메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 335-341

Sound lateralization in Parkinson's disease

Author keywords

Auditory space perception; Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Human; Interaural time difference; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AUDITORY LATERALIZATION; BASAL GANGLION; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DICHOTIC LISTENING; FEMALE; HEARING; HUMAN; MALE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 7044229948     PISSN: 09266410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0030738721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra during normal aging
    • P. Anglade, S. Vyas, E.C. Hirsch, and Y. Agid Apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra during normal aging Histol. Histopathol. 12 1997 603 610
    • (1997) Histol. Histopathol. , vol.12 , pp. 603-610
    • Anglade, P.1    Vyas, S.2    Hirsch, E.C.3    Agid, Y.4
  • 2
    • 0026517853 scopus 로고
    • Temporal discrimination is abnormal in Parkinson's disease
    • J. Artieda, M.A. Pastor, F. Lacruz, and J.A. Obeso Temporal discrimination is abnormal in Parkinson's disease Brain 115 1992 199 210
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , pp. 199-210
    • Artieda, J.1    Pastor, M.A.2    Lacruz, F.3    Obeso, J.A.4
  • 5
    • 0021260072 scopus 로고
    • Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease: Role of perceptual and motor factors
    • F. Boller, D. Passafiume, N.C. Keefe, K. Rogers, L. Morrow, and Y. Kim Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease: role of perceptual and motor factors Arch. Neurol. 41 1984 485 490
    • (1984) Arch. Neurol. , vol.41 , pp. 485-490
    • Boller, F.1    Passafiume, D.2    Keefe, N.C.3    Rogers, K.4    Morrow, L.5    Kim, Y.6
  • 8
    • 0025190099 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: From description to theory
    • G. Brown, and C.D. Marsden Cognitive function in Parkinson's disease: from description to theory Trends Neurosci. 13 1990 21 29
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 21-29
    • Brown, G.1    Marsden, C.D.2
  • 10
    • 0016209566 scopus 로고
    • Single unit recording in the caudate nucleus during sessions with elaborate movements in the awake monkey
    • P. Buser, G. Pouderoux, and J. Mereaux Single unit recording in the caudate nucleus during sessions with elaborate movements in the awake monkey Brain Res. 71 1974 337 344
    • (1974) Brain Res. , vol.71 , pp. 337-344
    • Buser, P.1    Pouderoux, G.2    Mereaux, J.3
  • 11
    • 0021089452 scopus 로고
    • Aetiology of Parkinson's disease
    • D.B. Calne, and J.W. Langston Aetiology of Parkinson's disease Lancet 2 1983 1457 1459
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1457-1459
    • Calne, D.B.1    Langston, J.W.2
  • 12
    • 0017077260 scopus 로고
    • Influence of age and time interval between death and autopsy on dopamine and 3-methyoxytyramine levels in human basal ganglia
    • A. Carlson, and B. Winblad Influence of age and time interval between death and autopsy on dopamine and 3-methyoxytyramine levels in human basal ganglia J. Neurol. Transm. 38 1976 271 276
    • (1976) J. Neurol. Transm. , vol.38 , pp. 271-276
    • Carlson, A.1    Winblad, B.2
  • 13
    • 0028016325 scopus 로고
    • Auditory tuning for spatial cues in the barn owl basal ganglia
    • Y.E. Cohen, and E.I. Knudsen Auditory tuning for spatial cues in the barn owl basal ganglia J. Neurophysiol. 72 1994 285 298
    • (1994) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.72 , pp. 285-298
    • Cohen, Y.E.1    Knudsen, E.I.2
  • 14
    • 0001856628 scopus 로고
    • The lateral preference inventory for measurement of handedness, footedness, eyedness, and earedness: Norms for young adult
    • S. Coren The lateral preference inventory for measurement of handedness, footedness, eyedness, and earedness: norms for young adult Bull. Psychonomic Soc. 31 1993 1 3
    • (1993) Bull. Psychonomic Soc. , vol.31 , pp. 1-3
    • Coren, S.1
  • 16
    • 0032816549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease
    • P. Damier, E.C. Hirsch, Y. Agid, and A.M. Graybiel The substantia nigra of the human brain: II. Patterns of loss of dopamine-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease Brain 122 1999 1437 1448
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 1437-1448
    • Damier, P.1    Hirsch, E.C.2    Agid, Y.3    Graybiel, A.M.4
  • 17
    • 0016441685 scopus 로고
    • Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with Parkinsonism
    • G. Danta, and R.C. Hilton Judgment of the visual vertical and horizontal in patients with Parkinsonism Neurology 25 1975 43 47
    • (1975) Neurology , vol.25 , pp. 43-47
    • Danta, G.1    Hilton, R.C.2
  • 18
    • 0000224448 scopus 로고
    • Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
    • Members of the UPDRS Development Committee R.L. S. Fahn C.D. Marsden D.B. Calne M. Goldstein Macmillan Health Care Information Florham Park, NJ
    • S. Fahn, R.L. Elton Members of the UPDRS Development Committee Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale S. Fahn C.D. Marsden D.B. Calne M. Goldstein Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease vol. II 1987 Macmillan Health Care Information Florham Park, NJ 153 164
    • (1987) Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease , vol.2 , pp. 153-164
    • Fahn, S.1    Elton2
  • 19
    • 0016823810 scopus 로고
    • Mini-Mental-State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
    • M.F. Folstein, S.E. Folstein, and P.R. McHugh Mini-Mental-State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician J. Psychiatr. Res. 12 1975 189 198
    • (1975) J. Psychiatr. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 189-198
    • Folstein, M.F.1    Folstein, S.E.2    McHugh, P.R.3
  • 20
    • 0026602677 scopus 로고
    • Single-unit activity in the globus pallidus and neostriatum of the rat during performance of a trained head movement
    • T.W. Gardiner, and S.T. Kitai Single-unit activity in the globus pallidus and neostriatum of the rat during performance of a trained head movement Exp. Brain Res. 88 1992 517 530
    • (1992) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.88 , pp. 517-530
    • Gardiner, T.W.1    Kitai, S.T.2
  • 21
    • 0041706669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New roles for synaptic inhibition in sound localization
    • B. Grothe New roles for synaptic inhibition in sound localization Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 2003 540 550
    • (2003) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 540-550
    • Grothe, B.1
  • 22
    • 0033859101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal processing in sensory systems
    • B. Grothe, and G.M. Klump Temporal processing in sensory systems Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10 2000 467 473
    • (2000) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.10 , pp. 467-473
    • Grothe, B.1    Klump, G.M.2
  • 23
    • 0036779854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflection of space characteristics of an acoustical signal in the neuronal activity of the caudate nucleus
    • M.B. Guliakov Reflection of space characteristics of an acoustical signal in the neuronal activity of the caudate nucleus [in Russian] Russ. J. Physiol. 88 2002 1272 1279
    • (2002) Russ. J. Physiol. , vol.88 , pp. 1272-1279
    • Guliakov, M.B.1
  • 25
    • 0020628736 scopus 로고
    • Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata: I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades
    • O. Hikosaka, and R.H. Wurtz Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata: I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades J. Neurophysiol. 49 1983 1230 1253
    • (1983) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1230-1253
    • Hikosaka, O.1    Wurtz, R.H.2
  • 26
    • 0024523563 scopus 로고
    • Functional properties of monkey caudate neurons: II. Visual and auditory responses
    • O. Hikosaka, M. Sakamoto, and S. Usui Functional properties of monkey caudate neurons: II. Visual and auditory responses J. Neurophysiol. 61 1989 799 813
    • (1989) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.61 , pp. 799-813
    • Hikosaka, O.1    Sakamoto, M.2    Usui, S.3
  • 27
    • 0023740954 scopus 로고
    • Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease
    • E.C. Hirsch, A.M. Graybiel, and Y.A. Agid Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease Nature 334 1988 345 348
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 345-348
    • Hirsch, E.C.1    Graybiel, A.M.2    Agid, Y.A.3
  • 28
    • 0023098828 scopus 로고
    • Spatial disorientation as an early symptom of Parkinson's disease
    • A. Hovestadt, G.J. De Jong, and J.D. Meerwaldt Spatial disorientation as an early symptom of Parkinson's disease Neurology 37 1987 485 487
