메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 22, 2002, Pages

Basic characteristics of canopy turbulence in a homogeneous rice paddy

Author keywords

Canopy turbulence; Coherent structure; Countergradient flux; Rice; Stability effect

Indexed keywords

CROPS; ECOSYSTEMS; STATISTICAL METHODS; TURBULENCE;

EID: 7044284100     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002223     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 0025170250 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of turbulence statistics within three boreal forest canopies
    • Amiro, B. D., Comparison of turbulence statistics within three boreal forest canopies, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 51, 99-121, 1990a.
    • (1990) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.51 , pp. 99-121
    • Amiro, B.D.1
  • 2
    • 0025586008 scopus 로고
    • Drag coefficients and turbulence spectra within three boreal forest canopies
    • Amiro, B. D., Drag coefficients and turbulence spectra within three boreal forest canopies, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 52, 227-246, 1990b.
    • (1990) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.52 , pp. 227-246
    • Amiro, B.D.1
  • 3
    • 0024164722 scopus 로고
    • Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within a natural black spruce forest canopy
    • Amiro, B. D., and P. A. Davis, Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within a natural black spruce forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 44, 267-283, 1988.
    • (1988) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.44 , pp. 267-283
    • Amiro, B.D.1    Davis, P.A.2
  • 4
    • 84916821834 scopus 로고
    • The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness, 1, Smooth to rough
    • Antonia, R. A., and R. E. Luxton, The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a step change in surface roughness, 1, Smooth to rough, J. Fluid Mech., 48, 721-761, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.48 , pp. 721-761
    • Antonia, R.A.1    Luxton, R.E.2
  • 5
    • 0002019975 scopus 로고
    • Scaling water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange from leaves to a canopy: Rules and tools
    • edited by J. R. Ehleringer and C. B. Field, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • Baldocchi, D. D., Scaling water vapor and carbon dioxide exchange from leaves to a canopy: Rules and tools, in Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe, edited by J. R. Ehleringer and C. B. Field, pp. 77-116, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993.
    • (1993) Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe , pp. 77-116
    • Baldocchi, D.D.1
  • 6
    • 0023500597 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in an Almond orchard. Vertical variations in turbulence statistics
    • Baldocchi, D. D., and B. A. Hutchison, Turbulence in an Almond orchard. Vertical variations in turbulence statistics, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 40, 127-145, 1987.
    • (1987) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.40 , pp. 127-145
    • Baldocchi, D.D.1    Hutchison, B.A.2
  • 7
    • 0024164725 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence structure in a deciduous forest
    • Baldocchi, D. D., and T. P. Meyers, Turbulence structure in a deciduous forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 43, 345-364, 1988a.
    • (1988) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.43 , pp. 345-364
    • Baldocchi, D.D.1    Meyers, T.P.2
  • 8
    • 0024265904 scopus 로고
    • A spectral and lag-correlation analysis of turbulence in a deciduous forest canopy
    • Baldocchi, D. D., and T. P. Meyers, A spectral and lag-correlation analysis of turbulence in a deciduous forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 45, 31-58, 1988b.
    • (1988) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.45 , pp. 31-58
    • Baldocchi, D.D.1    Meyers, T.P.2
  • 10
    • 84905351572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The control of coherent eddies in vegetation canopies: Streamwise structure spacing, canopy shear scale and atmosphere stability
    • Brunei, Y., and M. R. Irvine, The control of coherent eddies in vegetation canopies: Streamwise structure spacing, canopy shear scale and atmosphere stability, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 43, 345-364, 2000.
    • (2000) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.43 , pp. 345-364
    • Brunei, Y.1    Irvine, M.R.2
  • 11
    • 0028667871 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving wheat: Single-point velocity statistics
    • Brunet, Y., J. J. Finnigan, and M. R. Raupach, A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving wheat: Single-point velocity statistics, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 70, 95-132, 1994.
