Voiding Disorders

Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 587-606

  Sihoe, Jennifer Dart Yin ^a   Wong, Sik Nin ^b,c   Yeung, Chung Kwong ^a,d  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c TUEN MUN HOSPITAL   (Hong Kong)

^d Department of Surgery   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350267653     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-04883-5.50044-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (165)

1. Gosling JA The structure of the female lower urinary tract and pelvic floor. Urol Clin North Am 1985, 12:207-214.
2. Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Critchley HOD, Thompson SA A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscle. Br J Urol 1981, 53:35-41.
3. DeLancey JOL Structural aspects of urethrovesical function in the female. Neurourol Urodyn 1988, 7:509-519.
4. de Groat WC Anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract. Urol Clin North Am 1993, 20:383-401.
5. Zvara P, Carrier S, Kour NW, Tanagho EA The detailed neuro-anatomy of the human striated urethral sphincter. BrJ Urol 1994, 74:182-187.
6. Wiegel JW Neurogenic bladder and urinary diversion. Pediatricurology 1990, 175-210. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. K.W. Ashcraft (Ed.).
7. Mattiasson A Bladder and urethral physiology and pathophysiology. Clinical urology 1994, 536-557. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia. R.J. Krane, M.B. Siroky, J.M. Fitzpatrick (Eds.).
8. Kokoua A, Homsy Y, Lavigne JF, et al. Maturation of the external urinary sphincter: a comparative histotopographic study in humans. J Urol 1992, 150:617-622.
9. Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK, Duffy PG, Ransley PG Urodynamic patterns in infants with normal lower urinary tracts or primary vesico-ureteric reflux. Br J Urol 1998, 81:461-467.
10. Yeung CK, Godley ML, Ho CKW, et al. Some new insights into bladder function in infancy. Br J Urol 1995, 6:235-240.
11. Sillen U, Hjalmas K, Aili M, Bjure J, et al. Pronounced detrusor hypercontractility in infants with gross bilateral reflux. J Urol 1992, 148:598-599.
12. Bradley WE, Timm GW Innervation of the detrusor muscle and urethra. Urol Clin North Am 1974, 1:3-27.
13. Blaivas JG The neurophysiology of micturition: a clinical study of 550 patients. J Urol 1982, 127:958-963.
14. Fernandes ET, Reinberg Y, Vernier R, Gonzalez R Neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children: review of pathophysiology and current management. J Pediatr 1994, 124:1-7.
15. McLorie GA, Husmann DA Incontinence and enuresis. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987, 34:1159-1174.
16. Harrison SCW, Abrams P Bladder function. Pathophysiologic principle of urology 1994, 93-121. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. G.R. Sant (Ed.).
17. Nash DFE The development of micturition control with special reference to enuresis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1949, 5:318-344.
18. Ohel G, Haddad S, Samueloff A Fetal urine production and micturition and fetal behavioral state. Am J Perinatol 1995, 12:91-92.
19. Zimmer EZ, Chao CR, Guy GP, Marks F, Fifer WP Vibroacoustic stimulation evokes human fetal micturition. Obstet Gynecol 1993, 81:178-180.
20. Maggi CA, Santicioli P, Meli A Postnatal development of micturition in rats. Am J Physiol 1986, 250:R926-R931.
21. Thor KB, Blais DP, de Groat WC Behavioral analysis of the postnatal development of micturition in kittens. Dev Brain Res 1989, 46:137-144.
22. de Groat WC, Booth AM, Yoshimura N Neurophysiology of micturition and its modification in animal models of human disease. Nervous control of the urogenital system 1993, 227-290. Harwood Academic, London. C.A. Maggi (Ed.).
23. de Groat WC, Araki I, Vizzard MA, Yoshiyama M, et al. Developmental and injury induced plasticity in the micturition reflex pathway. Behav Brain Res 1998, 92:127-140.
24. Araki I, de Groat WC Developmental synaptic depression underlying reorganization of visceral reflex pathways in the spinal cord. JNeurosci 1997, 17:8402-8407.
25. Sugaya K, Roppolo JR, Yoshimura N, Card JP, de Groat WC The central neural pathways involved in the neonatal rat as revealed by the injection of pseudorabies virus into the bladder. Neurosci Lett 1997, 223:197-200.
