Dysregulation of striatal dopamine signaling by amphetamine inhibits feeding by hungry mice

Neuron

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 509-520

  Cannon, Claire Matson ^a   Abdallah, Luna ^b   Tecott, Laurence H ^b   During, Matthew J ^c   Palmiter, Richard D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMPHETAMINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NORADRENALIN; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG MECHANISM; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUNGER; HYPOPHAGIA; MALE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

AMPHETAMINE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EATING; EATING DISORDERS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GENE THERAPY; HUNGER; LEVODOPA; LOCOMOTION; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MICE, KNOCKOUT; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT2C; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D1; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; TIME FACTORS; TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE;

EID: 7044224697     PISSN: 08966273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.009     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. AI-Naser H.A., Cooper S.J. A-68930, a novel, potent dopamine D1 receptor agonist. a microstructural analysis of its effects on feeding and other behaviour in the rat Behav. Pharmacol. 5:1994;210-218
2. Antelman S.M., Szechtman H. Tail pinch induces eating in sated rats which appears to depend on nigrostriatal dopamine. Science. 189:1975;731-733
3. Bailey C.J., Flatt P.R. Adrenoceptor-mediated control of glucose homeostasis in obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice. Diabetes Res. 14:1990;87-91
4. Balopole D.C., Hansult C.D., Dorph D. Effect of cocaine on food intake in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 64:1979;121-122
5. Banchelli G., Ghelardini C., Raimondi L., Galeotti N., Pirisino R. Selective inhibition of amine oxidases differently potentiate the hypophagic effect of benzylamine in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 413:2001;91-99
6. Baptista T., Teneud L., Hernandez L. Enhancement of amphetamine anorexia after chronic administration of sulpiride in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45:1993;45-49
7. Baunez C., Nieoullon A., Amalric M. Dopamine and complex sensorimotor integration. further studies in a conditioned motor task in the rat Neuroscience. 65:1995;375-384
8. Bittner S.E., Wagner G.C., Aigner T.G., Seiden L.S. Effects of a high-dose treatment of methamphetamine on caudate dopamine and anorexia in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 14:1981;481-486
9. Bjorklund A., Dunnett S.B., Stenevi U., Lewis M.E., Iversen S.D. Reinnervation of the denervated striatum by substantia nigra transplants. functional consequences as revealed by pharmacological and sensorimotor testing Brain Res. 199:1980;307-333
10. Blundell J.E., Rogers P.J. Effects of anorexic drugs on food intake, food selection and preference and hunger motivation and subjective experiences. Drugs as tools for the investigation of human feeding Appetite. 1:1980;151-165
11. Booth D.A. Amphetamine anorexia by direct action on the adrenergic feeding system of rat hypothalamus. Nature. 217:1968;869-870
12. Borsini F., Bendotti C., Przewlocka B., Samanin R. Monoamine involvement in the overeating caused by muscimol injection in the rat nucleus raphe dorsalis and the effects of d-fenfluramine and d-amphetamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 94:1983;109-115
13. Brady J. Assessment of drug effects on emotional behavior. Science. 123:1956;1033-1034
14. Breese G.R., Smith R.D., Cooper B.R., Grant L.D. Alterations in consummatory behavior following intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1:1973;319-328