    • (1994) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.70 , pp. 95-132
    • Brunet, Y.1    Finnigan, J.J.2    Raupach, M.R.3
  • 12
    • 0015037575 scopus 로고
    • Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer
    • Businger, J. A., J. C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and E. F. Bradley, Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 181-189, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 181-189
    • Businger, J.A.1    Wyngaard, J.C.2    Izumi, Y.3    Bradley, E.F.4
  • 13
    • 0001543842 scopus 로고
    • Mass, heat and momentum exchange between stands of plants and their atmospheric environment
    • Cowan, I. R., Mass, heat and momentum exchange between stands of plants and their atmospheric environment, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 523-544, 1968.
    • (1968) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.94 , pp. 523-544
    • Cowan, I.R.1
  • 14
    • 0002998234 scopus 로고
    • Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy
    • edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass.
    • Denmead, O. T., and E. F. Bradley, Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy, in The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, pp. 421-441, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1985.
    • (1985) The Forest-atmosphere Interaction , pp. 421-441
    • Denmead, O.T.1    Bradley, E.F.2
  • 15
    • 20444507187 scopus 로고
    • A review of flux-profile relationships
    • Dyer, A. J., A review of flux-profile relationships, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 7, 363-372, 1974.
    • (1974) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.7 , pp. 363-372
    • Dyer, A.J.1
  • 16
    • 0018303944 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in waving wheat, 1, mean statistics and honami
    • Finnigan, J. J., Turbulence in waving wheat, 1, Mean statistics and Honami, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 16, 181-211, 1979a.
    • (1979) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.16 , pp. 181-211
    • Finnigan, J.J.1
  • 17
    • 0018315146 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in waving wheat, 2, Structure of momentum
    • Finnigan, J. J., Turbulence in waving wheat, 2, Structure of momentum transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 16, 213-236, 1979b.
    • (1979) Transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.16 , pp. 213-236
    • Finnigan, J.J.1
  • 18
    • 0002857006 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent transport in flexible plant canopies
    • edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass.
    • Finnigan, J. J., Turbulent transport in flexible plant canopies, in The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, pp. 443-480, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1985.
    • (1985) The Forest-atmosphere Interaction , pp. 443-480
    • Finnigan, J.J.1
  • 19
    • 0034592330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence in plant canopies
    • Finnigan, J. J., Turbulence in plant canopies, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 32, 519-571, 2000.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. , vol.32 , pp. 519-571
    • Finnigan, J.J.1
  • 21
    • 0002429650 scopus 로고
    • Transfer processes in plant canopies in relation to stomatal characteristics
    • edited by E. Zeiger, G. D. Farquhar, and I. R. Cowan, Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.
    • Finnigan, J. J., and M. R. Raupach, Transfer processes in plant canopies in relation to stomatal characteristics, in Stomatal Function, edited by E. Zeiger, G. D. Farquhar, and I. R. Cowan, pp. 367-384, Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1987.
    • (1987) Stomatal Function , pp. 367-384
    • Finnigan, J.J.1    Raupach, M.R.2
  • 22
    • 0004185784 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Frisch, U., Turbulence, pp. 300, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
    • (1995) Turbulence , pp. 300
    • Frisch, U.1
  • 23
    • 0024845083 scopus 로고
    • Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy
    • Gao, W., R. H. Shaw, and K. T. Paw U, Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 47, 349-377, 1989.
    • (1989) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.47 , pp. 349-377
    • Gao, W.1    Shaw, R.H.2    Paw, K.T.U.3
  • 24
    • 0028180992 scopus 로고
    • Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest
    • Gardiner, B. A., Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 67, 161-186, 1994.
