien. Zitiert nach Übersetzung von A. Horneffer. Kröner, Stuttgart.
27. HIRAO, Y., ENOMOTO, J. & TACHIKAWA, H., 1995. Lead isotope ratios of copper, zinc and lead minerals in Turkey - in relation to the provenance study of artifacts. In: H.I.H. Prince T. Mikasa (ed.), Essays on Ancient Anatolia and its Surrounding Civilizations: 89-114. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
28. KNAPP, A.B., 2000. Archaeology, science-based archaeology and the Mediterranean Bronze Age metals trade. European Journal Archaeology 3: 31-56.
29. e Dynastie d'Ur. Paris.
30. LUTZ, J., 2004. Röntgenfluoreszenzanalysen. In: Hauptmann H. & Pernicka E. (eds.), Die Metallindustrie Mesopotamiens von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: 109-149. Leidorf/Rahden.
31. LUTZ, J. & PERNICKA, E., 2004. Neutronenaktivierungsanalysen. In: Hauptmann H. & Pernicka E. (eds.), Die Metallindustrie Mesopotamiens von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: 104-107. Leidorf/Rahden.
32. MADDIN, R., 1989. The copper and tin ingots from the Kaş shipwreck. In: Hauptmann A., Pernicka E & Wagner G.A. (eds.), «Archäometallurgie der Alten Welt - Old World Archaeometallurgy». Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 7: 99-105.
33. MELIKSETIAN, KH., PERNICKA, E., AVETISSYAN, P. & SIMONYAN, H., 2003. Chemical and lead isotope characterisation of Middle Bronze Age bronzes and some Iron Age antimony objects (Armenia). Proceedings Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Vol. 2: 311 - 318. Milano.
34. MUHLY, J.D., 1983. Kupfer. B. Archäologisch. In: Edzard D.O. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: 348-364. Walter de Gruyter.
35. MUHLY, J.D., 1985. Lead isotope analysis and the problem of lead in copper. Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus. RDAC 1985: 78-82.
36. MUHLY, J.D. & STECH, T., 2003. The metallurgy of Ninevite 5. In: Rova E. & Weiss H. (eds.), The Origins of North Mesopotamian Civilization: Ninevite 5 Chronology, Economy, Society: 417-428. Turnhout (BREPOLS Publishers).
37. MÜLLER-KARPE, M., 2004. Katalog I: Untersuchte Metallobjekte aus Mesopotamien. In: Hauptmann H. & Pernicka E. (eds.), Die Metallindustrie Mesopotamiens von den Anfängen bis zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: 1-89. Leidorf/ Rahden.
38. NEZAFATI, N., 2006. Au-Sn-W-Cu - mineralisation in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran, including a comparison of the ores with ancient bronze artefacts from Western Asia. Dissertation, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen: 116 pp.
39. NEZAFATI, N., PERNICKA, E. & MOMENZADEH, M., 2006. Ancient tin: Old question and a new answer. Antiquity 80: 308-311.
40. PEAKE, H., 1928. The copper mountain of Magan. Antiquity 2: 452-457.
41. PERNICKA, E., 1984. Nachtrag in Waetzold und Bachmann (1984): p. 18.
42. PERNICKA, E., 1990. Gewinnung und Verbreitung der Metalle in prähistorischer Zeit. Achte Theodor Mommsen-Vorlesung, 1990. Jahrbuch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 37: 21-129.
43. PERNICKA, E., 1995. Crisis or catharsis in lead isotope analysis? Journ. Mediterranean Archaeology 8: 59-64.
44. PERNICKA, E., SEELIGER, T.C., WAGNER, G.A., BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., EIBNER, C., ÖZTUNALI, Ö. & BARANYI, I., 1984. Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen in Nordwestanatolien. Jahrbuch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 31: 533-599.
45. PERNICKA, E., BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & GRIMANIS, A.P., 1990. On the composition and provenance of metal artefacts from Poliochni on Lemnos. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9: 263-298.
46. PERNICKA, E., BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., TODOROVA, H. & KULEFF, I., 1997. Prehistoric copper in Bulgaria - Its composition and provenance. Eurasia antiqua 3: 41-180.
47. PRANGE, M., 2001. 5000 Jahre Kupfer im Oman, Band II. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung des omanischen Kupfers mittels chemischer und isotopischer Analysenmethoden. Metalla 8: 1-126.
48. PRANGE, M., GÖTZE, H.-J., HAUPTMANN, A. & WEISGERBER, G., 1999. Is Oman the Ancient Magan? Analytical studies of copper from Oman. In: Young S.M.M., Pollard A.M., Budd P. & Ixer R.A. (eds.), Metals in Antiquity. BAR International Series 792: 187-192. Oxford.
