Colonial Hong Kong as a cultural-historical place

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 517-543

  Carroll, John M ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIAL LEGACY; CULTURAL HISTORY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; HONG KONG;

EID: 33645888677     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X06001958     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. I am grateful to Gardner Bovingdon, Craig Canning, Hui Po-keung, Christopher Munn, Charles Parker, and the anonymous reviewers at Modern Asian Studies for their comments on earlier versions of this article.
2. For example, Yu Shengwu and Liu Cunkuan, eds., Shijiu shiji de Xianggang [Nineteenth-century Hong Kong] (Hong Kong: Qilin shuye, 1994)
3. and Yuan Bangjian, Xianggang shilue [History of Hong Kong] (Hong Kong: Zhongliu chubanshe, 1993)
4. Michael Yahuda, "Hong Kong and China's Integration into the International Community," in Warren I. Cohen and Li Zhao, eds., Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) 201.
5. Wang Hongzhi [Wong Wang-chi], Lishi de chenzhong: Cong Xianggang kan Zhongguo de Xianggangshi lunshu [The Burden of History: A Hong Kong Perspective of the Mainland Discourse of Hong Kong History] (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2000), chapters 2-3.
6. Richard Hughes, HongKong: Borrowed Place, Borrowed Time (London: André Deutsch, 1968).
7. Ackbar Abbas, Hong Kong: The Culture of Disappearance (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 4.
8. Who's Who in the Far East, 1906-7 (Hong Kong: China Mail, 1906), 334
9. W. Feldwick, Present Day Impressions of the Far East and Prominent Chinese at Home and Abroad: The History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources of China, Hongkong, Indo-China, Malaya and Netherlands India (London: Globe Encyclopaedia, 1917), 575-576
10. Wu Xinglian [Woo Sing Lim], Xianggang Huaren mingren shilu[Prominent Chinese in Hong Kong] (Hong Kong: Wuzhou, 1937), 3-4.
11. Who's Who in the Far East, 105-106.
12. Chan Wai Kwan, The Making of Hong Kong Society: Three Studies of Class Formation in Early Hong Kong (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 214.
13. Cao Shanyun boshi shizhui silu [Posthumous biography of Dr. Cao Shanyun (Tso Seen Wan)] (Hong Kong: Qiaosheng chubanshe, 1956)
14. Arnold Wright and H. A. Cartwright, eds., Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources (London: Lloyds, 1908), 178
15. Wu, Xianggang Huaren, 8-11.
16. Carl T. Smith, Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1985), 69, 159.
17. Great Britain, Colonial Office, Original Correspondence: Hong Kong, 1841-1951, Series 129 (CO 129), Public Record Office, London, CO 129/306/ 380, 24 September 1901, Blake to Chamberlain, 672-674.
18. Blake to Chamberlain, 677.
19. Blake to Chamberlain, 679.
20. Blake to Chamberlain, 671
21. also in Hong Kong Legislative Council Sessional Papers, 1902, 13.
22. Blake to Chamberlain, 679.
23. Yen Ching-hwang, "Ch'ing Changing Images of the Overseas Chinese (1644-1912), "Modern Asian Studies 15.2 (1981): 262, 272.
24. Yen Ching-hwang, "Ch'ing's Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya (1877-1912)," Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1.2 (September 1970): 21.
25. Yen, "Ch'ing Changing Images," 276-279.
26. Huo Qichang, "Xianggang Huaren zai jindaishi dui Zhongguo de gongxian shixi" [The contributions of Hong Kong Chinese to modern China], Haiwai Huaren yanjiu 1 (1989): 81-88
27. Qu Shaoxuan, "Qiaotuan yu zuguo" [Overseas Chinese societies and the motherland],
28. and He Jian, "Huagiao yu Xianggang jianshe" [Overseas Chinese and the development of Hong Kong],
29. both in Chen Datong, et al., Xianggang Huaqiao tuanti zonglan [Overseas Chinese organizations in Hong Kong] (Hong Kong: Guoji xinwenshe, 1947), 1-2, 7-9.