26. Sugaya K, de Groat WC Micturition reflexes in the in-vitro neonatal rat brainstem-spinal cord-urinary bladder preparation. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:R658-R667.
27. Yeung CK Pathophysiology of bladder dysfunction. Pediatric urology 2001, 453-469. Saunders, Philadelphia. J.P. Gearheart, R.C. Rink, P.D.E. Mouriquand (Eds.).
28. Goellner MH, Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ Urination during the first three years of life. Nephron 1981, 28:174-178.
29. Yeung CK The normal infant bladder. ScandJ Urol Nephrol Suppl 1995, 173:19-23.
30. Holmdahl G, Hanson E, Hanson M, Hellstrom AL, et al. Four-hour voiding observation in health infants. J Urol 1996, 156:1809-1812.
31. Koff SA Non-neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunction in children. Pediatric urology 1997, 217-228. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. B. O'Donnell, S.A. Koff (Eds.).
32. Yeates WK Bladder function in normal micturition. Bladder control and enuresis 1973, 28-36. W Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, London. I. Kolvin, R.C. MacKeith, S.R. Meadow (Eds.).
33. Koff SA Estimating bladder capacity in children. Urology 1983, 21:248.
34. Hjalmas K Urodynamics in normal infants and children. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1988, 114:30-37.
35. Hjalmas K Micturition in infants and children with normal lower urinary tract: a urodynamic study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1976, 37:9-17.
36. Bachelard M, Sillen U, Hansson S, Hermansson G, et al. Urodynamic pattern in asymptomatic infants: siblings of children with vesicoureteric reflux. J Urol 1999, 162:1733-1737.
37. Sillen U, Solsnes E, Hellstrom AL, Sandberg K The voiding pattern of healthy preterm neonates. J Urol 2000, 163:278-281.
38. Yeung CK, Godley ML, Duffy PG, Ransley PG Natural filling cystometry in infants and children. Br J Urol 1995, 75:531-537.
39. Norgaard JP, van Gool JD, Hjalmas K, Djurhuus JC, Hellstrom AL Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Br J Urol 1998, 81:1-16.
40. van Gool JD, de Jonge GA Urge syndrome and urge incontinence. Arch Dis Child 1989, 64:1629-1634.
41. Vincent SA Postural control of urinary incontinence-the Curtsey sign. Lancet 1966, 2:631-632.
42. O'Reagan S, Yazback S, Hamberger B, Schick E Constipation-a commonly unrecognised cause of enuresis. Am J Dis Child 1986, 140:260-261.
43. Hinman F, Baumann FW Vesical and ureteral damage from voiding dysfunction in boys without neurologic or obstructive disease. J Urol 1973, 109:727-732.
44. Hinman F Non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome)-15 years later. J Urol 1986, 136:769-777.
45. Allen TD The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1977, 117:232-238.
46. Dorfman LE, Bailey J, Smith JP Subclinical neurogenic bladder in children. J Urol 1969, 101:48-54.
47. Williams DI, Hirst G, Doyle D The occult neuropathic bladder. J Pediatr Surg 1975, 9:35-41.
48. Jayanthi VR, Khoury AE, McLorie GA, Agarwal SK The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder of early infancy. J Urol 1997, 158:1281-1285.
49. Hinman F Non-neurogenic bladder (Hinman syndrome). Pediatric urology 1997, 245-248. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. B. O'Donnell, S.A. Koff (Eds.).
50. Ochoa B, Gorlin RJ Urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1987, 27:661-667.
51. Ochoa B The urofacial (Ochoa) syndrome revisited. J Urol 1992, 148:580-583.
52. Kjalmas K, Arnold T, Bower W, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: an international evidence based management strategy. J Urol 2004, 171:2545-2561.
53. Neveus T, Hansell P, Stenberg A Vasopressin and hypercalciuria in enuresis: a reappraisal. BJU Int 2002, 90:725-729.
54. Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Leung VT, Metriweli C Ultrasound bladder measurements in patients with primary nocturnal enuresis: a urodynamic and treatment outcome correlation. J Urol 2004, 171:2589-2594.
55. Venhola M, Reunanen M, Taskinen S, Lahdes-Vasama T, Uhari M Interobserver and intra-observer agreement in interpreting urodynamic measurements in children. J Urol 2003, 169:2344-2346.