    • (1994) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.67 , pp. 161-186
    • Gardiner, B.A.1
  • 25
    • 0028670008 scopus 로고
    • Flow distortion by a Soient sonic anemometer: Wind tunnel calibration and its assessment for flux measurements over forest and field
    • Grelle, A., and A. Lindroth, Flow distortion by a Soient sonic anemometer: Wind tunnel calibration and its assessment for flux measurements over forest and field, J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 11, 1529-1542, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 1529-1542
    • Grelle, A.1    Lindroth, A.2
  • 26
    • 0032194535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of energy budget components during the International Rice Experiment (IREX) in Japan
    • Harazono, Y., J. Kim, A. Miyata, T. Choi, J. I. Yun, and J. W. Kim, Measurement of energy budget components during the International Rice Experiment (IREX) in Japan, Hydrol. Processes, 12, 1-12, 1998.
    • (1998) Hydrol. Processes , vol.12 , pp. 1-12
    • Harazono, Y.1    Kim, J.2    Miyata, A.3    Choi, T.4    Yun, J.I.5    Kim, J.W.6
  • 28
    • 33751301747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic characteristics of canopy turbulence in a homogeneous rice canopy
    • paper presented at Tokyo, Japan
    • Hong, J., J. Kim, Y. Harazono, T. Choi, and A. Miyata, Basic characteristics of canopy turbulence in a homogeneous rice canopy, paper presented at Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, 81, WP8, 2000.
    • (2000) Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting , vol.81
    • Hong, J.1    Kim, J.2    Harazono, Y.3    Choi, T.4    Miyata, A.5
  • 29
    • 85007931261 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the phenomena of waving plants ("Honami") caused by wind, 1, Mechanism and characteristics of waving plants phenomena
    • Inoue, E., Studies of the phenomena of waving plants ("Honami") caused by wind, 1, Mechanism and characteristics of waving plants phenomena, J. Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese), II, 18-22, 1955.
    • (1955) J. Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese) , vol.2 , pp. 18-22
    • Inoue, E.1
  • 30
    • 85007897656 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the phenomena of waving plants ("Homami") caused by wind, 4, Turbulent transfer phenomena over the waving plants
    • Inoue, E., Studies of the phenomena of waving plants ("Homami") caused by wind, 4, Turbulent transfer phenomena over the waving plants, J, Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese), 12, 138-144, 1957.
    • (1957) J, Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese) , vol.12 , pp. 138-144
    • Inoue, E.1
  • 31
    • 0002360227 scopus 로고
    • On the turbulence structure of airflow within crop canopy
    • Inoue, E., On the turbulence structure of airflow within crop canopy, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 41, 317-326, 1963.
    • (1963) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.41 , pp. 317-326
    • Inoue, E.1
  • 32
    • 0005153765 scopus 로고
    • Numerical experiments about three-dimensional transfer of CO2 over a finite model rice field in relation to canopy photosynthesis
    • Inoue, E., Numerical experiments about three-dimensional transfer of CO2 over a finite model rice field in relation to canopy photosynthesis, Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci., 24, 19-44, 1976.
    • (1976) Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 19-44
    • Inoue, E.1
  • 33
    • 0018312983 scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of microstructure of wind turbulence in rice and maize canopies
    • Inoue, K., and Z. Uchijima, Experimental study of microstructure of wind turbulence in rice and maize canopies, Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci., 26, 1-88, 1979.
    • (1979) Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 1-88
    • Inoue, K.1    Uchijima, Z.2
  • 34
    • 0016446253 scopus 로고
    • Studies of energy and gas exchange within crop canopies, 10, Structure of turbulence in rice crop
    • Inoue, K., Z. Uchijima, T. Horie, and S. Iwarkiri, Studies of energy and gas exchange within crop canopies, 10, Structure of turbulence in rice crop, J. Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese), 31, 71-82, 1975.
