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Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 314-343

Raising eurasia: Race, class, and age in French and British colonies

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE STRUCTURE; CLASS; COLONIZATION; DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORY; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; IMPERIALISM; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; RACE; RACIAL IDENTITY; SOCIAL EXCLUSION;

EID: 70350452380     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417509000140     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (135)
  • 2
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    • and Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia, Comparative Studies in Society and History 34, 3 (1992), 514-16, 536.
    • and "Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusion in Colonial Southeast Asia," Comparative Studies in Society and History 34, 3 (1992), 514-16, 536.
  • 5
    • 33845600422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • States of Ethnography: Colonialism, Resistance, and Cultural Transcription in Malaya and the Philippines, 1890s-1930s
    • See
    • See Daniel P. S. Goh, "States of Ethnography: Colonialism, Resistance, and Cultural Transcription in Malaya and the Philippines, 1890s-1930s," Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, 1 (2007), 136
    • (2007) Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 136
    • Goh, D.P.S.1
  • 6
    • 70350437693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Julian Go, The Chains of Empire: State Building and 'Political Education' in Puerto Rico and the Philippines, in, Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 182, 205-6
    • Julian Go, "The Chains of Empire: State Building and 'Political Education' in Puerto Rico and the Philippines," in, Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 182, 205-6
  • 8
    • 70350461808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As Elizabeth Buettner has noted in relation to children, No sooner are they invoked than they are summarily dismissed from the colonial arena altogether and from further analysis. Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 7.
    • As Elizabeth Buettner has noted in relation to children, "No sooner are they invoked than they are summarily dismissed from the colonial arena altogether and from further analysis." Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 7.
  • 9
    • 85127435694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical debate has left colonial-era terminology such as Eurasian, and the French term métis(se), freighted with exotic and derogatory associations. While acknowledging these associations, this study uses these terms to refer in a non-pejorative sense to people of biracial heritage. On questions of terminology see, Loretta Mijares, 'You Are an Anglo-Indian?': Eurasians and Hybridity and Cosmopolitanism in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children, Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38, 125 (2003), 126.
    • Historical debate has left colonial-era terminology such as "Eurasian," and the French term métis(se), freighted with exotic and derogatory associations. While acknowledging these associations, this study uses these terms to refer in a non-pejorative sense to people of biracial heritage. On questions of terminology see, Loretta Mijares, "'You Are an Anglo-Indian?': Eurasians and Hybridity and Cosmopolitanism in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children," Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38, 125 (2003), 126.
  • 10
    • 70350482599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ceded to Britain by China in 1842, Hong Kong was proclaimed a Crown Colony on 5 April 1843. Britain received a perpetual lease on the Kowloon peninsula from 1860, and took the New Territories on a ninety-nine-year lease from 1898. Through a series of wars and treaties between 1858 and 1898 the French acquired what came to be referred to as Indochina. Official statistics recorded Hong Kong's population as having grown from 301,967 in 1906, to 456,739 in 1911, to 1,028,619 by 1938. Saigon reached 250,000 inhabitants in 1931. Hanoi's population grew from 86,000 in 1913, to just over 100,000 by 1924, and 127,880 by 1931.
    • Ceded to Britain by China in 1842, Hong Kong was proclaimed a Crown Colony on 5 April 1843. Britain received a perpetual lease on the Kowloon peninsula from 1860, and took the "New Territories" on a ninety-nine-year lease from 1898. Through a series of wars and treaties between 1858 and 1898 the French acquired what came to be referred to as "Indochina." Official statistics recorded Hong Kong's population as having grown from 301,967 in 1906, to 456,739 in 1911, to 1,028,619 by 1938. Saigon reached 250,000 inhabitants in 1931. Hanoi's population grew from 86,000 in 1913, to just over 100,000 by 1924, and 127,880 by 1931.
  • 11
    • 70350447081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Douchet, Métis et congaies d'Indochine (Hanoi: N.p., 1928), 17-18.
    • P. Douchet, Métis et congaies d'Indochine (Hanoi: N.p., 1928), 17-18.
  • 12
    • 84887701723 scopus 로고
    • N. J. Allen et al, eds, Oxford University Papers on India, Delhi: Oxford University Press
    • Richard Symonds, "Eurasians under British Rule," in, N. J. Allen et al., eds., Oxford University Papers on India, vol. 1, pt. 2 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987), 28-29.
    • (1987) Eurasians under British Rule , vol.1 , Issue.PART. 2 , pp. 28-29
    • Symonds, R.1
  • 13
    • 70350447082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Un fonctionnaire hors cadre, Une oeuvre humanitaire, Le Courrier de Saigon (2 June 1894), 2.