15. Butler A.A., Cone R.D. The melanocortin receptors. lessons from knockout models Neuropeptides. 36:2002;77-84
16. Cannon C.M., Bseikri M.R. Is dopamine required for natural reward? Physiol. Behav. 81:2004;741-748
17. Cannon C.M., Palmiter R.D. Reward without dopamine. J. Neurosci. 23:2003;10827-10831
18. Chen, J. (2001). Dopamine D2 receptor and obesity. Lancet 357, 1883.
19. Chen T.Y., Duh S.L., Huang C.C., Lin T.B., Kuo D.Y. Evidence for the involvement of dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptors in mediating the decrease of food intake during repeated treatment with amphetamine. J. Biomed. Sci. 8:2001;462-466
20. Cincotta A.H., Tozzo E., Scislowski P.W. Bromocriptine/SKF38393 treatment ameliorates obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in obese (ob/ob) mice. Life Sci. 61:1997;951-956
21. Clark J.M., Clark A.J., Winn P. N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the lateral hypothalamus do not reduce amphetamine or fenfluramine anorexia but enhance the acquisition of eating in response to tail pinch in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 109:1992;331-337
22. Dobrzanski S., Doggett N.S. The effect of propranolol phentolamine and pimozide on drug-induced anorexia in the mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 66:1979;297-300
23. Drago J., Gerfen C.R., Lachowicz J.E., Steiner H., Hollon T.R., Love P.E., Ooi G.T., Grinberg A., Lee E.J., Huang S.P., et al. Altered striatal function in a mutant mouse lacking D1A dopamine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;12564-12568
24. Durcan M.J., McWilliam J.R., Campbell I.C., Neale M.C., Dunn G. Chronic antidepressant drug regimes and food and water intake in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 30:1988;299-302
25. Erickson J.C., Clegg K.E., Palmiter R.D. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature. 381:1996;415-421
26. Fletcher P.J. Dopamine receptor blockade in nucleus accumbens or caudate nucleus differentially affects feeding induced by 8-OH-DPAT injected into dorsal or median raphe. Brain Res. 552:1991;181-189
27. Fletcher P.J., Davies M. The involvement of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in the eating induced by buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone. Br. J. Pharmacol. 99:1990;519-525
28. Fray P.J., Dunnett S.B., Iversen S.D., Bjorklund A., Stenevi U. Nigral transplants reinnervating the dopamine-depleted neostriatum can sustain intracranial self-stimulation. Science. 219:1983;416-419
29. Garosi V.L., Nisoli E., Blundell J.E., Carruba M.O. Pharmacological antagonism of lipoprivic feeding induced by sodium mercaptoacetate. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 276:1995;285-289
30. Gautier J.F., Chen K., Uecker A., Bandy D., Frost J., Salbe A.D., Pratley R.E., Lawson M., Ravussin E., Reiman E.M., Tataranni P.A. Regions of the human brain affected during a liquid-meal taste perception in the fasting state. a positron emission tomography study Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70:1999;806-810
31. Gilbert D., Cooper S. Analysis of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor involvement in d- and l-amphetamine-induced anorexia in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 15:1985;385-389
32. Gillard E.R., Dang D.Q., Stanley B.G. Evidence that neuropeptide Y and dopamine in the perifornical hypothalamus interact antagonistically in the control of food intake. Brain Res. 628:1993;128-136
33. Gorman A.L., Dunn A.J. Beta-adrenergic receptors are involved in stress-related behavioral changes. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 45:1993;1-7
34. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons. burst firing J. Neurosci. 4:1984;2877-2890
35. Hanlon, E.C., Baldo, B.A., Sadeghian, K., and Kelley, A.E. (2003). Increases in food intake or food-seeking behavior induced by GABAergic, opioid, or dopaminergic stimulation of the nucleus accumbens: is it hunger? Psychopharmacology (Berl).
36. Heffner T.G., Zigmond M.J., Stricker E.M. Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists of feeding in intact and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201:1977;386-399
37. Heisler L.K., Cowley M.A., Tecott L.H., Fan W., Low M.J., Smart J.L., Rubinstein M., Tatro J.B., Marcus J.N., Holstege H., et al. Activation of central melanocortin pathways by fenfluramine. Science. 297:2002;609-611
38. Heisler L.K., Cowley M.A., Kishi T., Tecott L.H., Fan W., Low M.J., Smart J.L., Rubinstein M., Tatro J.B., Zigman J.M., et al. Central serotonin and melanocortin pathways regulating energy homeostasis. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 994:2003;169-174
39. Heusner C.L., Hnasko T.S., Szczypka M.S., Liu Y., During M.J., Palmiter R.D. Viral restoration of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens is sufficient to induce a locomotor response to amphetamine. Brain Res. 980:2003;266-274
40. Hoebel B.G., Hernandez L., Schwartz D.H., Mark G.P., Hunter G.A. Microdialysis studies of brain norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine release during ingestive behavior. Theoretical and clinical implications Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 575:1989;171-191
