Comparison of oxycodone in vitreous humor and blood using EMIT® screening and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric quantitation

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 433-438

  Knittel, Jessica L ^a   Clay, David J ^b   Bailey, Kristen M ^b   Gebhardt, Myron A ^b   Kraner, James C ^b  

^a MARSHALL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Office of the Chief Medical Examiner   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYCODONE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; ENZYME MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 70350499854     PISSN: 01464760     EISSN: 01464760     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jat/33.8.433     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. P. Holmgren, H. Druid, A. Holmgren, and J. Ahlner. Stability of drugs in stored postmortem femoral blood and vitreous humor. J. Forensic Sci. 49: 820-825 (2004).
2. A. Gagajewski, M.M. Murakami, J. Kloss, M. Edstrom, M. Hillyer, G.F. Peterson, J. Amatuzio, and F.S. Apple. Measurement of chemical analytes in vitreous humor: stability and precision studies. J. Forensic Sci. 49: 371-374 (2004).
3. C.W. Chronister, J.C. Walrath, and B.A. Goldberger. Rapid detection of benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by enzyme immunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25: 621-624 (2001).
4. W.C. Duer, D.J. Spitz, and S. McFarland. Relationship between concentrations of cocaine and its hydrolysates in peripheral blood, heart blood, vitreous humor and urine. J. Forensic Sci. 51: 421-425 (2006).
5. H.M. Antonides, E.R. Kiely, and L.J. Marinetti. Vitreous fluid quantification of opiates, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine: comparison of calibration curves in both blood and vitreous matrices with corresponding concentrations in blood. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31: 469-476 (2007).
6. D. Lin, C. Chen, K. Shaw, R. Havier, and R. Lin. Distribution of codeine, morphine, and 6-acetylmorphine in vitreous humor. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21: 258-261 (1997).
7. J. Wyman and S. Bultman. Postmortem distribution of heroin metabolites in femoral blood, liver, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor. J. Anal. Toxicol. 28: 260-263 (2004).
8. K.S. Scott and J.S. Oliver. The use of vitreous humor as an alternative to whole blood for the analysis of benzodiazepines. J. Forensic Sci. 46: 694-697 (2001).
9. D. Cox, R.A. Jufer Phipps, B. Levine, A. Jacobs, and D. Fowler. Distribution of phencyclidine into vitreous humor. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31: 537-539 (2007).
10. A.M. Al-Ghananeem and P.A. Crooks. Phase I and phase II ocular metabolic activities and the role of metabolism in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery. Molecules 12: 373-388 (2007).
11. A.M. Bermejo, I. Ramos, P. Ferández, M. Lopez-Rivadulla, A. Cruz, M. Chiarotti, N. Fucci, and R. Marsilli. Morphine determination by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy in human vitreous humor and comparison with radioimmunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16: 372-374 (1992).
12. J.S.C. Tsai. Immunoassay technologies for drugs of abuse testing. In Handbook of Forensic Drug Analysis, F.P. Smith, Ed. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2005, pp 13-42.
13. M.L. Smith. Immunoassay. In Principles of Forensic Toxicology, 2nd ed., B. Levine, Ed. AACC Press, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp 117-137.
14. Microgenics Corp., DRI® Oxycodone Assay Package Insert, 2004.
15. R.J. Flanagan. Guidelines for the interpretation of analytical toxicology results and unit of measurement conversion factors. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 35: 261-267 (1998).
16. L. Kroener, F. Musshoff, and B. Madea. Evaluation of immunochemical drug screenings of whole blood samples. A retrospective optimization of cutoff levels after confirmation analysis on GC-MS and HPLC-DAD. J. Anal. Toxicol. 27: 205-212 (2003).
17. D.A. Armbruster, M.D. Tillman, and L.M. Hubbs. Limit of detection (LOD)/limit of quantitation (LOQ): comparison of the empirical and the statistical methods exemplified with GC-MS assays of abused drugs. Clin. Chem. 40: 1233-1238 (1994).
18. M. Cremese, A.H.B. Wu, G. Cassella, E. O'Connor, K. Rymut, and D.W. Hill. Improved GC-MS analysis of opiates with use of oxime-TMS derivatives. J. Forensic Sci. 43: 1220-1224 (1998).
19. J. Vogel and C.N. Hodnett. Detection of drugs in vitreous humor with an enzyme immunoassay technique. J. Anal. Toxicol. 5: 307-309 (1981).
20. C.W. Chronister, A.L. Gund, and B.A. Goldberger. Rapid detection of opioids in vitreous humor by enzyme immunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 32: 601-604 (2008).
21. D.T. Anderson, K.L. Fritz, and J.J. Muto. Oxycontin: the concept of a "ghost pill" and the postmortem tissue distribution of oxycodone in 36 cases. J. Anal. Toxicol. 26: 448-459 (2002).