    • "Un fonctionnaire hors cadre," "Une oeuvre humanitaire," Le Courrier de Saigon (2 June 1894), 2.
  • 15
    • 0003912688 scopus 로고
    • Quoted in, rev. ed, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press
    • Quoted in G. B. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, rev. ed. (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1973), 122.
    • (1973) A History of Hong Kong , pp. 122
    • Endacott, G.B.1
  • 16
    • 70350464233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Dalziel, Chronicles of a Crown Colony (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1907), 34-35, 38.
    • James Dalziel, Chronicles of a Crown Colony (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1907), 34-35, 38.
  • 17
    • 70350459120 scopus 로고
    • Quoted in, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press
    • Quoted in G. B. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1964), 95, 122.
    • (1964) A History of Hong Kong , vol.95 , pp. 122
    • Endacott, G.B.1
  • 18
    • 70350482594 scopus 로고
    • The Retort Courteous
    • 8 Nov., 96
    • "The Retort Courteous," The China Punch (8 Nov. 1867), 96.
    • (1867) The China Punch
  • 19
    • 70350435519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/194, minute, Sir John Smale, 20 Oct. 1879
    • CO129/194, minute, Sir John Smale, 20 Oct. 1879.
  • 20
    • 70350464237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 21
    • 70350439522 scopus 로고
    • Un Conflit dans la société des métis
    • 19 Dec., 3
    • "Un Conflit dans la société des métis," Le Courrier de Saigon (19 Dec. 1894), 3.
    • (1894) Le Courrier de Saigon
  • 23
    • 70350455189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Firmin Jacques Montagne, 10 Nov. 1903; CO129/194, minute, Eitel, 1 Nov. 1879.
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Firmin Jacques Montagne, 10 Nov. 1903; CO129/194, minute, Eitel, 1 Nov. 1879.
  • 24
    • 31144436236 scopus 로고
    • The Social Explorer as Anthropologist: Victorian Travellers among the Urban Poor
    • William Sharpe and Leonard Wallock, eds, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Deborah Epstein Nord, "The Social Explorer as Anthropologist: Victorian Travellers among the Urban Poor," in, William Sharpe and Leonard Wallock, eds., Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art and Literature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 123-24.
    • (1987) Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art and Literature , pp. 123-124
    • Epstein Nord, D.1
  • 25
    • 70350459129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/194, minute, Eitel, 1 Nov. 1879
    • CO129/194, minute, Eitel, 1 Nov. 1879.
  • 26
    • 70350455198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 27
    • 70350455195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wellcome Library, London, MS. 1499, James Cantlie, Enquiry into the Life History of Eurasians, n.d. [c. 1889], 20. On such perils, see also, A. S. Krausse, The Far East: Its History and Its Questions (London: G. Richards, 1900), 184.
    • Wellcome Library, London, MS. 1499, James Cantlie, "Enquiry into the Life History of Eurasians," n.d. [c. 1889], 20. On such "perils," see also, A. S. Krausse, The Far East: Its History and Its Questions (London: G. Richards, 1900), 184.
  • 28
    • 70350435520 scopus 로고
    • in China London: Smith, Elder and Co
    • Major Henry Knollys, English Life in China (London: Smith, Elder and Co, 1885), 49.
    • (1885) English Life , pp. 49
    • Henry Knollys, M.1
  • 30
    • 0042115776 scopus 로고
    • Recent Thought on the Problem of White Acclimatization in the Wet Tropics
    • On the European home in the Tropics, see
    • On the European home in the Tropics, see Glenn T. Trewartha, "Recent Thought on the Problem of White Acclimatization in the Wet Tropics," Geographical Review 16, 3 (1926), 467.
    • (1926) Geographical Review , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 467
    • Trewartha, G.T.1
  • 31
    • 84950023281 scopus 로고
    • Concubinage and the Colonial Service: The Crewe Circular
    • On the Crewe Circular, see, May
    • On the Crewe Circular, see Ronald Hyam, "Concubinage and the Colonial Service: The Crewe Circular (1909)," The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 14, 3 (May 1986), 179.
    • (1986) The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 179
    • Hyam, R.1
  • 34
    • 70350461798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/327, Daily Press article, 29 Mar. 1904, 43
    • CO129/327, Daily Press article, 29 Mar. 1904, 43.