    • (1975) J. Agric. Meteorol. (Japanese) , vol.31 , pp. 71-82
    • Inoue, K.1    Uchijima, Z.2    Horie, T.3    Iwarkiri, S.4
  • 36
    • 0031429493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Lagrangian dispersion model for predicting CO2 sources, sinks, and fluxes in a uniform loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand
    • Katul, G., R. Oren, D. Ellsworth, C.-I. Hsieh, and N. Phillips, A Lagrangian dispersion model for predicting CO2 sources, sinks, and fluxes in a uniform loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9309-9321, 1997a.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9309-9321
    • Katul, G.1    Oren, R.2    Ellsworth, D.3    Hsieh, C.-I.4    Phillips, N.5
  • 37
    • 0031408503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ejection-sweep character of scalar fluxes in the unstable surface layer
    • Katul, G., G. Kuhn, J. Scheildge, and C.-I. Hsieh, The ejection-sweep character of scalar fluxes in the unstable surface layer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 83, 1-26, 1997b.
    • (1997) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.83 , pp. 1-26
    • Katul, G.1    Kuhn, G.2    Scheildge, J.3    Hsieh, C.-I.4
  • 38
    • 0035122686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating CO2 source/sink distributions within a rice canopy using higher-order closure models
    • Katul, G. G., R. Leuning, J. Kim, O. T. Denmead, A. Miyata, and Y. Harazono, Estimating CO2 source/sink distributions within a rice canopy using higher-order closure models, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 98, 103-125, 2001.
    • (2001) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.98 , pp. 103-125
    • Katul, G.G.1    Leuning, R.2    Kim, J.3    Denmead, O.T.4    Miyata, A.5    Harazono, Y.6
  • 41
    • 0025657122 scopus 로고
    • The influence of atmospheric stability on the budget of Reynolds stress and the turbulent kinetic energy within and above a deciduous forest
    • Leclerc, M. Y., K. C. Beissner, R. H. Shaw, G. D. Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, The influence of atmospheric stability on the budget of Reynolds stress and the turbulent kinetic energy within and above a deciduous forest, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 916-933, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.29 , pp. 916-933
    • Leclerc, M.Y.1    Beissner, K.C.2    Shaw, R.H.3    Hartog, G.D.4    Neumann, H.H.5
  • 42
    • 0025925749 scopus 로고
    • The influence of buoyancy on third-order turbulent velocity statistics within a deciduous forest
    • Leclerc, M. Y., K. C. Beissner, R. H. Shaw, G. D. Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, The influence of buoyancy on third-order turbulent velocity statistics within a deciduous forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 37, 109-123, 1991.
    • (1991) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.37 , pp. 109-123
    • Leclerc, M.Y.1    Beissner, K.C.2    Shaw, R.H.3    Hartog, G.D.4    Neumann, H.H.5
  • 43
    • 0027834308 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand, 2, Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor
    • Lee, X., and T. A. Black, Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand, 2, Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 64, 369-389, 1993.
    • (1993) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.64 , pp. 369-389
    • Lee, X.1    Black, T.A.2
  • 44
    • 0033915164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of Scalar source/sink distributions in plant canopies using Lagrangian dispersion analysis: Corrections for atmospheric stability and comparison with a multiplayer canopy model
    • Leuning, R., Estimation of Scalar source/sink distributions in plant canopies using Lagrangian dispersion analysis: Corrections for atmospheric stability and comparison with a multiplayer canopy model, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 96, 293-314, 2000.
    • (2000) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.96 , pp. 293-314
    • Leuning, R.1
  • 45
    • 0034726585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source/sink distribution of heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane in a rice canopy estimated using Lagrangian dispersion analysis
    • Leuning, R., O. T. Denmead, A. Miyata, and J. Kim, Source/sink distribution of heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane in a rice canopy estimated using Lagrangian dispersion analysis, Agric. For. Meteorol., 104, 233-249, 2000.
    • (2000) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.104 , pp. 233-249
    • Leuning, R.1    Denmead, O.T.2    Miyata, A.3    Kim, J.4
  • 47
    • 11644323234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers
    • Mahrt, L., Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 416-429, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 416-429
    • Mahrt, L.1
  • 48
    • 0002563776 scopus 로고
    • Predicting effects of vegetation changes on transpiration and evaporation
    • Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • McNaughton, K. G., and P. G. Jarvis, Predicting effects of vegetation changes on transpiration and evaporation, in Water Deficits and Plant Growth, vol. 7, pp. 1-46, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1983.