56. Nijman JM: The interpretation of urodynamic investigations in children. Second course on pediatric urodynamics International Children's Continence Society Course, Utrecht, 1997, pp 45-53.
57. Yeung CK Continuous real-time ambulatory urodynamic monitoring in infants and young children using infrared telemetry. BrJ Urol 1998, 81:76-80.
58. Bower YF, Yip SK, Yeung CK Dysfunctional elimination symptoms in childhood and adulthood. J Urol 2006, 174:1623-1627.
59. Karaman MI, Kaya C, Caskurlu T, Guney S, Ergenekon E Urodynamic findings in children with cerebral palsy. Int J Urol 2005, 12:717-720.
60. Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Arai K, Yamanishi T, Hattori T Lower urinary tract dysfunction in Machado-Joseph disease: a study of 11 clinical-urodynamic observations. J Neurol Sci 2004, 218:67-72.
61. Silveri M, de Gennaro M, Gatti C, Bizzarri C, et al. Voiding dysfunction in x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: symptom score and urodynamic findings. J Urol 2004, 171:2651-2653.
62. Kaefer M, Pabby A, Kelly M Improved bladder function after prophylactic treatment of the high risk neurogenic bladder in new-borns with myelomeningocele. J Urol 1999, 162:1068-1071.
63. Wu HY, Baskin LS, Kogan BA Neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to myelomeningocele: neonatal versus childhood treatment. J Urol 1997, 157:2295-2297.
64. Tanaka H, Kakizaki H, Kobayashi S, Shibata T, et al. The relevance of urethral resistance in children with myelodysplasia: its impact on upper urinary tract deterioration and the outcome of conservative management. J Urol 1999, 161:929-932.
65. Bauer SB, Hallett M, Khoshbin S, et al. Predictive value of urodynamic evaluation in newborns with myelodysplasia. JAMA 1984, 252:650-652.
66. Sidi AA, Dykstra DD, Gonzalez R The value of urodynamic testing in the management of neonates with myelodysplasia: a prospective study. J Urol 1986, 135:90-93.
67. Bauer SB Early evaluation and management of children with spina bifida. Urological surgery in neonates and young infants 1988, 252-264. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. L.R. King (Ed.).
68. Snodgrass WT, Adams R Initial urologic management of myelomeningocele. Urol Clin North Am 2004, 31:427-434.
69. McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplastic patients. J Urol 1981, 126:205-209.
70. Lapides J, Diokno AC, Silber SJ, Lowe BS Clean intermittent self-catheterization in the treatment of urinary tract disease. J Urol 1972, 107:458-461.
71. Campbell JB, Moore KN, Voaklander DC, Mix LW Complications associated with clean intermittent catheterization in children with spina bifida. J Urol 2004, 171:2420-2422.
72. Lindehall B, Abrahamsson K, Hjalmas K, Jodal U, et al. Complications of clean intermittent catheterization in boys and young males with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol 2004, 172:1686-1688.
73. Schulman SL Voiding dysfunction in children. Urol Clin North Am 2004, 31:481-490.
74. Youdim K, Kogan BA Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of extended-release oxybutynin in children. Urology 2002, 59:428-432.
75. Ellsworth PI, Borgstein NG, Nijman RJ, Reddy PP Use of tolterodine in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: relationship between dose and urodynamic response. J Urol 2005, 174:1647-1651.
76. Castro-Gago M, Novo I, Cimadevila A, Pena J, et al. Management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction secondary to myelomeningocele. Eur J Pediatr 1990, 150:62-65.
77. Ferrara P, D'Aleo CM, Tarquini E, Salvatore S, Salvaggio E Side-effects of oral or intravesical oxybutynin chloride in children with spina bifida. BJU Int 2001, 87:674-678.
78. Seki N, Ikawa S, Takano N, Naito S Intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin for neurogenic bladder dysfunction in a patient with myelodysplasia. J Urol 2001, 166:2368-2369.
79. Abrams P, Amarenco G, Bakke A, et al. Tamsulosin: efficacy and safety in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction due to suprasacral spinal cord injury. J Urol 2003, 170:1242-1251.
80. Schulte-Baukloh H, Michael T, Miller K, Knispel HH Alfuzosin in the treatment of high leak-point pressure in children with neurogenic bladder. BJU Int 2002, 90:716-720.