  • 35
    • 70350447076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/443, minutes of meeting of Legislative Council, 19 Apr. 1924, 19; CO129/443, Hongkong Government Gazette 19 Apr. 1904, 20
    • CO129/443, minutes of meeting of Legislative Council, 19 Apr. 1924, 19; CO129/443, Hongkong Government Gazette (19 Apr. 1904), 20.
  • 36
    • 70350464239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 18; Hongkong Government Gazette (29 Apr. 1904), 752.
    • Ibid., 18; Hongkong Government Gazette (29 Apr. 1904), 752.
  • 37
    • 70350447077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/322, letter, Francis Henry May to C. P. Lucas, 7 May 1904, 780-81
    • CO129/322, letter, Francis Henry May to C. P. Lucas, 7 May 1904, 780-81.
  • 38
    • 70350459125 scopus 로고
    • letter, Helena May, 28 Jan
    • Rhodes House, Oxford, MS Nathan 340, letter, Helena May, 28 Jan. 1906.
    • (1906) Oxford, MS Nathan , vol.340
    • House, R.1
  • 39
    • 70350451853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/443, letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917, 4
    • CO129/443, letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917, 4.
  • 40
    • 70350447079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May acknowledged the lack of outspoken support for the amendment among Chinese members of Legislative Council. CO129/447, letter, F. H. May, 24 Jan. 1918, 1.
    • May acknowledged the lack of "outspoken support" for the amendment among Chinese members of Legislative Council. CO129/447, letter, F. H. May, 24 Jan. 1918, 1.
  • 41
    • 70350441722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/443 Letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917, 6
    • CO129/443 Letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917, 6.
  • 42
    • 70350461803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 43
    • 70350437692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is probable that Mr. Ho Kom-tong's intention, in acquiring a house at the Peak, is to place his wives, concubines, and children there
    • Ibid, 385
    • May warned, "It is probable that Mr. Ho Kom-tong's intention, in acquiring a house at the Peak, is to place his wives, concubines, and children there." Ibid., 385.
    • May warned1
  • 44
    • 70350437688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For May, It would be little short of a calamity if an alien and, by European standards, a semi-civilised race were allowed to drive the white man from the one area in Hongkong, in which he can live with his wife and children in a white man's healthy surroundings. Ibid., 387-88, 390.
    • For May, "It would be little short of a calamity if an alien and, by European standards, a semi-civilised race were allowed to drive the white man from the one area in Hongkong, in which he can live with his wife and children in a white man's healthy surroundings." Ibid., 387-88, 390.
  • 45
    • 70350461800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At times, May contended, There is in the Colony a not inconsiderable number of Eurasians who are to all intents and purposes Chinese in their habits and customs. CO129/443, letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917. At others, this group was referred to as Europeanised Chinese. See CO129/09, pp. 10-11, minute 1914
    • At times, May contended, "There is in the Colony a not inconsiderable number of Eurasians who are to all intents and purposes Chinese in their habits and customs." CO129/443, letter, F. H. May, 5 Sept. 1917. At others, this group was referred to as "Europeanised Chinese." See CO129/09, pp. 10-11, minute 1914.
  • 46
    • 36148951567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On similar anxieties in British India see
    • On similar anxieties in British India see Buettner, Empire Families 87-88.
    • Empire Families , pp. 87-88
    • Buettner1
  • 47
    • 70350433361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The home government feared that the amendment would infringe the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed with the Japanese government on 3 April 1911, which permitted Japanese to own or occupy houses in the same manner as native subjects. CO129/447, minute, G. Grindle, 26 Apr. 1918
    • The home government feared that the amendment would infringe the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed with the Japanese government on 3 April 1911, which permitted Japanese to "own or occupy houses in the same manner as native subjects." CO129/447, minute, G. Grindle, 26 Apr. 1918.
  • 49
    • 70350451852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On prestige, see The Empire of Law: Dignity, Prestige and Domination in the 'Colonial Situation,' French Politics, Culture & Society 20, 2 (Summer 2002), 99-100.
    • On prestige, see "The Empire of Law: Dignity, Prestige and Domination in the 'Colonial Situation,'" French Politics, Culture & Society 20, 2 (Summer 2002), 99-100.
  • 50
    • 70350461806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Brou, 9 Nov. 1904.
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Brou, 9 Nov. 1904.
  • 51
    • 70350448544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898.
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898.
  • 52
    • 70350444828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
    • Louis Salaun, L'Indochine (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1903), 385.
    • (1903) L'Indochine , pp. 385
    • Salaun, L.1
  • 53
    • 70350444833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, report, director of finance, 7 May 1912.
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, report, director of finance, 7 May 1912.