    • (1983) Water Deficits and Plant Growth , vol.7 , pp. 1-46
    • McNaughton, K.G.1    Jarvis, P.G.2
  • 49
    • 0022855157 scopus 로고
    • Testing of a higher order closure model for modeling airflow within and above plant canopies
    • Meyers, T. P., and K. T. Paw U, Testing of a higher order closure model for modeling airflow within and above plant canopies, Boundary Layer Afeteorol., 37, 297-311, 1986.
    • (1986) Boundary Layer Afeteorol. , vol.37 , pp. 297-311
    • Meyers, T.P.1    Paw, K.T.U.2
  • 50
    • 0034709442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from an intermittently flooded paddy field
    • Miyata, A., R. Leuning, O. T. Denmead, J. Kim, and Y. Harazono, Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from an intermittently flooded paddy field, Agric. For. Meteorol., 102, 287-303, 2000.
    • (2000) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.102 , pp. 287-303
    • Miyata, A.1    Leuning, R.2    Denmead, O.T.3    Kim, J.4    Harazono, Y.5
  • 51
    • 0002448931 scopus 로고
    • Gas exchange in plant communities
    • edited by L. T. Evans
    • Monteith, J. L., Gas exchange in plant communities, in Environmental Control of Plant Growth, edited by L. T. Evans, pp. 95-112, 1963.
    • (1963) Environmental Control of Plant Growth , pp. 95-112
    • Monteith, J.L.1
  • 52
    • 0022832633 scopus 로고
    • Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems
    • Moore, C. J., Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 37, 17-35, 1986.
    • (1986) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.37 , pp. 17-35
    • Moore, C.J.1
  • 53
    • 0017892638 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent flow over a very rough, random surface
    • Mulhearn, P. J., and J. J. Finnigan, Turbulent flow over a very rough, random surface, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 15, 109-132, 1978.
    • (1978) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.15 , pp. 109-132
    • Mulhearn, P.J.1    Finnigan, J.J.2
  • 54
    • 84905348678 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the air flow amongst the stalks in a paddy field (preliminary report)
    • Nakagawa, Y., Studies on the air flow amongst the stalks in a paddy field (preliminary report), J. Agric. Meteorol., 12, 61-63, 1956.
    • (1956) J. Agric. Meteorol. , vol.12 , pp. 61-63
    • Nakagawa, Y.1
  • 55
    • 0017766764 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of the contributions to the Reynolds stress from bursting events in open-channel flow
    • Nakagawa, H., and I. Nezu, Prediction of the contributions to the Reynolds stress from bursting events in open-channel flow, J. Fluid Mech., 80, 99-128, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.80 , pp. 99-128
    • Nakagawa, H.1    Nezu, I.2
  • 56
    • 0003152067 scopus 로고
    • Trace gas emissions from rice field
    • edited by R. G. Prinn, Plenum, New York
    • Neue, H.-U., and R. L. Sass, Trace gas emissions from rice field, in Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry, edited by R. G. Prinn, pp. 119-148, Plenum, New York, 1994.
    • (1994) Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry , pp. 119-148
    • Neue, H.-U.1    Sass, R.L.2
  • 57
    • 0033912459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind tunnel and field measurements of turbulent flow in forests, 1, Uniformly thinned stands
    • Novak, M. D., J. S. Warland, A. L. Orchansky, R. Keller, and S. Green, Wind tunnel and field measurements of turbulent flow in forests, 1, Uniformly thinned stands, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 95, 457-495, 2000.
    • (2000) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.95 , pp. 457-495
    • Novak, M.D.1    Warland, J.S.2    Orchansky, A.L.3    Keller, R.4    Green, S.5
  • 59
    • 33751283486 scopus 로고
    • A simulation on the effects of buoyancy on canopy flow
    • paper presented at Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston
    • Pereira, A. R., and R. H. Shaw, A simulation on the effects of buoyancy on canopy flow, paper presented at 13th Conference On Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, pp. 109-110, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, 1977.
