Climate change litigation

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 169-189

  Preston, Brian J ^a  

^a Land and Environment Court of New South Wales ^*  (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DISPUTE RESOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GAS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; NATIONAL PLANNING;

EID: 70449123897     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers (2007) p 2.
2. Posner E, "Climate Change and International Human Rights Litigation: A Critical Appraisal" (2007) 155 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1925-1925.
3. Sax JL, Defending the Environment: A Handbook for Citizen Action (Vintage Books, 1971) pp xviii, 152.
4. Posner, n 2-1925-1926.
5. See also Meltz R, Report for Congress: Climate Change Litigation: A Growing Phenomenon (Congressional Research Service, 2007) p 33
6. Huggins A, "Is Climate Change Litigation an Effective Strategy for Promoting Greater Action to Address Climate Change? What Other Legal Mechanisms Might be Appropriate?" (2008) 13 LGLJ 184.
7. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)
8. Walker v Minister for Planning (2007) 157 LGERA 124.
9. Connecticut v American Electric Power 406 F Supp 2d 265 (SDNY, 2005); Genesis Power Ltd v Greenpeace New Zealand Inc [2008] 1 NZLR 803.
10. City of Los Angeles v National Highway Traffi{dotless}c Safety Administration 912 F 3d 478 (DC Cir, 1990) in Meltz, n 4, p 15.
11. Greenpeace Australia v Redbank Power Company (1994) 86 LGERA 143 in Bonyhady T, "The New Australian Climate Law" in Bonyhady T and Christoff P (eds), Climate Law in Australia (Federation Press, 2007) p 11.
12. Environmental Defence Society (Inc) v Auckland Regional Council and Contact Energy Ltd [2002] 11 NZRMA 492
13. Gray v Minister for Planning (2006) 152 LGERA 258
14. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning and RES Southern Cross Pty Ltd (2007) 161 LGERA 1; Walker v Minister for Planning (2007) 157 LGERA 124.
15. Re Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd [2007] QLRT 33 (15 February 2007).
16. Walker v Minister for Planning (2007) 157 LGERA 124; Gray v Minister for Planning (2006) 152 LGERA 258.
17. Walker DM, The Oxford Companion to Law (Oxford University Press, 1980) p 894.
18. See Pawa M and Krass K, "Global Warming as a Public Nuisance" (2004-2005) 16 Fordham Environmental Law Review 207
19. Alek K, "A Period of Consequences: Global Warming as Public Nuisance" (2007) 26A/43A Stanford Journal of International Law 77
20. Hunter D and Salzman J, "Negligence in the Air: The Duty of Care in Climate Change Litigation" (2007) 155 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1741-1788-1794.
21. Connecticut v American Electric 406 F Supp 2d 265 (SDNY, 2005)-274; People of the State of California v General Motors 2007 WL 2726871 (NDCal, 2007)-5-13; Alek, n 13-91; Meltz, n 4, p 24.
22. Dugdale A and Jones MA (eds), Clerk & Lindsell on Torts (19th ed, Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, 2006) [20-01] p 1162
23. Sedleigh-Denfield A v O'Callaghan A [1940] AC 880-903.
24. McDonald J, "A Risky Climate for Decision-making: The Liability of Development Authorities for Climate Change Impacts" (2007)24 EPLJ 405-414.
25. Kenny & Good Pty Ltd v MGICA (1992) Ltd (1997) 77 FCR 307-322.
26. Roads & Traffi{dotless}c Authority of NSW v Dederer (2007) 238 ALR 761-[43] per Gummow J with whose reasons on the nature and extent of the duty of care Hayden J (at [283]) and Callinan J (at [270]) agreed. See also Palsgraf v Long Island Railroad Company 162 NE 99 (NY, 1928)-99 per Cardozo J.
27. Roads & Traffi{dotless}c Authority of NSW v Dederer (2007) 238 ALR 761-[44].
28. Roads & Traffi{dotless}c Authority of NSW v Dederer (2007) 238 ALR 761-[43]-[44].
29. Roads & Traffi{dotless}c Authority of NSW v Dederer (2007) 238 ALR 761-[18], [43], [51].
30. Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1984) 157 CLR 424-481; Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180-[93]-[94].
31. Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180-[76], [93].
32. See the summary in the joint judgment in Sullivan v Moody (2001) 207 CLR 562-[50]-[51]. See also Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999)198 CLR 180-[27], [201], [333], [406]; Graham Barclay Oysters Pty Ltd v Ryan (2002) 211 CLR 540-[149], [236]-[237]; Hunter Area Health Service v Presland (2005) 63 NSWLR 22-[9].
33. Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180-[70]; see also s 5B(1)(a) of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW).
34. See, for example, Sullivan v Moody (2001) 207 CLR 562-[42].
35. Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR 159-176-177, 210, 237-239; Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180-[27], [74], [280], [330]-[331]; Sullivan v Moody (2001) 207 CLR 562-[48]; and Vairy v Wyong Shire Council (2005) 223 CLR 422-[28], [66].
36. See Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180-[10]-[15], [133], [201], [259], [335], [406].
37. Hunter and Salzman, n 13-1748.
38. 32 See further Hunter and Salzman, n 13-1745-1749.
39. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40-47-48, affirmed as still being the proper approach in NSW v Fahy (2007) 81 ALJR 1021.
40. March v E & MH Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506-515, 522, 524.
41. Ultramares Corp v Touche 174 NE 441 (NY, 1931)-444, cited in Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609-618.
42. Comer v Murphy Oil No 1:05-CV-436 (SD Miss, 18 April 2006); Hunter and Salzman, n 13-1754. The claims are quoted in Hunter and Salzman, n 13-1754-1755.
43. Comer v Murphy Oil No 1:05-CV-436 (SD Miss, 18 April 2006) dismissed on 30 August 2007.
44. England P, "Heating Up: Climate Change Law and the Evolving Responsibilities of Local Government" (2008) 13 LGLJ 209-217.
45. Hunter and Salzman, n 13
46. Lipman Z and Stokes R, "Shifting Sands: The Implications of Climate Change and a Changing Coastline for Private and Public Authorities in Relation to Waterfront Land" (2003) 20 EPLJ 405
47. McDonald J, "The Adaptation Imperative: Managing the Legal Risks of Climate Change Impacts" in Bonyhady and Christoff, n 8, p 124
48. McDonald, n 16; and England, n 39.
49. In New South Wales, the liability of local councils is limited through the Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) with respect to coastal hazards (s 744) and Pt 5 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW).
50. Mulcahy v The Queen (1868) LR 3 HL 306-317.
51. Dugdale and Jones, n 15, p 1611.
52. Walker, n 12, p 276.
53. Faris S, "Climate Conspiracy?", Australian Financial Review (27 June 2008) p 9.
54. Walker, n 12, p 341; and see also Dugdale and Jones, n 15, Ch 18.
55. Halsbury's Laws of Australia (Butterworths) [300-10] pp 547,077-547,083.
56. Walker, n 12, p 844.
57. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Green Marketing and the Trade Practices Act (2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/item.phtml?itemId=815763&nodeId=69646 a6d15e7958a41b40ab5848c6968&fn=Green%20marketing%20and%20the%20Trade %20Practices%20Act.pdf viewed 10 March 2009.
58. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Carbon Claims and the Trade Practices Act (2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/833279 viewed 10 March 2009.
59. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), De Longhi Alters "Environmental Friendly" Claims (Media release 112/08, 30 April 2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/825883/fromItemId/8106 27 viewed 10 March 2009.
60. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Goodyear Tyres Apologise, Offer Compensation for Unsubstantiated Environmental Claims (Media release 181/08, 26 June 2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/833219/fromItemId/8106 27 viewed 10 March 2009.
61. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), ACCC Takes Action Against GM Holden Ltd over Saab "Green" Claims (Media release 8/08, 18 January 2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/808355/fromItemId/8106 27 viewed 10 March 2009.
62. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v GM Holden Ltd (ACN 006 893 232) [2008] FCA 1428 (18 September 2008)-[16], [10].
63. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v GM Holden Ltd (ACN 006 893 232) [2008] FCA 1428 (18 September 2008)-[16], [10] setting out the undertaking given to ACCC by GM Holden for the purposes of s 87B of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)-[22]-[23].
64. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v GM Holden Ltd (ACN 006 893 232) [2008] FCA 1428 (18 September 2008)-[16], [10] setting out the undertaking given to ACCC by GM Holden for the purposes of s 87B of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)-[17]. See also Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Saab "Grrrrrrreen" Claims Declared Misleading by the Federal Court (Media release 267/08, 18 September 2008), http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/843395 viewed 10 March 2009.