  • 54
    • 70350433360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As one French administrator put it, In Indochina ... the paternity of the métis belongs in almost equal proportions to all ranks. CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Firmin Jacques Montagne, n.d. [c. 1904].
    • As one French administrator put it, "In Indochina ... the paternity of the métis belongs in almost equal proportions to all ranks." CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Firmin Jacques Montagne, n.d. [c. 1904].
  • 55
    • 70350442699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Archives of Vietnam I, Hanoi (hereafter VNNA), RST D.638 30.148, newspaper extract, Betail humain, L'Avenir du Tonkin, 26 Oct. 1899.
    • National Archives of Vietnam I, Hanoi (hereafter VNNA), RST D.638 30.148, newspaper extract, "Betail humain," L'Avenir du Tonkin, 26 Oct. 1899.
  • 56
    • 70350435526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Firmin Jacques Montagne, 10 Nov. 1903; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Be'renguier, 29 Jan. 1904.
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Firmin Jacques Montagne, 10 Nov. 1903; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Be'renguier, 29 Jan. 1904.
  • 57
    • 70350441718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grevosty remarked in 1897, We are, among all the people of the world, the nation reputed for its high moral mindedness ... we must colonise by ... moral influence ... by moral influence I mean acts of an irreproachable rectitude. CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898.
    • Grevosty remarked in 1897, "We are, among all the people of the world, the nation reputed for its high moral mindedness ... we must colonise by ... moral influence ... by moral influence I mean acts of an irreproachable rectitude." CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Grevosty, 24 Sept. 1898.
  • 58
    • 70350435529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, Notre devoir envers les enfants métis, Les Annales Coloniales (11 Jan. 1913).
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, "Notre devoir envers les enfants métis," Les Annales Coloniales (11 Jan. 1913).
  • 60
    • 70350447080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Chef du Service Administratif, 24 July 1912.
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Chef du Service Administratif, 24 July 1912.
  • 61
    • 85007958991 scopus 로고
    • Some Observations on Race Mixture in Hong Kong
    • G. Alabaster, "Some Observations on Race Mixture in Hong Kong," Eugenics Review 11 (1920), 248.
    • (1920) Eugenics Review , vol.11 , pp. 248
    • Alabaster, G.1
  • 62
    • 70350459127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/410, letter, Lewis Harcourt, 22 Apr. 1914
    • CO129/410, letter, Lewis Harcourt, 22 Apr. 1914.
  • 63
    • 70350447078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Eurasian community, see CO129/447, letter, F. H. May, 24 Jan. 1918; CO129/447, minute, AB Peak Reservation Bill 5 May 1918. In 1919, a group describing themselves as British subjects of pure European descent protested to the Colonial Office at being outbid by certain wealthy Chinese Eurasians in a land auction CO129/460, letter, Reginald E. Stubbs, 19 Mar. 1920; CO129/460, letter, Neilage S. Brown, 12 Nov. 1919.
    • On the Eurasian "community," see CO129/447, letter, F. H. May, 24 Jan. 1918; CO129/447, minute, AB "Peak Reservation Bill" 5 May 1918. In 1919, a group describing themselves as "British subjects of pure European descent" protested to the Colonial Office at being outbid by "certain wealthy Chinese Eurasians" in a land auction CO129/460, letter, Reginald E. Stubbs, 19 Mar. 1920; CO129/460, letter, Neilage S. Brown, 12 Nov. 1919.
  • 64
    • 70350455192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/478, letter, Reginald E. Stubbs, 16 Sept. 1922. Stubbs worried about this group's excessive influence. CO129/460, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 19 Mar. 1920; CO129/462, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 29 July 1920
    • CO129/478, letter, Reginald E. Stubbs, 16 Sept. 1922. Stubbs worried about this group's "excessive" influence. CO129/460, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 19 Mar. 1920; CO129/462, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 29 July 1920.
  • 66
    • 70350455193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young China means hot-headedness and irresponsibility, claimed Edward H. Hume in Young China (New York, 1927), 446
    • "Young China means hot-headedness and irresponsibility," claimed Edward H. Hume in Young China (New York, 1927), 446
  • 67
    • 70350439525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Secretary for Chinese Affairs in Hong Kong warned in 1925 that the wilder elements of student circles were, clearly determined on trouble. D.W. Tratman, Report of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs for the Year 1925, Hong Kong Administrative Report (1925), 16.
    • The Secretary for Chinese Affairs in Hong Kong warned in 1925 that the "wilder elements" of student circles were, "clearly determined on trouble." D.W. Tratman, "Report of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs for the Year 1925," Hong Kong Administrative Report (1925), 16.