81. Bogaert G, Beckers G, Lombaerts R The use and rationale of selective alpha blockade in children with non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Int Braz J Urol 2004, 30:128-134.
82. Schurch B, Corcos J Botulinum toxin injections for paediatric incontinence. Curr Opin Urol 2005, 15:264-267.
83. Kuo HC Effect of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of voiding dysfunction due to detrusor underactivity. Urology 2003, 61:550-554.
84. Smith CP, Nishiguchi J, O'Leary M, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB Single-institution experience in 110 patients with botulinum toxin A injection into bladder or urethra. Urology 2005, 65:37-41.
85. Bauer SB The management of the myelodysplastic child: a paradigm shift. BJU Int 2003, 92:23-28.
86. Hafez AT, McLorie G, Gilday D, et al. Long-term evaluation of metabolic profile and bone mineral density after ileocystoplasty in children. J Urol 2003, 170:1639-1642.
87. Vajda P, Pinter AB, Harangi F, Farkas A, et al. Metabolic findings after colocystoplasty in children. Urology 2003, 62:542-546.
88. DeFoor W, Minevich E, Reeves D, Tackett L, et al. Gastrocysto-plasty: long-term followup. J Urol 2003, 170:1647-1650.
89. Liard A, Seguier-Lipszyc E, Mathiot A, Mitrofanoff P The Mitro-fanoff procedure: 20 years later. J Urol 2001, 165:2394-2398.
90. Wein AJ Pathophysiology and categorization of voiding dysfunction. Campbell's urology 1998, 917-926. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. P.C. Walsh, A.B. Retik, E.D. Vaughan, A.J. Wein (Eds.).
91. Lapides J Neuromuscular, vesical and urethral dysfunction. Urology 1970, 1343-1379. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. M.F. Campbell, H. Harrison (Eds.).
92. Bellinger MF Myelomeningocele and neuropathic bladder. Adult and pediatric surgery 1996, 2489-2528. Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis. J.Y. Gillenwater, J.T. Grayhack, S.S. Howards, J.W. Ducckett (Eds.).
93. Dewan PA, Goh DG Variable expression of the congenital obstructive posterior urethral membrane. Urology 1995, 45:507-509.
94. Dhillon HK, Yeung CK, Ransley PG, Duffy PG Cowper's gland cysts-a cause of transient intra-uterine bladder outflow obstruction?. Fetal Diagn Ther 1993, 8:51-55.
95. Bachelard M, Sillen U, Hansson S, Hermansson G, et al. Urody-namic pattern in infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 1998, 160:522-526.
96. Mazzola BL, von Vigier RO, Marchand S, Tonz M, Bianchetti MG Behavioral and functional abnormalities linked with recurrent urinary tract infections in girls. J Nephrol 2003, 16:133-138.
97. Wan J, Kaplinsky R, Greenfield S Toilet habits of children evaluated for urinary tract infection. J Urol 1995, 154:797-799.
98. Hellerstein S, Nickell E Prophylactic antibiotics in children at risk for urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 2002, 17:506-510.
99. Bakker E, Van Gool J, van Sprundel M, van der Auwera JC, Wyndaele JJ Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in 4332 Belgian schoolchildren aged between 10and 14 years. Eur J Pediatr 2004, 163:234-238.
100. Homayoon K, Chen JJ, Cummings JM, Steinhardt GF Voiding dysfunction: outcome in infants with congenital vesicoureteral reflux. Urology 2005, 66:1091-1094.
101. Podesta ML, Castera R, Ruarte AC Videourodynamic findings in young infants with severe primary reflux. J Urol 2004, 171:829-833.
102. Godley ML, Desai D, Yeung CK, Dhillon HK, et al. The relationship between early renal status, and the resolution of vesico-ureteric reflux and bladder function at 16 months. BJU Int 2001, 87:457-462.
103. Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Sihoe JDY, Sit FKY Renal and bladder functional status at diagnosis as predictive factors for the outcome of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 2006, 176:1152-1157.
104. Koff SA, Wagner TT, Jayanthi VR The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children. J Urol 1998, 160:1019-1022.
105. Dacher JN, Savoye-Collet C Urinary tract infection and functional bladder sphincter disorders in children. Eur Radiol 2004, 14:L101-L106.