    • (1977) 13th Conference On Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , pp. 109-110
    • Pereira, A.R.1    Shaw, R.H.2
  • 61
    • 0019727263 scopus 로고
    • Conditional statistics of reynolds stress in rough-wall and smooth-wall turbulant boundary layers
    • Raupach, M. R., Conditional statistics of Reynolds stress in rough-wall and smooth-wall turbulant boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech., 108, 363-382, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.108 , pp. 363-382
    • Raupach, M.R.1
  • 63
    • 34250255516 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces
    • Raupach, M. R., A. S. Thom, and I. Edwards, A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 18, 373-397, 1980.
    • (1980) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.18 , pp. 373-397
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Thom, A.S.2    Edwards, I.3
  • 64
    • 0022450677 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on Scalar Dispersion within a model plant canopy, 1, the turbulence structure
    • Raupach, M. R., P. A. Coppin, and B. J. Legg, Experiments on Scalar Dispersion within a model plant canopy, 1, The turbulence structure, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 35, 21-52, 1986.
    • (1986) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.35 , pp. 21-52
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Coppin, P.A.2    Legg, B.J.3
  • 65
    • 0030439139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogy
    • Raupach, M. R., J. J. Finnigan, and Y. Brunei, Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing-layer analogy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 78, 351-381, 1996.
    • (1996) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.78 , pp. 351-381
    • Raupach, M.R.1    Finnigan, J.J.2    Brunei, Y.3
  • 67
    • 33751272386 scopus 로고
    • On the profile within plant communities
    • Saito, T., On the profile within plant communities, Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci., 11, 67-73, 1964.
    • (1964) Bull. Natl. Inst. Agric. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 67-73
    • Saito, T.1
  • 68
    • 0035693633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces
    • Sakai, R. K., D. R. Fitzjarrald, and K. E. Moore, Importance of low-frequency contributions to eddy fluxes observed over rough surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 2178-2192, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.40 , pp. 2178-2192
    • Sakai, R.K.1    Fitzjarrald, D.R.2    Moore, K.E.3
  • 70
    • 0038581158 scopus 로고
    • On diffusive and dispersive fluxes in forest canopies
    • edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, D. Reidel, Nonvell, Mass.
    • Shaw, R. H., On diffusive and dispersive fluxes in forest canopies, in The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, edited by B. A. Hutchison and B. B. Hicks, pp. 407-419, D. Reidel, Nonvell, Mass., 1985.
    • (1985) The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction , pp. 407-419
    • Shaw, R.H.1
  • 71
    • 0020968360 scopus 로고
    • Structure of Reynolds stress in a canopy layer
    • Shaw, R. H., J. Tavangar, and D. P. Ward, Structure of Reynolds stress in a canopy layer, J. dim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1922-1931, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Dim. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.22 , pp. 1922-1931
    • Shaw, R.H.1    Tavangar, J.2    Ward, D.P.3
  • 72
    • 0024188944 scopus 로고
    • Influence of foliar density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest
    • Shaw, R. H., G. Den Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, Influence of foliar density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 45, 391-409, 1988.
    • (1988) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.45 , pp. 391-409
    • Shaw, R.H.1    Den Hartog, G.2    Neumann, H.H.3
  • 73
    • 0030781485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the turbulence structure in the canopy layer
    • Shen, S., and M. Y. Leclerc, Modeling the turbulence structure in the canopy layer, Agric. For. Meteorol., 87, 3-25, 1997.
    • (1997) Agric. For. Meteorol. , vol.87 , pp. 3-25
    • Shen, S.1    Leclerc, M.Y.2
  • 74
    • 0032452323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulent statistics of neutrally stratified flow within and above a sparse forest from large-eddy simulation and field observations
    • Su, H. B., R. H. Shaw, K. T. Paw U, C. H. Moeng, and P. P. Sullivan, Turbulent statistics of neutrally stratified flow within and above a sparse forest from large-eddy simulation and field observations, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 88, 363-397, 1998.