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , pp. 485-487
    • Hovestadt, A.1    De Jong, G.J.2    Meerwaldt, J.D.3
  • 30
    • 0023685093 scopus 로고
    • Spatial disorientation in Parkinson's disease: No effect of levodopa substitution therapy
    • A. Hovestadt, G.J. De Jong, and J.D. Meerwaldt Spatial disorientation in Parkinson's disease: no effect of levodopa substitution therapy Neurology 38 1988 1802 1803
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 1802-1803
    • Hovestadt, A.1    De Jong, G.J.2    Meerwaldt, J.D.3
  • 31
    • 0026514953 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases
    • A.J. Hughes, S.E. Daniel, L. Kilford, and A.J. Lees Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 55 1992 181 184
    • (1992) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. , vol.55 , pp. 181-184
    • Hughes, A.J.1    Daniel, S.E.2    Kilford, L.3    Lees, A.J.4
  • 32
    • 0021947038 scopus 로고
    • Role of the cat substantia nigra pars reticulata in eye and head movements: I. Neural activity
    • J.P. Joseph, and D. Boussaoud Role of the cat substantia nigra pars reticulata in eye and head movements: I. Neural activity Exp. Brain Res. 57 1985 286 296
    • (1985) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.57 , pp. 286-296
    • Joseph, J.P.1    Boussaoud, D.2
  • 33
    • 84955023019 scopus 로고
    • Some measurements of interaural time difference thresholds
    • R.G. Klumpp, and H.R. Eady Some measurements of interaural time difference thresholds J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 28 1956 859 860
    • (1956) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.28 , pp. 859-860
    • Klumpp, R.G.1    Eady, H.R.2
  • 34
    • 0020459598 scopus 로고
    • Auditory and visual maps of space in the optic tectum of the owl
    • E.I. Knudsen Auditory and visual maps of space in the optic tectum of the owl J. Neurosci. 2 1982 1177 1194
    • (1982) J. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 1177-1194
    • Knudsen, E.I.1
  • 35
    • 0018148914 scopus 로고
    • A neural map of auditory space in the owl
    • E.I. Knudsen, and M. Konishi A neural map of auditory space in the owl Science 200 1978 795 797
    • (1978) Science , vol.200 , pp. 795-797
    • Knudsen, E.I.1    Konishi, M.2
  • 36
    • 0031881446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairments of mental rotation in Parkinson's disease
    • A.C. Lee, J.P. Harris, and J.E. Calvert Impairments of mental rotation in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychologia 36 1998 109 114
    • (1998) Neuropsychologia , vol.36 , pp. 109-114
    • Lee, A.C.1    Harris, J.P.2    Calvert, J.E.3
  • 38
    • 0023404971 scopus 로고
    • Interaural time and intensity difference thresholds of the pigeon (Columba livia)
    • J. Lewald Interaural time and intensity difference thresholds of the pigeon (Columba livia) Naturwissenschaften 74 1987 449 451
    • (1987) Naturwissenschaften , vol.74 , pp. 449-451
    • Lewald, J.1
  • 39
    • 0036481633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the posterior parietal cortex in spatial hearing
    • J. Lewald, H. Foltys, and R. Töpper Role of the posterior parietal cortex in spatial hearing J. Neurosci. 22 3 2002 RC207
    • (2002) J. Neurosci. , vol.22 , Issue.3
    • Lewald, J.1    Foltys, H.2    Töpper, R.3
  • 40
    • 0036570730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finding the timer
    • P.A. Lewis Finding the timer Trends Cog. Sci. 6 2002 195 196
    • (2002) Trends Cog. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 195-196
    • Lewis, P.A.1
  • 41
    • 0021814384 scopus 로고
    • A consideration of sensory factors involved in motor functions of the basal ganglia
    • T.I. Lidsky, C. Manetto, and J.S. Schneider A consideration of sensory factors involved in motor functions of the basal ganglia Brain Res. Rev. 9 1985 133 146
    • (1985) Brain Res. Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 133-146
    • Lidsky, T.I.1    Manetto, C.2    Schneider, J.S.3
  • 43
    • 3543129705 scopus 로고
    • Richtungshören und Lebensalter
    • J. Matzker, and E. Springborn Richtungshören und Lebensalter Zschr. Laryng. 37 1958 739 745
    • (1958) Zschr. Laryng. , vol.37 , pp. 739-745
    • Matzker, J.1    Springborn, E.2
  • 44
    • 0034115492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies
    • F.A. Middleton, and P.L. Strick Basal ganglia output and cognition: evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies Brain Cognition 42 2000 183 200
