An implicit measure of anti-gay attitudes: Prospective associations with emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1316-1320

  Hatzenbuehler, Mark L ^a   Dovidio, John F ^a   Nolen Hoeksema, Susan ^a   Phills, Curtis E ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Emotion regulation; Implicit attitudes; LGB; Psychological distress; Stigma

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350343797     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.005     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. American Psychiatric Association, (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC.
2. Amodio D.M., Harmon-Jones E., and Devine P.G. Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003) 738-753
3. Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
4. Brownell K.D., Puhl R., Schwartz M.B., and Rudd R. Weight bias: Nature consequences and remedies (2005), Guilford Publications, New York
5. Cole S.W., Kemeny M.E., and Taylor S.E. Social identity and physical health: Accelerated HIV progression in rejection-sensitive gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 320-335
6. Conner T., and Feldman Barrett L. Implicit self-attitudes predict spontaneous affect in daily life. Emotion 5 (2005) 476-488
7. Cunningham W.A., Preacher K.J., and Banaji M.R. Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 163-170
8. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., and Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 197-216
9. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., and Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
10. Greenwald A.G., Poehlman T.A., Uhlmann E., and Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2009) 17-41
11. Gross J.J. Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (2001) 214-219
12. Gross J.J., and John O.P. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 348-362
13. Hatzenbuehler M.L. How does sexual minority stigma "get under the skin"? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin 135 (2009) 707-730
14. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Dovidio, J. F. (in press). How does stigma "get under the skin?" The mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychological Science.
15. Hofmann W., Gawronski B., Gschwendner T., Le H., and Schmitt M. A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (2005) 1369-1385
16. Hughes A.A., and Kendall P.C. Psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C) in Children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 40 (2009) 343-352
17. Livingston R.W. The role of perceived negativity in the moderation of African Americans' implicit and explicit racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 405-413
18. Lyubomirsky S., Tucker K.L., Caldwell N.D., and Berg K. Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 1041-1060
19. Major B., and O'Brien L.T. The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology 56 (2005) 393-421
20. Mays V.M., Cochran S.D., and Barnes N.W. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007) 201-225
21. Mendoza-Denton R., Downey G., Purdie V., Davis A., and Pietrzak J. Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African-American students' college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 896-918
22. Meyer I.H. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 674-697
23. Meyer I.H., and Dean L. Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In: Herek G.M. (Ed). Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (1998), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 160-186
24. Miller C.T., and Kaiser C.R. A theoretical perspective on coping with stigma. Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001) 73-92
25. Nock M.K., and Banaji M.R. Prediction of suicide ideation and attempts among adolescents using a brief performance-based test. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (2007) 707-715
26. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco B.E., and Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (2008) 400-424
27. Nosek B.A. Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134 (2005) 565-584
28. Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., and Banaji M.R. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In: Bargh J.A. (Ed). Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (2007), Psychology Press 265-292
29. Nosek B., and Hansen J.J. The associations in our heads belong to us: Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation. Cognition and Emotion 22 (2008) 553-594
30. Pachankis J.E. The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2008) 328-345
31. Phelps E.A., O'Connor K.J., Cunningham W.A., Gatenby J.C., Funayama E.S., Gore J.C., et al. Amygdala activation predicts performance on indirect measures of racial bias. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000) 729-738
32. Raudenbush S., Bryk A., Cheong Y.F., Congdon R., and du Toit M. HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling (2004), Scientific Software International, Lincolnwood, IL
33. Rudman L.A. Sources of implicit attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13 (2004) 80-83
34. Schwartz M.B., Vartanian L.R., Nosek B.A., and Brownell K.D. The influence of one's own body weight on implicit and explicit anti-fat bias. Obesity 14 (2006) 440-447
35. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation model. In: Leinhart S. (Ed). Sociological methodology (1982), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 290-312
36. Thoits P. Self-labeling processes in mental illness: The role of emotional deviance. American Journal of Sociology 91 (1985) 221-249
37. Treynor W., Gonzalez R., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 27 (2003) 247-259
38. Watson D., and Clark L.A. Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 489-505
39. Watson D., Clark L., and Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988) 1063-1070
40. Williams D.R., Neighbors H.W., and Jackson J.S. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003) 200-208
41. Williamson I. Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health Education Research 15 (2000) 97-107