65. Examples where standing has been denied include Center for Biological Diversity v Abraham 218 F Supp 2d 1143 (ND Cal, 2002) and Korsinsky v US EPA 2005 US Dist LEXIS 21778 affirmed Korsinsky v US EPA 2006 US App LEXIS 21024 (2d Cir NY, 2006) while standing was upheld in City of Los Angeles v National Highway Traffi{dotless}c Safety Administration 912 F2d 478 (CADC, 1990); Friends of the Earth Inc v Watson, 2005 WL 2035596 (ND Cal, 2005); 35 Envtl L Rep 20,179; and Natural Resources Defense Council v EPA, 464 F 3d 1 (CADC, 2006).
66. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-19-20.
67. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-19.
68. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-20.
69. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-21.
70. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-21-22.
71. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-22.
72. For example, see Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW), s 123.
73. Massachusetts v EPA 549 US 1 (2007)-25-26, 29-30.
74. For example, see Byron Local Environmental Plan 1988, cl 9(3).
75. See Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24-39-40, 55.
76. See Standard Instrument (Local Environmental Plans) Order 2006, cl 5.5 (2).
77. 70 Gray v Minister for Planning (2006) 152 LGERA 258-[100], [125].
78. Gray v Minister for Planning (2006) 152 LGERA 258-[115], [126], [135].
79. Walker v Minister for Planning (2007) 157 LGERA 124-[166].
80. Minister for Planning v Walker (2008) 161 LGERA 423-[39].
81. Minister for Planning v Walker (2008) 161 LGERA 423-[42].
82. Minister for Planning v Walker (2008) 161 LGERA 423-[56].
83. Natural Resources Defense Council v Kempthorne 506 F Supp 2d 322 (EDCal, 2007)-368-370.
84. Examples where there is a statutory indication of the weight or priority to be given to aspects of ecologically sustainable development are Coastal Protection Act 1979 (NSW), s 37A
85. National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW), s 2A(1)
86. Water Management Act 2000 (NSW), s 9(1)
87. Fisheries Management Act 1994 (NSW), s 3(2)
88. Sydney Regional Environmental Plan (Sydney Harbour Catchment) 2005, cl 2(1).
89. Full Federal Court decision upholding Kiefel J's decision in Queensland Conservation Council Inc v Minister for the Environment & Heritage [2003] FCA 1463 (19 December 2003).
90. Minister for the Environment & Heritage v Queensland Conservation Council (2004) 134 LGERA 272-[53]-[55].
91. Minister for the Environment & Heritage v Queensland Conservation Council (2004) 134 LGERA 272-[60].
92. See Fisher DE, "The Meaning of Impacts - The Nathan Dam Case on Appeal" (2004) 21 EPLJ 325
93. McGrath C, "Key Concepts of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1995 (Cth)" (2005) 22 EPLJ 20-36
94. Sommer N, "Queensland Conservation Council Inc v Minister for the Environment and Heritage [2003] FCA 1463 ('Nathan Dam Case')" (2004) 9 AJNRLP 145.
95. See also Australian Conservation Foundation v Latrobe City Council (2004) 140 LGERA 100-110.
96. Border Power Plant Working Group v Department of Energy 260 F Supp 2d 997 (SD Cal, 2003)-[42].
97. Mid States Coalition for Progress v Surface Transportation Board 345 F 3d 520 (8th Cir, 2003)-[29].
98. Center for Biological Diversity v NHTSA 508 F 3d 508 (9th Cir, 2007)-[20]-[22].
99. Pembina Institute for Appropriate Development v Attorney General of Canada 2008 FC 302 (5 March 2008)-[73]-[75], [78], [79].
100. A subsequent application to modify the development was dealt with by the New South Wales Land and Environment Court in RES Southern Cross v Minister for Planning and Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc [2008] NSWLEC 1333 (21 August 2008).
101. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning and RES Southern Cross Pty Ltd (2007) 161 LGERA 1-[3].
102. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning and RES Southern Cross Pty Ltd (2007) 161 LGERA 1-[73], [74].
103. Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister for Planning and RES Southern Cross Pty Ltd (2007) 161 LGERA 1-[352].
104. Perry v Hepburn Shire Council (2007) 154 LGERA 182-[27].
105. MC Mehta v Union of India AIR 1988 SC 1037
106. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India AIR 1996 SC 2715; (1996) 5 SCC 647; AP Pollution Control Board v Prof MV Nayudu (ret'd) [1999] 1 LRI 185; and MC Mehta v Kamal Nath AIR 2000 SC 1997.
107. Shehla Zia v WAPDA PLD 1994 SC 693; General Secretary, West Pakistan Salt Miners Labour Union, Khewral, Jhelum v Director of Industries & Mineral Development, Punjab 1994 SCMR 2061.