  • 68
    • 70350437691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chinese and British elites each formed their own exclusive social world. John M. Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 18, 31, 97.
    • Chinese and British elites each formed their "own exclusive social world." John M. Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 18, 31, 97.
  • 69
    • 70350448543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1920 Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs voiced concern that respectable Chinese, habitually refer to this class of person as 'the bastards, CO129/462, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 29 July 1920
    • In 1920 Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs voiced concern that respectable Chinese, "habitually refer to this class of person as 'the bastards.'" CO129/462, letter, R. E. Stubbs, 29 July 1920.
  • 70
    • 70350455190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CO129/489 Robert Kotewall, Report, 24 Oct. 1925, 455-56
    • CO129/489 Robert Kotewall, Report, 24 Oct. 1925, 455-56.
  • 71
    • 70350442698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kotewall recruited Pun Wai-chau, the oldest and ablest of Chinese editors, to write propaganda articles. CO129/489, report, Robert Kotewall, 24 Oct. 1925, 432, 446, 458.
    • Kotewall recruited Pun Wai-chau, "the oldest and ablest" of Chinese editors, to write propaganda articles. CO129/489, report, Robert Kotewall, 24 Oct. 1925, 432, 446, 458.
  • 73
    • 70350459124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhodes House, Oxford, MS, Nathan, 352 (f. 79), A Visit to Hongkong & Canton: British Colony Not So Badly Hit, The China Express and Telegraph, 17 June 1926.
    • Rhodes House, Oxford, MS, Nathan, 352 (f. 79), "A Visit to Hongkong & Canton: British Colony Not So Badly Hit," The China Express and Telegraph, 17 June 1926.
  • 74
    • 70350447074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kotewall was appointed President of the Hong Kong Boy Scouts Association and awarded an honorary degree by the University of Hong Kong, in 1926. He was also appointed to the Order of
    • Kotewall was appointed President of the Hong Kong Boy Scouts Association and awarded an honorary degree by the University of Hong Kong, in 1926. He was also appointed to the Order of
  • 75
    • 70350455186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • St. Michael and St. George (1927), became a member of the Executive Council (1936), and was awarded the title of Knight Bachelor (1938).
    • St. Michael and St. George (1927), became a member of the Executive Council (1936), and was awarded the title of Knight Bachelor (1938).
  • 76
    • 70350459119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Indian-born Armenian businessman Sir Catchick Paul Chater (1846-1926) was the first to have been referred to in this way. Irene Cheng, Clara Ho Tung: A Hong Kong Lady, Her Family and Her Times (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1976), 1
    • The Indian-born Armenian businessman Sir Catchick Paul Chater (1846-1926) was the first to have been referred to in this way. Irene Cheng, Clara Ho Tung: A Hong Kong Lady, Her Family and Her Times (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1976), 1
  • 77
    • 33645888677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place
    • John M. Carroll, "Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place," Modern Asian Studies 40, 2 (2006), 534.
    • (2006) Modern Asian Studies , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 534
    • Carroll, J.M.1
  • 79
    • 70350433356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 1920 the administrative official C. G. Alabaster had complained, It will not be easy to ... classify Major Long of Eton, Corpus and the Rifle Brigade, and his father Mr. Leung, the chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. Ibid.
    • In 1920 the administrative official C. G. Alabaster had complained, "It will not be easy to ... classify Major Long of Eton, Corpus and the Rifle Brigade, and his father Mr. Leung, the chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce." Ibid.
  • 80
    • 70350455188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The League championed the retrieval of the term Eurasian from pejorative connotations. Peter Ho, The Welfare League: The Sixty Years, 1930-1990 (Hong Kong: The Welfare League, 1990), 1-4.
    • The League championed the retrieval of the term "Eurasian" from pejorative connotations. Peter Ho, The Welfare League: The Sixty Years, 1930-1990 (Hong Kong: The Welfare League, 1990), 1-4.
  • 81
    • 70350439519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anderson, announced, We feel we are a community ... It has been said of us that we can have no unity, and since even the semi-civilised tribes of Africa have it, this, though palpably absurd, is a challenge to be faced and an insult to be wiped out ... With the blood of Old China mixed with that of Europe in us, we show the world that this fusion, to put it no higher, is not detrimental to good citizenship. Cited in Ho, The Welfare League, 8.
    • Anderson, announced, "We feel we are a community ... It has been said of us that we can have no unity, and since even the semi-civilised tribes of Africa have it, this, though palpably absurd, is a challenge to be faced and an insult to be wiped out ... With the blood of Old China mixed with that of Europe in us, we show the world that this fusion, to put it no higher, is not detrimental to good citizenship." Cited in Ho, The Welfare League, 8.