    • (2000) Brain Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 183-200
    • Middleton, F.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 45
    • 0019826678 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal and behavioral sensitivity to binaural time difference in the owl
    • A. Moiseff, and M. Konishi Neuronal and behavioral sensitivity to binaural time difference in the owl J. Neurosci. 1 1981 40 48
    • (1981) J. Neurosci. , vol.1 , pp. 40-48
    • Moiseff, A.1    Konishi, M.2
  • 46
    • 0035692713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visuospatial deficits in Parkinson's disease assessed by judgment of line orientation test: Error analyses and practice effects
    • A. Montse, V. Pere, J. Carme, V. Francesc, and T. Eduardo Visuospatial deficits in Parkinson's disease assessed by judgment of line orientation test: error analyses and practice effects J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 23 2001 592 598
    • (2001) J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. , vol.23 , pp. 592-598
    • Montse, A.1    Pere, V.2    Carme, J.3    Francesc, V.4    Eduardo, T.5
  • 47
    • 0026042510 scopus 로고
    • Pallidotectal projection to the inferior colliculus of the rat
    • T. Moriizumi, and T. Hattori Pallidotectal projection to the inferior colliculus of the rat Exp. Brain Res. 87 1991 223 226
    • (1991) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.87 , pp. 223-226
    • Moriizumi, T.1    Hattori, T.2
  • 48
    • 0032725775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell death of dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease
    • M. Naoi, and W. Maruyama Cell death of dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease Mech. Ageing Dev. 111 1999 175 188
    • (1999) Mech. Ageing Dev. , vol.111 , pp. 175-188
    • Naoi, M.1    Maruyama, W.2
  • 49
    • 0037219939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing of temporal information and the basal ganglia: New evidence from fMRI
    • I. Nenadic, C. Gaser, H.-P. Volz, T. Rammsayer, F. Häger, and H. Sauer Processing of temporal information and the basal ganglia: new evidence from fMRI Exp. Brain Res. 148 2003 238 246
    • (2003) Exp. Brain Res. , vol.148 , pp. 238-246
    • Nenadic, I.1    Gaser, C.2    Volz, H.-P.3    Rammsayer, T.4    Häger, F.5    Sauer, H.6
  • 50
    • 0024601750 scopus 로고
    • Nigrotectal projection to the inferior colliculus: Horseradish peroxidase transport and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical studies in rats, cats, and bats
    • U.E. Olazábal, and J.K. Moore Nigrotectal projection to the inferior colliculus: horseradish peroxidase transport and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical studies in rats, cats, and bats J. Comp. Neurol. 282 1989 98 118
    • (1989) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.282 , pp. 98-118
    • Olazábal, U.E.1    Moore, J.K.2
  • 53
    • 84862443905 scopus 로고
    • A generalized disorder of temporal discrimination in Parkinson's disease
    • A.J. Franks J.W. Ironside R.H.S. Mindham R.J. Smith E.G.S. Spokes W. Winlow Manchester University Press Manchester
    • M.A. Pastor, J. Artieda, F. Lacruz, J.A. Obeso, and J.M. Martínez-Lage A generalized disorder of temporal discrimination in Parkinson's disease A.J. Franks J.W. Ironside R.H.S. Mindham R.J. Smith E.G.S. Spokes W. Winlow Function and Dysfunction in the Basal Ganglia, Studies in Neuroscience vol. 9 1990 Manchester University Press Manchester 230 236
    • (1990) Function and Dysfunction in the Basal Ganglia, Studies in Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 230-236
    • Pastor, M.A.1    Artieda, J.2    Lacruz, F.3    Obeso, J.A.4    Martínez-Lage, J.M.5
  • 54
    • 15644365768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parkinson's disease selectively impairs preattentive auditory processing: An MEG study
    • E. Pekkonen, J. Ahveninen, J. Virtanen, and H. Teräväinen Parkinson's disease selectively impairs preattentive auditory processing: an MEG study NeuroReport 9 1998 2949 2952
    • (1998) NeuroReport , vol.9 , pp. 2949-2952
    • Pekkonen, E.1    Ahveninen, J.2    Virtanen, J.3    Teräväinen, H.4
  • 55
    • 0031014719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there dissociable roles of the mesostriatal and mesolimbocortical dopamine systems on temporal information processing in humans?
