Evidence for 930 Ma metamorphism in the Shetland Islands, Scottish Caledonides: Implications for Neoproterozoic tectonics in the Laurentia-Baltica sector of Rodinia

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 166, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1033-1047

  Cutts, K A ^a   Hand, M ^a   Kelsey, D E ^a   Wade, B ^a   Strachan, R A ^b   Clark, C ^c   Netting, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBOLITE FACIES; BALTICA; CALEDONIAN OROGENY; DATING METHOD; DEPOSITION; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA METHOD; LAURENTIA; METAMORPHISM; MONAZITE; ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN BOUNDARY; PROTEROZOIC; RODINIA; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; ZIRCON;

ARCTIC; CALEDONIDES; EAST GREENLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; GREENLAND; SCOTLAND; SHETLAND; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 70350612840     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492009-006     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Åhäll, K.I. & Connelly, J. 1998. Intermittent 1.53-1.13 Ga magmatism in western Baltica; age constraints and correlations within a postulated supercontinent. Precambrian Research, 92, 1-20.
2. Andersen, T. 2005. Detrital zircons as tracers of sedimentary provenance: limiting conditions from statistics and numerical simulation. Chemical Geology, 216, 249-270.
3. Andersson, J., Söderlund, U. Cornell, D. Johansson, L. & Möller, C. 1999. Sveconorwegian (-Grenvillian) deformation, metamorphism and leucosome formation in SW Sweden, SW Baltic Shield: constraints from a Mesoproterozoic granite intrusion. Precambrian Research, 98, 151-171.
4. Andersson, J., Möller, C. & Johansson, L. 2002. Zircon geochronology of migmatite gneisses along the Mylonite Zone (S Sweden): a major Sveconorwegian terrane boundary in the Baltic Shield. Precambrian Research, 114, 121-147.
5. Bingen, B. & van Breemen, O. 1998. U-Pb monazite ages in amphibolite- to granulite-facies orthogneiss reflect hydrous mineral breakdown reactions: Sveconorwegian Province of SW Norway. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 132, 336-353.
6. Bingen, B., Davis, W.J. & Austrheim, H. 2001. Zircon U-Pb geochronology in the Bergen Arc eclogites and their Proterozoic protoliths, and implications for the pre-Scandian evolution of the Caledonides in western Norway. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 640-649.
7. Bingen, B., Skår, Ø. Marker, M. et al. 2005. Timing of continental building in the Sveconorwegian orogen, SW Scandinavia. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 85, 87-116.
8. Bingen, B., Davis, W.J., Hamilton, M.A. Engvik, A. Stein, H.J. Skår, Ø. & Nordgulen, Ø. 2008a. Geochronology of high-grade metamorphism in the Sveconorwegian belt, S. Norway: U-Pb, Th-Pb and Re-Os data. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 88, 13-42.
9. Bingen, B., Nordgulen, Ø. & Viola, G. 2008b. A four-phase model for the Sveconorwegian orogeny, SW Scandinavia. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 88, 43-72.
10. British Geological Survey. 2002. Unst and Fetlar. Scotland Sheet 131. Solid and Drift Geology. 1:50 000. Keyworth, Nottingham. British Geological Survey.
11. Cannat, M. 1989. Late Caledonian northeastward ophiolite thrusting in the Shetland Islands, U.K. Tectonophysics, 169, 257-270.
12. Cawood, P.A. & Pisarevsky, S.A. 2006. Was Baltica right-way up or upside down in the Neoproterozoic? Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 753-759.
13. Cawood, P.A., McCausland, P.J.A. & Dunning, G.R. 2001. Opening Iapetus: constraints from the Laurentian margin in Newfoundland. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 443-453.
14. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A. Smith, M. & Loewy, S. 2003. Source of the Dalradian Supergroup constrained by U-Pb dating of detrital zircon and implications for the East Laurentia margin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 231-246.
15. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A., Strachan, R.A. Kinny, P.D. & Loewy, S. 2004. Laurentian provenance and an intracratonic tectonic setting for the Moine Supergroup, Scotland, constrained by detrital zircons from the Loch Eil and Glen Urquhart successions. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 861-874.
16. Cawood, P.A., Nemchin, A.A. Strachan, R.A. Prave, T. & Krabbendam, M. 2007. Sedimentary basin and detrital zircon record along East Laurentia and Baltica during assembly and breakup of Rodinia. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 257-275.