30. K. C. Fok, Lectures on Hong Kong History: Hong Kong's Role in Modern Chinese History (Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 1990), 111-115
31. Wright and Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions, 184-186.
32. Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity: The Early History of the Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989), 98-100.
33. Sinn, Power and Charity, 6.
34. E. J. Eitel, Europe in China: The History of Hong Kong from the Beginning to the Year 1882 (Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1895;
35. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1983 reprint), 282.
36. Sinn, Power and Charity, 6, 103-106.
37. "Hong Kong Centenary Messages," in Hong Kong Centenary Commemorative Talks, 1841-1941 (Hong Kong: World News Service, 1941), 32;
38. "Gejie mingliu dui Xianggang bainian zhi guannian" [Local notables' observations of Hong Kong's hundred years], in Chen Datong, ed.,Bainian shangye [A Century of Commerce] (Hong Kong: Guangming wenhua shiye gongsi, 1941), 21, 32.
39. Robert Kotewall, "Anglo-Chinese Co-operation - Past, Present & Future," in Hong Kong Centenary Commemorative Talks, 47
40. Luo Xuhe [Lo Yuk-wo (Robert Kotewall)], "Zhong-Ying hezuo yu Xianggang bainian" [Anglo-Chinese cooperation and Hong Kong's 100 years], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 7.
41. "Huaqiao bainian cishan shiye" [One hundred years of Huaqiao charitable and philanthropic activities], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 72.
42. "Qiaotuan shilue" [History of Chinese organizations], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 73.
43. Wang Xiaolai, "Gongshangye zai jinri" [Commerce and industry today], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 22.
44. Chen Shifeng, "Xianggang fangyan de fuza" [The complexities of the Hong Kong dialect], in Li Jinwei, ed., Xianggang bainianshi [Centenary history of Hong Kong] (Hong Kong: Nanzhong chubanshe, 1948), 131. This notion of Hong Kong being culturally and linguistically different from any city in China can also be seen in Mainland Chinese guidebooks to Hong Kong. Apart from explaining the colony's laws and customs, these books often included lists of local Cantonese words and phrases, including English pronunciations and a rather curious pronunciation system that used a combination of Mandarin sounds.
45. See, for example, Xianggang daoyou [Guide to Hong Kong] (Shanghai: Zhongguo lüxingshe, 1940), 125
46. and Chen Gongzhe, ed., Xianggang zhinan[Guide to Hong Kong] (Changsha: Shangwu, 1938), 179.
47. Su Fuxiang, "Xianggang lifaju" [Hong Kong's Legislative Council]
48. Yi Se, "Hunyin zhuce shu [Wedding registration laws]
49. and Su Wenguang, "Xianggang falü yu 'yanlunziyou"' [Hong Kong law and "freedom of expression"], all in Li, Xianggang bainianshi, 44, 62-63.
50. "Falü ershiliu tiao" [Twenty-six laws], in Li, Xianggang bainianshi, 58.
51. Li, Xianggang bainianshi, 52.
52. Chen, Xianggang zhinan, 71.
53. Xianggang daoyou, 85-86.
54. Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 3, 125.
55. See also Bernard Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India," in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 182.
56. Eitel, Europe in China, 468-469.
57. "The Governor's Report on the Blue Book," in Hong Kong Administrative Report, 1879-80
58. CO 129/189/98, Hennessy to Kimberly, 9 July 1880.
59. Chen Qian, "Xianggang jiushi jianwenlu (4) [Recollections of old Hong Kong, part 4], Guangdong wenshi ziliao 47 (1986): 15.
60. Des Voeux, My Colonial Service, 206-210.
61. Hongkong Annual Report, 1889, 26.
62. Arnold Wright and H. A. Cartwright, eds., Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commence. Industries, and Resources (London: Lloyds, 1908), 174.
63. Wright and Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions, 176
64. Wu, Xianggang Huaren, 1-3.
65. A. R. Burt, J. B. Powell, and C. Crow, eds., Biographies of Prominent Chinese (Shanghai: Biographical Publishing Co., 1925), 81.
66. Burt, et al., Biographies of Prominent Chinese, 129.
67. Tak-Wing Ngo, "Industrial History and the Artifice of Laissez-faire Colonialism," in Tak-Wing Ngo, ed., Hong Kong's History: State and Society under Colonial Rule (London: Routledge, 1999), 119.