41. Inoue K., Kiriike N., Fujisaki Y., Okuno M., Ito H., Yamagami S. D2 receptors in the ventrolateral striatum are involved in feeding behavior in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50:1995;153-161
42. Inoue K., Kiriike N., Kurioka M., Fujisaki Y., Iwasaki S., Yamagami S. Bromocriptine enhances feeding behavior without changing dopamine metabolism. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58:1997;183-188
43. Itoh T., Murai S., Nagahama H., Miyate H., Abe E., Fujiwara H., Saito Y. Effects of 24-hr fasting on methamphetamine- and apomorphine-induced locomotor activities, and on monoamine metabolism in mouse corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35:1990;391-396
44. Joseph M.H., Hodges H. Lever pressing for food reward and changes in dopamine turnover and uric acid in rat caudate and nucleus accumbens studied chronically by in vivo voltammetry. J. Neurosci. Methods. 34:1990;143-149
45. Joyce E.M., Iversen S.D. Dissociable effects of 6-OHDA-induced lesions of neostriatum on anorexia, locomotor activity and stereotypy. the role of behavioural competition Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 83:1984;363-366
46. Kaplan J.M., Sodersten P. Apomorphine suppresses ingestive behaviour in chronic decerebrate rats. Neuroreport. 5:1994;1839-1840
47. Kaur G., Kulkarni S.K. Studies on modulation of feeding behavior by atypical antipsychotics in female mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 26:2002;277-285
48. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Fleming S., Holahan M.R. A pharmacological analysis of the substrates underlying conditioned feeding induced by repeated opioid stimulation of the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology. 23:2000;455-467
49. Kelly P., Seviour P., Iversen S. Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Res. 94:1975;507-522
50. Kelly M.A., Rubinstein M., Asa S.L., Zhang G., Saez C., Bunzow J.R., Allen R.G., Hnasko R., Ben-Jonathan N., Grandy D.K., Low M.J. Pituitary lactotroph hyperplasia and chronic hyperprolactinemia in dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice. Neuron. 19:1997;103-113
51. Kim D.S., Palmiter R.D. Adenosine receptor blockade reverses hypophagia and enhances locomotor activity of dopamine-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:2003;1346-1351
52. Kobayashi M., Iaccarino C., Saiardi A., Heidt V., Bozzi Y., Picetti R., Vitale C., Westphal H., Drago J., Borrelli E. Simultaneous absence of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-mediated signaling is lethal in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101:2004;11465-11470
53. Kolb B., Nonneman A.J. Prefrontal cortex and the regulation of food intake in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 88:1975;806-815
54. Kolb B., Whishaw I.Q., Schallert T. Aphagia, behavior sequencing and body weight set point following orbital frontal lesions in rats. Physiol. Behav. 19:1977;93-103
55. Kraeuchi K., Rudolph K., Wirz-Justice A., Feer H. Similarities in feeding behavior of chronic methamphetamine treated and withdrawn rats to VMH lesioned rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 23:1985;917-920
56. Kuo D.Y. Co-administration of dopamine D1 and D2 agonists additively decreases daily food intake, body weight and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y level in rats. J. Biomed. Sci. 9:2002;126-132
57. Kuo D.Y. Further evidence for the mediation of both subtypes of dopamine D1/D2 receptors and cerebral neuropeptide Y (NPY) in amphetamine-induced appetite suppression. Behav. Brain Res. 147:2003;149-155
58. Kuo D.Y., Hsu C.T., Cheng J.T. Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the change of feeding behavior induced by repeated treatment of amphetamine. Life Sci. 70:2001;243-251
59. Lazareno S. d-Amphetamine and punished responding. the role of catecholamines and anorexia Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 66:1979;133-142
60. Leibowitz S.F. Hypothalamic beta-adrenergic "satiety" system antagonizes an alpha-adrenergic "hunger" system in the rat. Nature. 226:1970;963-964. a
61. Leibowitz S.F. Reciprocal hunger-regulating circuits involving alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors located, respectively, in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 67:1970;1063-1070. b
62. Leibowitz S.F. Amphetamine. possible site and mode of action for producing anorexia in the rat Brain Res. 84:1975;160-167. a
63. Leibowitz S.F. Catecholaminergic mechanisms of the lateral hypothalamus. their role in the mediation of amphetamine anorexia Brain Res. 98:1975;529-545. b
64. Leibowitz S., Rossakis C. Analysis of feeding suppression produced by perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines, and mazindol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 53:1979;69-81
65. Leibowitz S.F., Shor-Posner G. Brain serotonin and eating behavior. Appetite Suppl. 7:1986;1-14
66. Levine A.S., Morley J.E. Neuropeptide Y. a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats Peptides. 5:1984;1025-1029
67. Li, S., and Pelletier, G. (1986). The role of dopamine in the control of neuropeptide Y neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neuroscience Letters 69.