17. Cawood, P.A., Strachan, R.A. Cutts, K.A. Kinny, P.D. Hand, M. & Pisarevsky, S. 2009. Neoproterozoic orogeny along the margin of Rodinia: Valhalla orogen, North Atlantic. Geology.
18. Clark, C., Mumm, A.S. & Faure, K. 2005. Timing and nature of fluid flow and alteration during Mesoproterozoic shear zone formation, Olary Domain, South Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23, 147-164.
19. Coggon, R. & Holland, T.J.B. 2002. Mixing properties of phengitic micas and revised garnet-phengite thermobarometers. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 683-696.
20. Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M. Hoskin, P.W.O. & Kinny, P. 2003. Atlas of zircon textures. In: Hanchar, J.M. & Hoskin, P.W.O. (eds) Zircon, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 53, Mineralogical Society of America, 469-500.
21. Cutts, K.A., Hand, M. Kelsey, D.E. & Strachan, R.A. 2009. Orogenic versus extensional settings for regional metamorphism: Knoydartian events in the Moine Supergroup revisited. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 166, 201-204.
22. Daly, J.S., Aitcheson, S.J. Cliff, R.A. Gayer, R.A. & Rice, A.H.N. 1991. Geochronological evidence from discordant plutons for a late Proterozoic orogen in the Caledonides of Finnmark, northern Norway. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 148, 29-40.
23. Dalziel, I.W.D. 1997. Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109, 16-42.
24. Davidson, A. 2008. Late Palaeoproterozoic to mid-Neoproterozoic history of northern Laurentia: An overview of central Rodinia. Precambrian Research, 160, 5-22.
25. Dewey, J.F. & Shackleton, R.M. 1984. A model for the evolution of the Grampian tract in the early Caledonides and Appalachians. Nature, 312, 115-121.
26. Dewey, J.F. & Strachan, R.A. 2003. Changing Silurian-Devonian relative plate motion in the Caledonides: sinistral transpression to sinistral transtension. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 219-229.
27. Dutch, R., Hand, M. & Kinny, P. 2008. High-grade Proterozoic reworking of the southeastern Gawler Craton, South Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, 1063-1081.
28. Emery, M. Poly-orogenic history of the Moine rocks of Glen Urquhart, eastern Inverness-shire. PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth.
29. Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Kinny, P.D. Wetherly, S. & Hollingsworth, D.A. 2005. Bulk chemical control on metamorphic monazite growth in pelitic schists and implications for U-Pb age data. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23, 261-277.
30. Flinn, D. 1985. The Caledonides of Shetland. In: Gee, D.G. & Sturt, B.A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas. Wiley, Chichester, 1158-1171.
31. Flinn, D. 1988. The Moine rocks of Shetland. In: Winchester, J.A. (ed.) Later Proterozoic Stratigraphy of the Northern Atlantic Regions. Blackie, Glasgow, 74-85.
32. Flinn, D. 1992. The history of the Walls Boundary fault. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 721-726.
33. Flinn, D. 1994. Geology of Yell and some neighbouring islands in Shetland. Memoir of the British Geological Survey. Sheet 130 (Scotland).
34. Flinn, D. 2000. The architecture of the Shetland Ophiolite. Scottish Journal of Geology, 36, 123-135.
35. Flinn, D. & Oglethorpe, R.J.D. 2005. A history of the Shetland Ophiolite Complex. Scottish Journal of Geology, 41, 141-148.
36. Flinn, D., May, F. Roberts, J.L. & Treagus, J.E. 1972. A review of the stratigraphic succession of the East Mainland Succession of Shetland. Scottish Journal of Geology, 8, 335-343.
37. Flinn, D., Frank, P.L. Brook, M. & Pringle, I.R. 1979. Basement-cover relations in Shetland. In: Harris, A.L., Holland, C.H. & Leake, B.E. (eds) The Caledonides of the British Isles-Reviewed. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 109-115.
38. Friend, C.R.L., Kinny, P.D. Rogers, G. Strachan, R.A. & Paterson, B.A. 1997. U-Pb zircon geochronological evidence for Neoproterozoic events in the Glenfinnan Group (Moine Supergroup): the formation of the Ardgour granite gneiss, north-west Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 128, 101-113.
39. Friend, C.R.L., Strachan, R.A. Kinny, P.D. & Watt, G.R. 2003. Provenance of the Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland: evidence from geochronology of detrital and inherited zircons from (meta)sedimentary rocks, granites and migmatites. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 247-257.