    • T. Rammsayer Are there dissociable roles of the mesostriatal and mesolimbocortical dopamine systems on temporal information processing in humans? Neuropsychobiology 35 1997 36 45
    • (1997) Neuropsychobiology , vol.35 , pp. 36-45
    • Rammsayer, T.1
  • 56
    • 0031238428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired temporal discrimination in Parkinson's disease: Temporal processing of brief durations as an indicator of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
    • T. Rammsayer, and W. Classen Impaired temporal discrimination in Parkinson's disease: temporal processing of brief durations as an indicator of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia Int. J. Neurosci. 91 1997 45 55
    • (1997) Int. J. Neurosci. , vol.91 , pp. 45-55
    • Rammsayer, T.1    Classen, W.2
  • 57
    • 0035126795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing
    • S.M. Rao, A.R. Mayer, and D.L. Harrington The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing Nat. Neurosci. 4 2002 317 323
    • (2002) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.4 , pp. 317-323
    • Rao, S.M.1    Mayer, A.R.2    Harrington, D.L.3
  • 58
    • 0025865656 scopus 로고
    • Responses of striatal neurons to peripheral sensory stimulation in symptomatic MPTP-exposed cats
    • J.S. Schneider Responses of striatal neurons to peripheral sensory stimulation in symptomatic MPTP-exposed cats Brain Res. 544 1991 297 302
    • (1991) Brain Res. , vol.544 , pp. 297-302
    • Schneider, J.S.1
  • 59
    • 0022553751 scopus 로고
    • Activity of pars reticulata neurons of monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor, sensory, and complex events
    • W. Schultz Activity of pars reticulata neurons of monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor, sensory, and complex events J. Neurophysiol. 55 1986 660 677
    • (1986) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.55 , pp. 660-677
    • Schultz, W.1
  • 60
    • 0014076244 scopus 로고
    • The response of single units in the caudate nucleus to peripheral stimulation
    • E.M. Sedgwick, and T.D. Williams The response of single units in the caudate nucleus to peripheral stimulation J. Physiol. 189 1967 281 298
    • (1967) J. Physiol. , vol.189 , pp. 281-298
    • Sedgwick, E.M.1    Williams, T.D.2
  • 61
    • 0029969675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efferent connections of the caudal part of the globus pallidus in the rat
    • S.J. Shammah-Lagnado, G.F. Alheid, and L. Heimer Efferent connections of the caudal part of the globus pallidus in the rat J. Comp. Neurol. 376 1996 489 507
    • (1996) J. Comp. Neurol. , vol.376 , pp. 489-507
    • Shammah-Lagnado, S.J.1    Alheid, G.F.2    Heimer, L.3
  • 63
    • 0029349165 scopus 로고
    • The neuropsychology of Parkinson's disease
    • A.E. Taylor, and J.A. Saint-Cyr The neuropsychology of Parkinson's disease Brain Cognition 28 1995 281 296
    • (1995) Brain Cognition , vol.28 , pp. 281-296
    • Taylor, A.E.1    Saint-Cyr, J.A.2
  • 64
    • 0021602945 scopus 로고
    • Auditory and non-auditory subcortical afferents to the inferior colliculus in the rat
    • A. Tokunaga, S. Sugita, and K. Otani Auditory and non-auditory subcortical afferents to the inferior colliculus in the rat J. Hirnforsch. 25 1984 461 472
    • (1984) J. Hirnforsch. , vol.25 , pp. 461-472
    • Tokunaga, A.1    Sugita, S.2    Otani, K.3
  • 65
    • 0036020139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descending projections to the inferior colliculus from the posterior thalamus and the auditory cortex in rat, cat, and monkey
    • J.A. Winer, M.L. Chernock, D.T. Larue, and S.W. Cheung Descending projections to the inferior colliculus from the posterior thalamus and the auditory cortex in rat, cat, and monkey Hear. Res. 168 2002 181 195
    • (2002) Hear. Res. , vol.168 , pp. 181-195
    • Winer, J.A.1    Chernock, M.L.2    Larue, D.T.3    Cheung, S.W.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.