68. Lu Y., Rowland N.E. Increased feeding after treatment with fructose, but not glucose, antimetabolites in rats with dopamine-depleting brain lesions. Brain Res. 617:1993;120-122
69. Lutz T.A., Tschudy S., Mollet A., Geary N., Scharrer E. Dopamine D(2) receptors mediate amylin's acute satiety effect. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280:2001;R1697-R1703
70. Maldonado-Irizarry C.S., Swanson C.J., Kelley A.E. Glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell control feeding behavior via the lateral hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;6779-6788
71. Marshall J.F., Teitelbaum P. A comparison of the eating in response to hypothermic and glucoprivic challenges after nigral 6-hydroxydopamine and lateral hypothalamic electrolytic lesions in rats. Brain Res. 55:1973;229-233
72. Milatovich A., Hsieh C.L., Bonaminio G., Tecott L., Julius D., Francke U. Serotonin receptor 1c gene assigned to X chromosome in human (band q24) and mouse (bands D-F4). Hum. Mol. Genet. 1:1992;681-684
73. Morley J.E., Flood J.F. An investigation of tolerance to the actions of leptogenic and anorexigenic drugs in mice. Life Sci. 41:1987;2157-2165
74. Morley J.E., Levine A.S., Murray S.S., Kneip J., Grace M. Peptidergic regulation of stress-induced eating. Am. J. Physiol. 243:1982;R159-R163
75. Naruse T., Amano H., Koizumi Y. Possible involvement of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in diazepam-induced hyperphagia in rats. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 5:1991;677-693
76. Neill D.B., Grossman S.P. Interaction of the effects of reserpine and amphetamine on food and water intake. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 76:1971;327-336
77. Neill D.B., Parker S.D., Gold M.S. Striatal dopaminergic modulation of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:1975;485-491
78. Nicola S.M., Surmeier J., Malenka R.C. Dopaminergic modulation of neuronal excitability in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23:2000;185-215
79. Nissbrandt H., Elverfors A., Engberg G. Pharmacologically induced cessation of burst activity in nigral dopamine neurons. significance for the terminal dopamine efflux Synapse. 17:1994;217-224
80. Noble E.P. D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes. Am. J. Med. Genet. 116B:2003;103-125
81. Nonogaki K., Strack A.M., Dallman M.F., Tecott L.H. Leptin-independent hyperphagia and type 2 diabetes in mice with a mutated serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene. Nat. Med. 4:1998;1152-1156
82. Obuchowicz E. Long-term treatment with chlorpromazine and haloperidol but not with sulpiride and clozapine markedly elevates neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus. Neuropeptides. 30:1996;471-478
83. Pal G.K., Thombre D.P. Modulation of feeding and drinking by dopamine in caudate and accumbens nuclei in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 31:1993;750-754
84. Papp M., Bal A. Separation of the motivational and motor consequences of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesolimbic or nigrostriatal system in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 23:1987;221-229
85. Parada M., Hernandez L., Schwartz D., Hoebel B.G. Hypothalamic infusion of amphetamine increases serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Physiol. Behav. 44:1988;607-610. a
86. Parada M.A., Hernandez L., Hoebel B.G. Sulpiride injections in the lateral hypothalamus induce feeding and drinking in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 30:1988;917-923. b
87. Parada M.A., Hernandez L., Degoma E. Serotonin may play a role in the anorexia induced by amphetamine injections into the lateral hypothalamus. Brain Res. 577:1992;218-225
88. Parker G.C., Rugg E.L., Winn P. Cholinergic stimulation of substantia nigra. abolition of carbachol-induced eating by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of nigrostriatal dopamine neurones Exp. Brain Res. 87:1991;597-603
89. Pelletier G., Simard J. Dopaminergic regulation of pre-proNPY mRNA levels in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 127:1991;96-98
90. Pelleymounter M.A., Lorden J.F. Feeding, activity, and body temperature following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in diabetes (db/db) mice. Behav. Neurosci. 97:1983;810-821
91. Phillips A.G., Nikaido R.S. Disruption of brain stimulation-induced feeding by dopamine receptor blockade. Nature. 258:1975;750-751
92. Phillips G., Willner P., Sampson D., Nunn J., Muscat R. Time-, schedule-, and reinforcer-dependent effects of pimozide and amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 104:1991;125-131
93. Rahminiwati M., Nishimura M. Diazepam-induced hyperphagia in mice is sensitive to quinpirole. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61:1999;777-780
94. Rios M., Habecker B., Sasaoko T., Eisenhofer G., Tian H., Landis S., Chikaraishi D., Roffler-Tarlov S. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;3519-3526
95. Samarghandian S., Ohata H., Yamauchi N., Shibasaki T. Corticotropin-releasing factor as well as opioid and dopamine are involved in tail-pinch-induced food intake of rats. Neuroscience. 116:2003;519-524