40. Garson, M.S. & Plant, J.A. 1973. Alpine-type ultramafic rocks and episodic mountain building in the Scottish Highlands. Nature, London, 242, 34-38.
41. Gee, D.G. & Tebenkov, A.M. 2004. Svalbard: a fragment of the Laurentian margin. In: Gee, D.G. & Pease, V.L. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica, Memoirs, 30, Geological Society, London, 191-206.
42. Gee, D.G., Johansson, A. Ohta, Y. et al. 1995. Grenvillian basement and a major unconformity within the Caledonides of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Precambrian Research, 70, 215-234.
43. Giletti, B.J., Moorbath, S. & Lambert, R. 1961. A geochronological study of the metamorphic complexes of the Scottish Highlands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 117, 233-272.
44. Glodny, J., Kühn, A. & Austrheim, H. 2008. Diffusion versus recrystallization processes in Rb-Sr geochronology: Isotopic relics in eclogite facies rocks, Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 506-525.
45. Goncalves, P., Nicollet, C. & Montel, J. 2004. Petrology and in situ U-Th-Pb monazite geochronology of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism from the Andriamena mafic unit, north-central Madagascar. Significance of a petrographical P-T path in a polymetamorphic context. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1923-1957.
46. Gower, C.F. 1996. The evolution of the Grenville Province in eastern Labrador, Canada. In: Brewer, T.S. (ed.) Precambrian Crustal Evolution in the North Atlantic Region, Special Publications, 112, Geological Society, London, 197-218.
47. Gower, C.F. & Tucker, R.D. 1994. The distribution of pre-1400 Ma crust in the Grenville Province: implications for rifting in Laurentia-Baltica during geon 14. Geology, 22, 827-830.
48. Hand, M. & Sandiford, M. 1999. Intraplate deformation in central Australia, the link between subsidence and fault reactivation. Tectonophysics, 305, 121-140.
49. Hand, M., Dirks, P.H.G.M. Buick, I.S. & Powell, R. 1992. How well established is isobaric cooling in Proterozoic terranes: an example from central Australia. Geology, 20, 649-652.
50. Harris, A.L., Haselock, P.J., Kennedy, M.J., Mendum, J.R., Long, C.B., Winchester, J.A. & Tanner, P.W.G. 1994. The Dalradian Supergroup in Scotland, Shetland and Ireland. In: Gibbons, W. & Harris, A.L. (eds) A Revised Correlation of Precambrian Rocks in the British Isles, Special Reports, 22, Geological Society, London, 33-53.
51. Higgins, A.K., Elvevold, S., Escher, J.C. et al. 2004. The foreland-propagating thrust architecture of the East Greenland Caledonides 72-75°N. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 1009-1026.
52. Highton, A.J., Hyslop, E.K. & Noble, S.R. 1999. U-Pb zircon geochronology of migmatization in the northern Central Highlands: evidence for pre-Caledonian (Neoproterozoic) tectonometamorphism in the Grampian block, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 1195-1204.
53. Hoffman, P.F. 1991. Did the breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out? Science, 252, 1409-1412.
54. Holland, T.J.B. & Powell, R. 2003. Activity-composition relations for phases in petrological calculations: an asymmetric multicomponent formulation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145, 492-501.
55. Holland, T.J.B., Baker, J.M. & Powell, R. 1998. Mixing properties and activity-composition relationships of chlorites in the system MgO-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. European Journal of Mineralogy, 10, 395-406.
56. Jackson, S.E., Pearson, N.J., Griffin, W.L. & Belousova, E.A. 2004. The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to in-situ U-Pb zircon geochronology. Chemical Geology, 211, 47-69.
57. Johansson, A., Larionov, A.N., Tebenkov, A.M., Gee, D.G., Whitehouse, M.J. & Vestin, J. 2000. Grenvillian magmatism of western and central Nordaustlandet, northeastern Svalbard. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 90, 221-254.
58. Johansson, A., Larionov, A.N., Gee, D.G., Ohta, Y., Tebenkov, A.M. & Sandelin, S. 2004. Grenvillian and Caledonian tectono-magmatic activity in northeasternmost Svalbard. In: Gee, D.G. & Pease, V. (eds) The Neoproterozoic Timanide Orogen of Eastern Baltica, Memoirs, 30, Geological Society, London, 207-232.