108. Waweru v Republic (2006) 1 KLR (E&L) 677.
109. Minors Oposa v Factoran, Secretary of the Department of Environment & Natural Resources 33 ILM 173 (1994); 224 SCRA 792 (1994).
110. See Alston P (ed), Human Rights Law (Aldershot, 1996) pp xii-xiii, and for an international human rights perspective see
111. Steiner H, Alston P and Goodman R (eds), International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials (Oxford University Press, 2008) pp 58-59.
112. See, for example, MC Mehta v Union of India and Shriram Food and Fertiliser Industries AIR 1987 SC 965 (Oleum Gas Leak case I); AIR 1987 SC 982 (Oleum Gas Leak case II); AIR 1987 SC 1026 (Oleum Gas Leak case III); AIR 1987 SC 1086 (Oleum Gas Leak case IV); Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v Union of India (1996) 3 SCC 212; AIR 1996 SC 1446; MC Mehta v Union of India WP13381/1984 (30 December 1996); AIR 1997 SC 734 (Taj Trapezium case).
113. Horn L, "Climate Change Litigation Actions for Future Generations" (2008) 25 EPLJ 115-131.
114. Similar cases, based on the European Convention for Human Rights (EHCR), can arise before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the judiciary arm of the European Community. The ECJ has long recognised human rights and the ECHR specifically as being part of European Community Law (case 11/70, Internationale Handelgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhrund Vorratselle fr Getreide und Futtermittel [1970] ECR 1125; case 4/73, Nold, Kohlen und BarstoffgroBhandlung v Commission of the European Communities [1974] ECR 491-507; case 36/75, Roland Rutili v Minister for the Interior [1975] ECR 1219-1232). Also, once the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union enters into force, the ECJ will also have recourse to a right to environmental protection (Art 37 of the Charter), a provision which has no counterpart in the ECHR.
115. Lopez Ostra v Spain (ECtHR judgment of 9 December 1994, Series A No 303)-§58.
116. Lopez Ostra v Spain (ECtHR judgment of 9 December 1994, Series A No 303)-§56.
117. Fadeyeva v Russia (Application No 55723/00, ECtHR 2000-II)-§80, §84, §86
118. Fadeyeva v Russia (Application No 55723/00, ECtHR 2000-II)-§134, §138, §149-150.
119. Okyay v Turkey (Application No 36220/97, ECtHR 1997-II)-§74-75, §79.
120. Earthjustice, Nobel Prize Nominee Testifies about Global Warming (Press release, 1 March 2007), http://www.earthjustice.org/news/press/007/nobel-prize-nominee-testifies -about-global-warming.html viewed 30 March 2009.
121. Trail Smelter case (United States v Canada) [1941] 3 RIAA 1907; 3 UN Rep Int; 1 Arb Awards (1941). Sulphur-dioxide fumes from a British Columbia (Canada) smelter damaged apple crops in the State of Washington (United States). In 1930, for example, 300-350 tonnes of sulphur were emitted from the smokestacks of the smelter.
122. McClatchey D, "Chernobyl and Sandoz One Decade Later: The Evolution of State Responsibility for International Disasters, 1986-1996" (1996) v25 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 659.
123. Tan AK-J, "Forest Fires of Indonesia: State Responsibility and International Liability" (1999) 48 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 826
124. Laode M Syarif, "Orang-utans Can't Wear Smoke Masks: Indonesia's Legal Response to Forest Fires" (Paper presented-the Second Asian Law Institute Conference, The Challenge of Law in Asia: From Globalisation to Regionalisation, Bangkok, Thailand, 26-27 May 2007).
125. For a discussion on possible legal avenues to engage the responsibility of the Indonesian State in international law, see Laode M Syarif, Regional Arrangements for Transboundary Atmospheric Pollution in ASEAN Countries (Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Sydney, 2006) pp 218-226, 233-239.
126. Corfu Channel case (UK v Albania) 1949 ICJ 4 (1949).
127. McClatchey, n 106-664.
128. McClatchey, n 106-665.
129. Judgment in the Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia) 1997 ICJ 3 (September 25), reprinted in 37 ILM 162 (1998)
130. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) 1996 ICJ 226 (July 8), reprinted in 35 ILM 809 (1996)
131. Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v France) 1995 ICJ 228 (September 22).
132. Sands P, "International Environmental Litigation and Its Future" (1999) 32 University of Richmond Law Review 1619-1633.