96. Sanghvi I.S., Singer G., Friedman E., Gershon S. Anorexigenic effects of d-amphetamine and l-DOPA in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:1975;81-86
97. Schneider L.H. Orosensory self-stimulation by sucrose involves brain dopaminergic mechanisms. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 575:1989;307-319
98. Scislowski P.W., Tozzo E., Zhang Y., Phaneuf S., Prevelige R., Cincotta A.H. Biochemical mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of diabetic and obese conditions in ob/ob mice treated with dopaminergic agonists. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 23:1999;425-431
99. Sederholm F., Johnson A.E., Brodin U., Sodersten P. Dopamine D(2) receptors and ingestive behavior. brainstem mediates inhibition of intraoral intake and accumbens mediates aversive taste behavior in male rats Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 160:2002;161-169
100. Skinner B., Heron W. Effects of caffeine and benzidrine on conditioning and extinction. Psychol. Rev. 1:1937;340-346
101. Sorenson C.A., Ellison G.D. Striatal organization of feeding behavior in the decorticate rat. Exp. Neurol. 29:1970;162-174
102. Sulzer D., Chen T.K., Lau Y.Y., Kristensen H., Rayport S., Ewing A. Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;4102-4108
103. Szczypka M.S., Rainey M.A., Kim D.S., Alaynick W.A., Marck B.T., Matsumoto A.M., Palmiter R.D. Feeding behavior in dopamine-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;12138-12143
104. Szczypka M.S., Rainey M.A., Palmiter R.D. Dopamine is required for hyperphagia in Lep(ob/ob) mice. Nat. Genet. 25:2000;102-104
105. Szczypka M.S., Kwok K., Brot M.D., Marck B.T., Matsumoto A.M., Donahue B.A., Palmiter R.D. Dopamine production in the caudate putamen restores feeding in dopamine-deficient mice. Neuron. 30:2001;819-828
106. Tecott L.H., Abdallah L. Mouse genetic approaches to feeding regulation. serotonin 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice CNS Spectr. 8:2003;584-588
107. Thomas S.A., Matsumoto A.M., Palmiter R.D. Noradrenaline is essential for mouse fetal development. Nature. 374:1995;643-646
108. Thomas S.A., Marck B.T., Palmiter R.D., Matsumoto A.M. Restoration of norepinephrine and reversal of phenotypes in mice lacking dopamine beta-hydroxylase. J. Neurochem. 70:1998;2468-2476
109. Ungerstedt U. Adipsia and aphagia after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367:1971;95-122
110. van der Hoek G.A., Cooper S.J. The selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909. its effects on the microstructure of feeding in rats Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 48:1994;135-140
111. Venton B.J., Zhang H., Garris P.A., Phillips P.E., Sulzer D., Wightman R.M. Real-time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing. J. Neurochem. 87:2003;1284-1295
112. Vickers S.P., Clifton P.G., Dourish C.T., Tecott L.H. Reduced satiating effect of d-fenfluramine in serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.). 143:1999;309-314
113. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Logan J., Pappas N.R., Wong C.T., Zhu W., Netusil N., Fowler J.S. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 357:2001;354-357
114. Wellman P.J. Effects of haloperidol on anorexia induced by l-norephedrine and d-amphetamine in adult rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35:1990;457-460
115. Wellman P., Ho D., Cepeda-Benito A., Bellinger L., Nation J. Cocaine-induced hypophagia and hyperlocomotion in rats are attenuated by prazosin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 455:2002;117-126
116. Whittier J., Orr H. Hyperkinesis and other physiological effects of caudate deficit in the adult albino rat. Neurology. 12:1962;529-534
117. Willner P., Towell A. Microstructural analysis of the involvement of beta-receptors in amphetamine anorexia. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 17:1982;255-262
118. Winn P., Tarbuck A., Dunnett S. Ibotenic acid lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. comparison with electrolytic lesion syndrome Neuroscience. 12:1984;225-240
119. Wolgin D.L., Oslan I.A., Thompson G.B. Effects of "anorexia" on appetitive and consummatory behavior. Behav. Neurosci. 102:1988;312-318
120. Yang Z.-J., Meguid M. LHA-dopamine activity in obese and lean Zucker rats. Neuroreport. 6:1995;1191-1194
121. Yang Z.J., Koseki M., Meguid M.M., Laviano A. Eating-related increase of dopamine concentration in the LHA with oronasal stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 270:1996;R315-R318
122. Yang Z.J., Meguid M.M., Chai J.K., Chen C., Oler A. Bilateral hypothalamic dopamine infusion in male Zucker rat suppresses feeding due to reduced meal size. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58:1997;631-635
123. Zhang M., Balmadrid C., Kelley A.E. Nucleus accumbens opioid, GABaergic, and dopaminergic modulation of palatable food motivation. contrasting effects revealed by a progressive ratio study in the rat Behav. Neurosci. 117:2003;202-211
124. Zhou Q.Y., Palmiter R.D. Dopamine-deficient mice are severely hypoactive, adipsic, and aphagic. Cell. 83:1995;1197-1209
125. Zigmond M.J., Stricker E.M. Deficits in feeding behavior after intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. Science. 177:1972;1211-1214