59. Johansson, J., Möller, C. & Söderlund, U. 2001. Geochronology of eclogite facies metamorphism in the Sveconorwegian Province of SW Sweden. Precambrian Research, 106, 261-275.
60. Kalsbeek, F., Thrane, K., Nutman, A.P. & Jepson, H.F. 2000. Late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic history of the East Greenland Caledonides: evidence for Grenvillian orogenesis? Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1215-1225.
61. Kelsey, D.E., Powell, R., Wilson, C.J.L. & Steele, D.A. 2003. (Th + U)-Pb monazite ages from Al-Mg-rich metepelites, Rauer Group, east Antarctica. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 146, 326-340.
62. Kelsey, D.E., Hand, M., Clark, C. & Wilson, C.J.L. 2007. On the application of in situ monazite chemical geochronology to constraining P-T-t histories in high-temperature (>850 °C) polymetamorphic granulites from Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 667-683.
63. Kinnaird, T.C., Prave, A.R., Kirkland, C.L., Horstwood, M., Parrish, R. & Batchelor, R.A. 2007. The late Mesoproterozoic-early Neoproterozoic tectonostratigraphic evolution of NW Scotland: the Torridonian revisited. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 541-551.
64. Kinny, P.D., Friend, C.R.L., Strachan, R.A., Watt, G.R. & Burns, I.M. 1999. U-Pb geochronology of regional migmatites in East Sutherland, Scotland: evidence of crustal melting during the Caledonian Orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 1143-1152.
65. Kinny, P.D., Strachan, R.A., Friend, C.R.L., Kocks, H., Rogers, G. & Paterson, B.A. 2003a. U-Pb geochronology of deformed metagranites in central Sutherland, Scotland: evidence for widespread late Silurian metamorphism and ductile deformation of the Moine Supergroup during the Caledonian orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 259-269.
66. Kinny, P.D., Strachan, R.A., Kocks, H. & Friend, C.R.L. 2003b. U-Pb geochronology of late Neoproterozoic augen granites in the Moine Supergroup, NW Scotland: dating of rift-related, felsic magmatism during supercontinent break-up? Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 925-934.
67. Kirkland, C.L., Daly, J.S. & Whitehouse, M.J. 2006. Granitic magmatism of Grenvillian and late Neoproterozoic age in Finnmark, Arctic Norway-Constraining pre-Scandian deformation in the Kalak Nappe Complex. Precambrian Research, 145, 24-52.
68. Kirkland, C.L., Daly, J.S. & Whitehouse, M.J. 2007. Provenance and terrane evolution of the Kalak Nappe Complex, Norwegian Caledonides: implications for Neoproterozoic paleogeography and tectonics. Journal of Geology, 115, 21-41.
69. Kirkland, C.L., Strachan, R.A. & Prave, A.R. 2008. Detrital zircon signature of the Moine Supergroup, Scotland: contrasts and comparisons with other Neoproterozoic successions within the circum-North Atlantic region. Precambrian Research, 163, 332-350.
70. Kretz, R. 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277-279.
71. Leslie, A.G. & Nutman, A.P. 2003. Evidence for Neoproterozoic orogenesis and early high temperature Scandian deformation events in the southern East Greenland Caledonides. Geological Magazine, 140, 309-333.
72. Li, Z.X., Bogdanova, S.V. Collins, A.S. et al. 2008. Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis. Precambrian Research, 160, 179-210.
73. Long, L.E. & Lambert, R. 1964. Rb-Sr isotope ages from the Moine series. In: Johnson, M.R.W. & Stewart, F.H. (eds) The British Caledonides. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 217-239.
74. Ludwig, K.R. 2003. Users manual for Isoplot 3.00, A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Berkeley Geochronology Centre Special Publication, 4.
75. Lundmark, A.M., Corfu, F., Spürgin, S. & Selbekk, R.S. 2007. Proterozoic evolution and provenance of the high-grade Jotun Nappe Complex, SW Norway: U-Pb geochronology. Precambrian Research, 159, 133-154.
76. Millar, I.L. 1999. Neoproterozoic extensional basic magmatism associated with the West Highland granite gneiss in the Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 1153-1162.
77. Möller, C., Andersson, J., Lundqvist, I. & Hellström, F. 2007. Linking deformation, migmatite formation and zircon U-Pb geochronology in polymetamorphic orthogneisses, Sveconorwegian Province, Sweden. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 25, 727-750.