  • 82
    • 70350455184 scopus 로고
    • 25 July
    • Hong Kong Hansard, 25 July 1940, 100.
    • (1940) Hong Kong Hansard , pp. 100
  • 83
    • 70350447071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Members of elite Eurasian families, notably Jean Gittins, Sir Robert Ho Tung's daughter, spent the war detained in the Japanese internment camp at Stanley. Jean Gittins, Eastern Windows - Western Skies (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1969), 137-56.
    • Members of elite Eurasian families, notably Jean Gittins, Sir Robert Ho Tung's daughter, spent the war detained in the Japanese internment camp at Stanley. Jean Gittins, Eastern Windows - Western Skies (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1969), 137-56.
  • 85
    • 70350433355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sister Benjamin, of the Daughters of Saint Paul de Chartres, who ran Hong Kong's Asile de la Sainte-Enfance (est. 1848) created a similar institution in Saigon in June 1859. Jean Vaudon, Les Filles de Saint-Paul en Indochine (Chartres: Procure des Soeurs de Saint-Paul, 1931), 51.
    • Sister Benjamin, of the Daughters of Saint Paul de Chartres, who ran Hong Kong's Asile de la Sainte-Enfance (est. 1848) created a similar institution in Saigon in June 1859. Jean Vaudon, Les Filles de Saint-Paul en Indochine (Chartres: Procure des Soeurs de Saint-Paul, 1931), 51.
  • 86
    • 70350464235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, RST S.73 5557, table, May 1915; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Brou, 9 Nov. 1904.
    • VNNA, RST S.73 5557, table, May 1915; CAOM, GG S.62 7701, letter, Brou, 9 Nov. 1904.
  • 87
    • 70350455183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saigon and Hanoi were declared French cities, the former as capital of the French colony of Cochinchina, the latter, anomalously, as an island of Frenchness within the protectorate of Tonkin. CAOM, GG E.90 3.139, report, Résident Supérieur au Tonkin, 27 Aug. 1909. On milieu, see Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989), 126-67.
    • Saigon and Hanoi were declared French cities, the former as capital of the French colony of Cochinchina, the latter, anomalously, as an island of "Frenchness" within the protectorate of Tonkin. CAOM, GG E.90 3.139, report, Résident Supérieur au Tonkin, 27 Aug. 1909. On milieu, see Paul Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989), 126-67.
  • 88
    • 70350459123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Société de Protection et d'education des Jeunes Métis français de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge, 20 Feb. 1898.
    • CAOM, GG S.62 7701, report, Société de Protection et d'education des Jeunes Métis français de la Cochinchine et du Cambodge, 20 Feb. 1898.
  • 90
    • 70350455178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Hong Kong's French-run Asile de la Sainte-Enfance children could be, taken away, and may be seen and handled by their parents whenever they feel disposed to call. Argus, L'Asile de la Sainte Enfance, 1902, 15.
    • In Hong Kong's French-run Asile de la Sainte-Enfance children could be, "taken away, and may be seen and handled by their parents whenever they feel disposed to call." Argus, L'Asile de la Sainte Enfance, 1902, 15.
  • 91
    • 70350444826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certain institutions claimed to provide for those of mixed parentage. Ibid., 8
    • Certain institutions claimed to provide for those of "mixed parentage." Ibid., 8
  • 93
    • 70350450671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Chef du Service Administratif, 24 July 1912.
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Chef du Service Administratif, 24 July 1912.
  • 94
    • 70350444824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturalisation was expensive to pursue and awarded only exceptionally. Pierre Guillaume, Les Métis en Indochine, Annales de démographie historique (1995), 189
    • Naturalisation was expensive to pursue and awarded only exceptionally. Pierre Guillaume, "Les Métis en Indochine," Annales de démographie historique (1995), 189
  • 96
    • 70350461793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771 Notre devoir envers les enfants métis, Les Annales Coloniales 11 Jan. 1913; CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Batault, 24 July 1912.
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.771 "Notre devoir envers les enfants métis," Les Annales Coloniales 11 Jan. 1913; CAOM, GG S.63 16.771, note, Batault, 24 July 1912.