68. Frank Leeming, "The Earlier Industrialization of Hong Kong," Modern Asian Studies 9.3 (1975): 337-342.
69. For directories and guides to local industries, see Commercial and Industrial Hong Kong: A Record of 94 years Progress of the Colony in Commerce, Trade, Industry, & Shipping (1841-1935) (Hong Kong: Bedikton, 1935).
70. Great Britain, Office of the Commercial Attaché, Shanghai, List of the Principle Foreign and Chinese Industrial Enterprises in China and Hong Kong (Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1918).
71. Jingji ziliaoshi, comp., Xianggang gongshang shouce [Hong Kong commercial and industrial guide] (Hong Kong, 1947).
72. Wang Chuying, ed., Xianggang gongchang diaocha [Survey of Hong Kong factories] (Hong Kong: Nanqiao xinwen giye gongsi, 1947).
73. and Xianggang Huaqiao gongshangye nianjian [Hong Kong commercial and industrial yearbook] (Hong Kong: Xiequn gongsi, 1940).
74. On the development of industry after 1949, see Wong Siu-lun, Emigrant Entrepreneurs: Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988).
75. Ngo, "Industrial History," 133-135.
76. Cheng Zhi, "Xianggang jianshi" [Brief history of Hong Kong], in Li, Xianggang bainianshi, 7.
77. "Centenary Messages," 32.
78. "Centenary Messages," 30.
79. "Centenary Messages," 33.
80. He Dong [Ho Tung], "Shen Xianggang zaonian zhi huaiyi" [Memories of early Hong Kong], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 6.
81. Shou-son Chow, "An Octogenarian Remembers Hong Kong's Progress and Prosperity," in Commemorative Talks, 69.
82. "Gejie mingliu," 21.
83. "Xianggang fazhanshi" [History of Hong Kong's development], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 27.
84. Chen Datong, "Xianggang gaiguan" [Overview of Hong Kong], in Chen, Bainian shangye, 19.
85. Hong Kong Government Gazette, 1881, 274-275.
86. Hong Kong Register, 25 April 1854.
87. Des Voeux, My Colonial Service, 280-282.
88. Lin Youlan, Xianggang shihua, zengding ben [Stories of Hong Kong, revised edition] (Hong Kong: Shanghai shudian, 1985), 80.
89. Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity, 28-29.
90. See also Xian Yuyi [Elizabeth Sinn], "Shehui zuzhi yu shehui zhuanbian" [Social organization and social change], in Wang Gengwu, ed., Xianggangshi xinbian [Hong Kong History: New Perspectives], vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1997), 164.
91. Chen Yufan, "Nanbeihang gongsuo huishi" [History of the Nanbeihang (Nam Pak Hong)], in Nanbeihang gongsuo xinxia luocheng ji chengli bashiliu zhounian jinian tekan [Commemorative edition in celebration of the completion of the new building and the eighty-sixth anniversary of the Nam Pak Hong] (Hong Kong, 1954), 23-24.
92. and Nanbeihang gongsuo chengli yibai zhounian jinian tekan [Commemorative edition of the hundredth anniversary of the Nam Pak Hong] (Hong Kong, 1968), 16-19.
93. William T. Rowe, Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), 318-319.
94. William T. Rowe, Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), 158-168.
95. "The Governor's Report on the Blue Book," in Administrative Report, 1879-1880.
96. Yuan, Xianggang shilue, 125.
97. "Governor's Report on the Blue Book."
98. Hong Kong Government Gazette, 1881, 276.
99. Hong Kong Government Gazette, 1881, 430.
100. "Address of His Excellency Sir John Pope Hennessy, K.C.M.G., to the Legislative Council of Hongkong, 7th of February, 1882," in Hong Kong Administrative Report, 1880-1881.
101. also in Hong Kong Government Gazette, 4 March 1882, 241.
102. For example, Huo, "Xianggang Huaren zai jindaishi dui Zhongguo de gongxian shixi", 81-88.
103. K. C. Fok, Lectures on Hong Kong History.