78. Montel, J.M., Kornprobst, J. & Vielzeuf, D. 2000. Preservation of old U-Th-Pb ages in shielded monazite: example from the Beni Bousera Hercynian kinzigites (Morocco). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, 335-342.
79. Noble, S.R., Hyslop, E.K. & Highton, A.J. 1996. High-precision U-Pb monazite geochronology of the c. 806 Ma Grampian Shear Zone and the implications for the evolution of the Central Highlands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 153, 511-514.
80. Paulsson, O. & Andréasson, P. 2002. Attempted break-up of Rodinia at 850 Ma: geochronological evidence from the Seve-Kalak Superterrane, Scandinavian Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 159, 751-761.
81. Payne, J.L., Barovich, K.M. & Hand, M. 2006. Provenance of metasedimentary rocks in the northern Gawler Craton, Australia: Implications for Palaeoproterozoic reconstructions. Precambrian Research, 148, 275-291.
82. Payne, J.L., Hand, M., Barovich, K.M. & Wade, B.P. 2008. Temporal constraints on the timing of high-grade metamorphism in the northern Gawler Craton: implications for assembly of the Australian Proterozoic. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, 623-640.
83. Pettersson, C.H., Tebenkov, A.M., Larionov, A.N., Andresen, A. & Pease, V. 2009. Timing of migmatization and granite genesis in the Northwestern Terrane of Svalbard, Norway: implications for regional correlations in the Arctic Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 166, 147-158.
84. Pickering, K.T., Bassett, M.G. & Siveter, D.J. 1988. Late Ordovician-early Silurian destruction of the Iapetus Ocean: Newfoundland, British Isles and Scandinavia-a discussion. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 79, 361-382.
85. Powell, R. & Holland, T. 1988. An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Application methods, worked examples and a computer program. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6, 173-204.
86. Powell, R. & Holland, T. 1994. Optimal geothermometry and geobarometry. American Mineralogist, 79, 120-133.
87. Powell, R. & Holland, T. 1999. Relating formulations of the thermodynamics of mineral solid solutions; activity modelling of pyroxenes, amphiboles and micas. American Mineralogist, 84, 1-14.
88. Pyle, J.M., Spear, F.S., Wark, D.A., Daniel, C.G. & Storm, L.C. 2005. Contributions to precision and accuracy of monazite microprobe ages. American Mineralogist, 90, 547-577.
89. Read, H.H. 1934. The metamorphic geology of Unst in the Shetland Islands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 90, 637-688.
90. Ritchie, J.D., Hitchen, K. & Mitchell, J.G. 1987. The offshore continuation of the Moine Thrust north of Shetland as deduced from basement isotopic ages. Scottish Journal of Geology, 23, 163-173.
91. Rivers, T. 1997. Lithotectonic elements of the Grenville Province: review and tectonic implications. Precambrian Research, 86, 117-154.
92. Rogers, G., Hyslop, E.K., Strachan, R.A., Paterson, B.A. & Holdsworth, R.E. 1998. The structural setting and U-Pb geochronology of Knoydartian pegmatites in the W Inverness-shire: evidence for Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events in the Moine of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 155, 685-696.
93. Rogers, G., Kinny, P.D., Strachan, R.A., Friend, C.R.L. & Paterson, B.A. 2001. U-Pb geochronology of the Fort Augustus granite gneiss: constraints on the timing of Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic tectonothermal events in the NW Highlands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 158, 7-14.
94. Sandiford, M. & Hand, M. 1998. Controls on the locus of intraplate deformation in central Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 162, 87-110.
95. Sandiford, M., Hand, M. & McLaren, S. 2001. Tectonic feedback, intraplate orogeny and the geochemical structure of the crust; a central Australian perspective. In: Miller, J.A., Holdsworth, R.E., Buick, I.S. & Hand, M. (eds) Continental Reactivation and Reworking, Special Publications, 184, Geological Society, London, 195-218.
96. Scrimgeour, I. & Raith, J.G. 2001. High-grade reworking of Proterozoic granulites during Ordovician intraplate transpression, eastern Arunta Inlier, central Australia. In: Miller, J.A., Holdsworth, R.E., Buick, I.S. & Hand, M. (eds) Continental Reactivation and Reworking, Special Publications, 184, Geological Society, London, 261-287.