  • 97
    • 70350450673 scopus 로고
    • Les métis franco-annamites
    • Albert Sambuc, "Les métis franco-annamites," Revue du Pacifique 4-5 (1931), 270
    • (1931) Revue du Pacifique , vol.4-5 , pp. 270
    • Sambuc, A.1
  • 98
    • 70350461791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jacques Mazet suggested, mixing with metropolitan children less faithful to prejudices of race than the colonials. Eurasian children would be removed from cruel ridicule. Mazet, La Condition juridique des métis, 14
    • Jacques Mazet suggested, "mixing with metropolitan children less faithful to prejudices of race than the colonials." Eurasian children "would be removed from cruel ridicule." Mazet, La Condition juridique des métis, 14
  • 100
    • 70350482586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.776, letter, Révérony, 7 Dec. 1923; CAOM, GG S.63 16.773, letter, Révérony, 8 Jan. 1923. Protection Societies sent pupils to France before the age of fourteen, because beyond this age, the character is fixed. Sambuc, Les métis, 270.
    • CAOM, GG S.63 16.776, letter, Révérony, 7 Dec. 1923; CAOM, GG S.63 16.773, letter, Révérony, 8 Jan. 1923. Protection Societies sent pupils to France before the age of fourteen, "because beyond this age, the character is fixed." Sambuc, "Les métis," 270.
  • 101
    • 70350435511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, RST S.72 48.373, letter, Révérony, 13 Nov. 1923; VNNA, GG T.34 S.63 5328, letter, Tissot, 17 July 1925.
    • VNNA, RST S.72 48.373, letter, Révérony, 13 Nov. 1923; VNNA, GG T.34 S.63 5328, letter, Tissot, 17 July 1925.
  • 105
    • 70350441711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin, 1937, 32.
    • VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, "Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin," 1937, 32.
  • 106
    • 70350435518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lack of interest shown in older cohorts of Eurasians through the period, by contrast, is striking. VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin, 1937, 65.
    • The lack of interest shown in older cohorts of Eurasians through the period, by contrast, is striking. VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, "Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin," 1937, 65.
  • 108
    • 70350442696 scopus 로고
    • Société de Protection des Métis d'Annam, Hué: Imprimerie Mirador
    • Société de Protection des Métis d'Annam, Société de protection des métis d'Annam (Hué: Imprimerie Mirador, 1941), 68
    • (1941) Société de protection des métis d'Annam , pp. 68
  • 110
    • 70350433354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • League of Nations Archive, Geneva, S173bis, Le Péril vénérien et la prostitution à Hanoi, Bulletin de la Société Medico-Chirurgicale de l'Indochine (June 1930), 464.
    • League of Nations Archive, Geneva, S173bis, "Le Péril vénérien et la prostitution à Hanoi," Bulletin de la Société Medico-Chirurgicale de l'Indochine (June 1930), 464.
  • 111
    • 70350441713 scopus 로고
    • La Condition juridique des métis dans les colonies françaises
    • 25 Mar., 146
    • "La Condition juridique des métis dans les colonies françaises," La Quinzaine Coloniale (25 Mar. 1933), 146.
    • (1933) La Quinzaine Coloniale
  • 113
    • 70350433351 scopus 로고
    • See also, Saigon: Portail
    • See also Henri Bonvicini, Enfants de la colonie (Saigon: Portail, 1938), 36-37, 45.
    • (1938) Enfants de la colonie , vol.36-37 , pp. 45
    • Bonvicini, H.1
  • 114
    • 70350459115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Léo Craste, principal architect of the Batiments Civils de l'Indochine, condemned the entangled state of native and European quarters in Hanoi, and mused upon the hypothesis that Hanoi could be destroyed by the floods of the Red River, and could be re-planned in its entirety. In the meantime, Craste advised that military installations be relocated closer to the European quarter in case of trouble. Léo Craste, Un Nouvel Hanoi, 22 Vie Urbaine (1934), 243-44, 253.
    • Léo Craste, principal architect of the Batiments Civils de l'Indochine, condemned the "entangled" state of native and European quarters in Hanoi, and mused upon "the hypothesis that Hanoi could be destroyed by the floods of the Red River," and could be re-planned in its entirety. In the meantime, Craste advised that military installations be relocated closer to the European quarter "in case of trouble." Léo Craste, "Un Nouvel Hanoi," 22 Vie Urbaine (1934), 243-44, 253.
  • 116
    • 70350437685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Justin Godart, Rapport de mission en Indochine: Ler janvier-14 mars 1937. Repr. (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994), 159.
    • Justin Godart, Rapport de mission en Indochine: Ler janvier-14 mars 1937. Repr. (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994), 159.
  • 118
    • 70350435514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin, 1937, 91.
    • VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, "Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin," 1937, 91.