133. For more articles on Tuvalu and global warming, see http://www.tuvaluislands.com/warming.htm viewed 30 March 2009.
134. Statute of the International Court of Justice, Arts 34(1) and 35(1).
135. Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art 36.
136. Strauss A, "The Legal Option: Suing the United States in International Forums for Global Warming Emissions" (2003) 33 ELR 10185-10186.
137. Statute of the International Court of Justice, Art 36(1).
138. Strauss, n 116-10186.
139. Strauss, n 116-10186.
140. Treaty of Friendship between the United States of America and Tuvalu 2011 UNTS 79 (signed 9 February 1979, entered into force 23 September 1983), http://www.untreaty.un.org/unts/120001_144071/27/3/00022289.pdf viewed 30 March 2009.
141. Environmental or human health issues were the basis for non-compliance with GATT and for the subsequent challenge by the trade affected party in the EC-Hormones case (European Communities - Measures concerning meat and meat products (hormones), WT/DS26&48/AB/R (Appellate Body Report adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) on 13 February 1998)); France-Asbestos case (European Communities - Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products, WT/DS135/AB/R (Appellate Body Report adopted by the DSB on 5 April 2001)); United States-Reformulated Gasoline case (United States - Standards for reformulated gasoline (Appellate Body Report adopted by the DSB on 20 May 1996)); Australia-Salmon case (Australia - Measures affecting the importation of salmon, WT/DS18 (Appellate Body Report and Panel Report as modified adopted by the DSB on 6 November 1998; Compliance Panel Report adopted by DSB on 20 March 2000)); and Brazil-Retreaded Tyres case (Brazil - Measures affecting imports of retreaded tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (Appellate Body Report adopted by the DSB on 19 December 2007)); Japan-Apples case (Japan - Measures affecting the importation of apples, WT/DS245/AB/R (Appellate Body Report adopted by the DSB on 10 December 2003; Appellate Body and Panel Compliance Reports adopted by the DSB on 20 July 2005)).
142. Unites States - Import prohibition of certain shrimp and shrimp products, WT/DS58/AB/R. Appellate body report adopted on 6 November 1998.
143. Sands, n 112-1635-1636.
144. Burns W, (2004) "The Exigencies that Drive Potential Causes of Action for Climate Change-the International Level" American Society for International Law Proceedings 98, 223-227.
145. Strauss, n 116-10188 and, drawing on that article, see also Burns, n 124.
146. Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (Australia v Japan; NZ v Japan) (1999).
147. Burns W, (2008) "A Voice for the Fish? Litigation and Potential Causes of Action for Impacts under the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement" Santa Clara Law Review 48, 605-617.
148. Burns, n 127-607.
149. Burns, n 127-608.
150. Burns, n 127-635-636.
151. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 15 UNTS 511, Art 4 (Opened for signature 16 November 1972, entered into force 17 December 1975).
152. Thorson E, Stasch A, Scott C, Gibel K and McCoy K, Petition to the World Heritage Committee Requesting Inclusion of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park on the List of World Heritage in Danger as a Result of Climate Change and for Protective Measures and Actions (2006)-vii-viii. Meltz, n 4, p 30.
153. World Heritage Committee, Decision 29 COM 7B.a in Decisions adopted-the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee, WHC-05/29.COM/22 (Durban, 2005) p 36-§7.
154. World Heritage Committee, Decision 30 COM 7.1 in Decisions adopted-the 30th session of the World Heritage Committee, WHC-05/29.COM/22 (Vilnius, 2006) p 7-§6.
155. World Heritage Committee, Decision 30 COM 7.1 in Decisions adopted-the 30th session of the World Heritage Committee, WHC-05/29.COM/22 (Vilnius, 2006) p 7-§8.
156. World Heritage Committee, Strategy to Assist State Parties to Implement Appropriate Management Responses, WHC-06/30.COM/7.1 (adopted on 17 July 2006) pp 1-2-§B.9 and §C.10.
157. See Climate Justice, World Heritage Committee Fails to Act (20 July 2006), http://www.climatelaw.org/cases/country/intl/unescobelize/2006Jul20 viewed 30 March 2009.
158. Sax, n 3, pp xviii, 152.
159. See also Preston BJ, (2006) "The Role of Public Interest Environmental Litigation" EPLJ 23, 337-339.
160. Harper B, (2006) "Climate Change Litigation: The Federal Common Law of Interstate Nuisance and Federalism Concerns" Georgia Law Review 40, 661-697.
161. See, for example, Harper, n 140-697.