97. Smith, H.A. & Barreiro, B. 1990. Monazite U-Pb dating of staurolite grade metamorphism of pelitic schists. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 105, 602-615.
98. Söderlund, U., Möller, C., Andersson, J., Johansson, L. & Whitehouse, M. 2002. Zircon geochronology in polymetamorphic gneisses in the Sveconorwegian orogen, SW Sweden: ion microprobe evidence for 1.46-1.42 and 0.98-0.96 Ga reworking. Precambrian Research, 113, 193-225.
99. Soper, N.J., Strachan, R.A., Holdsworth, R.E., Gayer, R.A. & Greiling, R.O. 1992. Sinistral transpression and the Silurian closure of Iapetus. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 149, 871-880.
100. Spear, F.S. & Pyle, J.M. 2002. Apatite, xenotime, and monazite in metamorphic rocks. In: Kohn, M.L., Rakovan, J. & Hughes, J.M. (eds) Phosphates-Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 48, Mineralogical Society of America, 293-335.
101. Spray, J.G. 1988. Thrust-related metamorphism beneath the Shetland Islands oceanic fragment, northeast Scotland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, 1760-1776.
102. Spray, J.G. & Dunning, G.R. 1991. A U/Pb age for the Shetland Islands oceanic fragment, Scottish Caledonides: evidence from anatectic plagiogranites in 'layer 3' shear zones. Geological Magazine, 128, 667-671.
103. Strachan, R.A., Nutman, A.P. & Friderichsen, J.D. 1995. SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology and metamorphic history of the Smallefjord sequence, NE Greenland Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 152, 779-784.
104. Swain, G.M., Hand, M., Teasdale, J., Rutherford, L. & Clark, C. 2005. Age constraints on terrane-scale shear zones in the Gawler Craton, Southern Australia. Precambrian Research, 139, 164-180.
105. Tanner, P.W.G. & Evans, J.A. 2003. Late Precambrian U-Pb titanate ages for peak regional metamorphism and deformation (Knoydartian orogeny) in the western Moine, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 160, 555-564.
106. Tinkham, D.K., Zuluaga, C.A. & Stowell, H.H. 2001. Metapelite phase equilibria modelling in MnNCKFMASH: The effect of variable Al2O3 and MgO/(MgO + FeO) on mineral stability. Geological Materials Research, 3, 1-42.
107. Van Breemen, O., Pidgeon, R.T. & Johnson, M.R.W. 1974. Precambrian and Palaeozoic pegmatites in the Moines of northern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 130, 493-507.
108. Vance, D., Strachan, R.A. & Jones, K.A. 1998. Extensional versus compressional setting for metamorphism: Garnet chronometry and pressure-temperature-time histories in the Moine Supergroup, northwest Scotland. Geology, 26, 927-930.
109. Vermeesch, P. 2004. How many grains are needed for a provenance study? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 244, 441-451.
110. Wade, B.P., Payne, J.L., Hand, M. & Barovich, K.M. 2007. Petrogenesis of ca. 1.5 Ga granitic gneiss of the Coompana Block: filling the 'magmatic gap' of Mesoproterozoic Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54, 1089-1102.
111. Wade, B.P., Hand, M., Maidment, D.W., Close, D.F. & Scrimgeour, I.R. 2008. Origin of metasedimentary and ignous rocks from the Entia Dome, eastern Arunta region, central Australia: a U-Pb LA-ICPMS, SHRIMP and Sm-Nd isotope study. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, 703-719.
112. Wang, X.-D., Söderlund, U., Lindh, A. & Johansson, L. 1998. U-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of high-pressure granulite- and upper amphibolite rocks from SW Sweden. Precambrian Research, 92, 319-339.
113. Watt, G.R. & Thrane, K. 2001. Early Neoproterozoic events in East Greenland. Precambrian Research, 110, 165-184.
114. Watt, G.R., Kinny, P.D. & Friderichsen, J.D. 2000. U-Pb geochronology of Neoproterozoic and Caledonian tectonothermal events in the East Greenland Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1031-1048.
115. Watts, L.M., Holdsworth, R.E., Sleight, J.A., Strachan, R.A. & Smith, S.A.F. 2007. The movement history and fault rock evolution of a reactivated crustal-scale strike-slip fault: the Walls Boundary Fault, Shetland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 1037-1058.
116. White, R.W., Powell, R. & Holland, T.J.B. 2001. Calculation of partial melting equilibria in the system Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (NCKFMASH). Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19, 139-153