  • 119
    • 70350447070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female adolescence emerged as a feature of Republican political symbolism at the turn of the century and by the 1920s the novel of adolescence had become a recognisable genre. Justin O'Brien, The Novel of Adolescence in France Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939
    • Female adolescence emerged as a feature of Republican political symbolism at the turn of the century and by the 1920s the "novel of adolescence" had become a recognisable genre. Justin O'Brien, The Novel of Adolescence in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939)
  • 120
    • 56249089002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Muse for the Masses': Gender, Age and Nation in France Fin-de-Siècle
    • David M. Pomfret, "'A Muse for the Masses': Gender, Age and Nation in France Fin-de-Siècle" American Historical Review 109, 5 (2004), 1439-74.
    • (2004) American Historical Review , vol.109 , Issue.1439-1474 , pp. 5
    • Pomfret, D.M.1
  • 121
    • 70350461796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As those of French nationality and race in Indochina declined in the 1930s in absolute terms, the number of legitimate or recognized métis grew to around 2,200. VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin, 1937, 65.
    • As those of French "nationality and race" in Indochina declined in the 1930s in absolute terms, the number of "legitimate" or "recognized" métis grew to around 2,200. VNNA, RST S.73 71816, report, Résident Supérieur du Tonkin, "Le Problème Eurasien au Tonkin," 1937, 65.
  • 126
    • 70350459114 scopus 로고
    • The Study of Racial Mixture in the British Commonwealth
    • On the comparative lack of interest on the British side see, Jan
    • On the comparative lack of interest on the British side see K. L. Little, "The Study of Racial Mixture in the British Commonwealth," The Eugenics Review 32, 4 (Jan. 1941), 114-15.
    • (1941) The Eugenics Review , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 114-115
    • Little, K.L.1
  • 127
    • 70350482591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, GGI S.73 00505, Société d'assistance aux enfants franco-indochinois, Assemblee générale annuelle ordinaire du 4 avril 1939 (Hanoi, 1939), 7.
    • VNNA, GGI S.73 00505, Société d'assistance aux enfants franco-indochinois, Assemblee générale annuelle ordinaire du 4 avril 1939 (Hanoi, 1939), 7.
  • 128
    • 29144486625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Indochine to Indochic: The Lang Bian/Dalat Palace Hotel and French Colonial Leisure, Power and Culture
    • On Dalat, see
    • On Dalat, see Eric Jennings, "From Indochine to Indochic: The Lang Bian/Dalat Palace Hotel and French Colonial Leisure, Power and Culture," Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003), 159-94.
    • (2003) Modern Asian Studies , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-194
    • Jennings, E.1
  • 129
    • 70350451849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An École des Enfants de Troupe in Dalat was created formally by arrêté on 27 June 1939. CAOM, RSTNF Q49 03461 Arrêté, 5 July 1939; Fondation Jules Brévié, Fondation Brévié, 195, 199.
    • An École des Enfants de Troupe in Dalat was created formally by arrêté on 27 June 1939. CAOM, RSTNF Q49 03461 Arrêté, 5 July 1939; Fondation Jules Brévié, Fondation Brévié, 195, 199.
  • 130
    • 70350439515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As Lieutenant Colonel Belloc of the Foreign Legion put it, We must care for these children from their birth and remove them as early as possible from the vulgar annamite milieu in which they generally live. From age two it is absolutely essential that they are taken from the mother; after this age it is too late. VNNA, S.73 89, letter, Belloc, 12 Nov. 1942.
    • As Lieutenant Colonel Belloc of the Foreign Legion put it, "We must care for these children from their birth and remove them as early as possible from the vulgar annamite milieu in which they generally live. From age two it is absolutely essential that they are taken from the mother; after this age it is too late." VNNA, S.73 89, letter, Belloc, 12 Nov. 1942.
  • 131
    • 70350433352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The census indicated there were 1,548 known Eurasians in Tonkin. VNNA, GGI S.73 88, letter, Decoux, 16 Apr. 1943.
    • The census indicated there were 1,548 known Eurasians in Tonkin. VNNA, GGI S.73 88, letter, Decoux, 16 Apr. 1943.
  • 133
    • 70350447069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VNNA, GGI S.6 471, letter, Chauvet, 5 Jan. 1945.
    • VNNA, GGI S.6 471, letter, Chauvet, 5 Jan. 1945.
  • 134
    • 70350464231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Indochina institutions for the protection of métis became conduits for the integration of young males into the military. Saada, Les Enfants de la colonie, 232-34.
    • In Indochina institutions for the protection of métis became conduits for the integration of young males into the military. Saada, Les Enfants de la colonie, 232-34.


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