49. PULAK, C., 1997. The Uluburun shipwreck. In: Swiny S., Hohlfelder R.L. & Swiny H.W. (eds.), Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity. ASOR Archaeological Reports 4, 233-262. Scholars, Atlanta.
50. PULAK, C., 2000. The copper and tin ingots from the Late Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun. In: Yalçin Ü. (ed.), Anatolian Metal I. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 13: 137-157.
51. SAYRE, E.V., JOEL, E.C., BLACKMAN, M.J., YENER, K.A. & ÖZBAL, H., 2001. Stable lead isotope studies of Black Sea Anatolian ore sources and related Bronze Age and Phrygian artefacts from nearby archaeological sites. Appendix: New Central Taurus ore data. Archaeometry 43: 77-115.
52. SEELIGER, T.C., PERNICKA, E., WAGNER, G.A., BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., EIBNER, C., ÖZTUNALI, Ö. & BARANYI, I., 1985. Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen in Nord- und Ostanatolien. Jahrbuch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 32: 597-659.
53. SHALEV, S. & NORTHOVER, J.P., 1992. The metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar hoard reconsidered. Archaeometry 35: 1-13.
54. SRINIVASAN, S., 1999. Lead isotope and trace element analysis in the study of over a hundred South Indian metal icons. Archaeometry 41: 91-116.
55. STACEY, J.S., DOE, B.R., ROBERTS, R.J., DELEVAUX, M.H. & GRAMLICH, J.W., 1980. A lead isotope study of mineralization in the Saudi Arabian shield. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 74: 175-188.
56. TADMOR, M., KEDEM, D., BEGEMANN, F., HAUPTMANN, A., PERNICKA, E. & SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., 1995. The Nahal Mishmar hoard from the Judean Desert: Technology, composition, and provenance. Atiqot XXVII: 95-148.
57. WAETZOLDT, H. & BACHMANN, H.G., 1984. Zinn- und Arsenbronzen in den Texten aus Ebla und aus dem Mesopotamien des 3. Jahrtausends. Oriens antiquus 23: 1-18.
58. WAGNER, G.A. & ÖZTUNALI, Ö., 2000. Prehistoric copper sources in Turkey. In: Yalçin Ü. (ed.), Anatolian Metal I. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 13: 31-67.
59. WAGNER, G.A., PERNICKA, E., SEELIGER, T.C., LORENZ, I.B., BEGEMANN, F., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., EIBNER, C. & ÖZTUNALI, Ö., 1986. Geochemische und isotopische Charakteristika früher Rohstoffquellen für Kupfer, Blei, Silber und Gold in der Türkei. Jahrbuch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 33: 723-752.
60. WAGNER, G.A., BEGEMANN, F., EIBNER, C., LUTZ, J., ÖZTUNALI, Ö., PERNICKA, E. & SCHMITT-STRECKER, S., 1989. Archäometallurgische Untersuchungen an Rohstoffquellen des frühen Kupfers Ostanatoliens. Jahrbuch Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 36: 637-686.
61. WAGNER, G.A., WAGNER, I., ÖZTUNALI, Ö., SCHMITT-STRECKER, S. & BEGEMANN, F., 2003. Archäometallurgischer Bericht über Feldforschung in Anatolien und bleiisotopische Studien an Erzen und Schlacken. In: Stöllner, Th., Körlin, G. Steffens G. & Cierny J. (eds.), Man and Mining - Mensch und Bergbau. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 16: 475-494.
62. WEEKS, L.R., 1997. Prehistoric metallurgy at Tell Abraq, U.A.E. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 8: 11-85.
63. WEEKS, L., 1999. Lead isotope analyses from Tell Abraq, United Arab Emirates: new data regarding the «tin problem» in Western Asia. Antiquity 73: 49-64.
64. WEEKS, L.R. & COLLERSON, K.D., 2004. Lead isotope data from the Gulf. Early Metallurgy of the Persian Gulf: Technology, Trade and the Bronze Age World. Americ. School Prehistor. Research and Brill Academ. Publ., Boston: 145-163.
65. WEISGERBER, G., 1980. «⋯ und Kupfer in Oman». Der Anschnitt 32: 62-110.
66. WEISGERBER, G., 1991. Die Suche nach dem altsumerischen Kupferland Makan. Das Altertum 37: 76-90.
67. YENER, K.A., SAYRE, E.V., JOEL, E.C., ÖZBAL, H., BARNES, I.L. & BRILL, R.H., 1991. Stable lead isotope studies of Central Taurus ore sources and related artifacts from Eastern Mediterranean Chalcolithic and Bronze Age sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 541-577.