    • (1998) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.88 , pp. 363-397
    • Su, H.B.1    Shaw, R.H.2    Paw, K.T.U.3    Moeng, C.H.4    Sullivan, P.P.5
  • 75
    • 0002716922 scopus 로고
    • Energy balance approach to evapotranspiration from crops
    • Tanner, C. B., Energy balance approach to evapotranspiration from crops, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 24, 1 -9, 1960.
    • (1960) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , vol.24 , pp. 1-9
    • Tanner, C.B.1
  • 76
    • 0001992404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The work of focus
    • 3, edited by B. Walker and W. Steffen, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Tinker, P. B., and J. S. I. Ingram, The work of focus, 3, in Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by B. Walker and W. Steffen, pp. 207-228, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
    • (1996) Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems , pp. 207-228
    • Tinker, P.B.1    Ingram, J.S.I.2
  • 77
    • 33751286419 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the micro-climate within the plant communities, 1, on the turbulent transfer coefficient within plant layer
    • Japan
    • Uchijima, Z., Studies on the micro-climate within the plant communities, 1, On the turbulent transfer coefficient within plant layer, J. Agric. Meteorol., 18, 1-10, Japan, 1962.
    • (1962) J. Agric. Meteorol. , vol.18 , pp. 1-10
    • Uchijima, Z.1
  • 78
    • 0002230665 scopus 로고
    • Maize and rice
    • edited by J. L. Monteith, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
    • Uchijima, Z., Maize and rice, in Vegetation and Atmosphere, edited by J. L. Monteith, pp. 33-64, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1976.
    • (1976) Vegetation and Atmosphere , pp. 33-64
    • Uchijima, Z.1
  • 79
    • 12644291718 scopus 로고
    • Variation of aerodynamic characteristics of a barley field with growth
    • Udagawa, T., Variation of aerodynamic characteristics of a barley field with growth, J. Agric. Meteorol., 22, 7-14, 1966.
    • (1966) J. Agric. Meteorol. , vol.22 , pp. 7-14
    • Udagawa, T.1
  • 80
    • 0000583247 scopus 로고
    • The influence of canopy structure and density upon the mixing length within and above vegetation
    • Watanabe, T., and J. Kondo, The influence of canopy structure and density upon the mixing length within and above vegetation, J, Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 68, 227-235, 1990.
    • (1990) J, Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.68 , pp. 227-235
    • Watanabe, T.1    Kondo, J.2
  • 81
    • 0013725478 scopus 로고
    • A higher-order closure model for canopy flow, J
    • Wilson, N. R., and R. H. Shaw, A higher-order closure model for canopy flow, J. Appl. Meteorol., 16, 1197-1205, 1977.
    • (1977) Appl. Meteorol. , vol.16 , pp. 1197-1205
    • Wilson, N.R.1    Shaw, R.H.2
  • 82
    • 0013725312 scopus 로고
    • Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within and above a corn canopy
    • Wilson, J. D., D. P. Ward, G. W. Thurtell, and G. E. Kidd, Statistics of atmospheric turbulence within and above a corn canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 24, 495 -519, 1982.
    • (1982) Boundary Layer Meteorol. , vol.24 , pp. 495-519
    • Wilson, J.D.1    Ward, D.P.2    Thurtell, G.W.3    Kidd, G.E.4
  • 83
    • 0001891152 scopus 로고
    • Convective processes in the lower atmosphere
    • edited by W. L. Steffen and O. T. Denmead, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Wyngaard, J. C., Convective processes in the lower atmosphere, in Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications, edited by W. L. Steffen and O. T. Denmead, pp. 240-260, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988.
    • (1988) Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications , pp. 240-260
    • Wyngaard, J.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.