106. Pfister C, Dacher JN, Gaucher S, Liard-Zmuda A, et al. The usefulness of a minimal urodynamic evaluation and pelvic floor bio-feedback in children with chronic voiding dysfunction. BJU Int 1999, 84:1054-1057.
107. Clayden GS, Keshtgar AS, Carcani-Rathwell I, Abhyankar A The management of chronic constipation and related faecal inconti-nence in childhood. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2005, 90:ep58-ep67.
108. Ayan S, Kaya K, Topsakal K, Kilicarslan H, et al. Efficacy of tol-terodine as a first-line treatment for non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction in children. BJU Int 2005, 96:411-414.
109. Chapple CR, Abrams P Comparison of darifenacin and oxybutynin in patients with overactive bladder: assessment of ambulatory urodynamics and impact on salivary flow. Eur Urol 2005, 48:102-109.
110. Donohoe JM, Combs AJ, Glassberg KI Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents II: results of treatment with alpha-adrenergic antagonists. J Urol 2005, 173:212-216.
111. Cain MP, Wu SD, Austin PF, Herndon CD, Rink RC Alpha blocker therapy for children with dysfunctional voiding and urinary retention. J Urol 2003, 170:1514-1515.
112. Kramer SA, Rathbun SR, Elkins D, Karnes RJ, Husmann DA Double-blind placebo controlled study of alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists (doxazosin) for treatment of voiding dysfunction in the pediatric population. J Urol 2005, 173:2121-2124.
113. Austin PF, Homsy YL, Masel JL, Cain MP, et al. Alpha-adrenergic blockade in children with neuropathic and nonneuropathic voiding dysfunction. J Urol 1999, 162:1064-1067.
114. Yucel S, Akkaya E, Guntekin E, et al. Can alpha-blocker therapy be an alternative to biofeedback for dysfunctional voiding and urinary retention? A prospective study. J Urol 2005, 174:1612-1615.
115. Yang SS, Wang CC, Chen YT Effectiveness of alpha 1-adrenergic blockers in boys with low urinary flow rate and urinary incontinence. J Formos Med Assoc 2003, 102:551-555.
116. Yagci S, Kibar Y, Akay O, et al. The effect of biofeedback treatment on voiding and urodynamic parameters in children with voiding dysfunction. J Urol 2005, 174:1994-1997.
117. Nelson JD, Cooper CS, Boyt MA, Hawtrey CE, Austin JC Improved uroflow parameters and post-void residual following biofeedback therapy in pediatric patients with dysfunctional voiding does not correspond to outcome. J Urol 2004, 172:1653-1656.
118. Bani-Hani AH, Vandersteen DR, Reinberg YE Neuromodulation in pediatrics. Urol Clin North Am 2005, 32:101-107.
119. Pohl HG, Bauer SB, Borer JG, et al. The outcome of voiding dysfunction managed with clean intermittent catheterization in neu-rologically and anatomically normal children. BJU Int 2002, 89:923-927.
120. Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Sihoe JDY, Sit FKY, Lau J Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescence: a critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study. BJU Int 2006, 97:1069-1073.
121. Forsythe WI, Redmond A Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate-study of 1129 enuretics. Arch Dis Child 1974, 49:259-263.
122. Feehan H, McGee R, Stanton W, Silva PA A 6 year follow-up of childhood enuresis: prevalence in adolescence and consequences for mental health. J Paediatr Child Health 1990, 26:75-79.
123. Yeung CK, Sihoe JDY, Sit FKY, Diao M, Yew SY Urodynamic findings in adults with primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2004, 171:2595-2598.
124. Hirasing RA, Van LF, Bolk BL, Janknegt RA Enuresis nocturna in adults. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997, 31:533-536.
125. Rittig S, Knudsen UB, Norgaard JP, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. Am J Physiol 1989, 256:F664-F671.
126. Norgaard JP, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC Diurnal anti-diuretic hormone levels in enuretics. J Urol 1985, 134:1029-1031.
127. Moffatt MEK, Harlos S, Kirshen AJ, Burd L Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: how much do we know?. Pediatrics 1993, 92:420-425.
128. Rittig S, Knudsen UB, Sorensen S, Djurhuus JC, Norgaard JP Long-term double blind crossover study of desmopressin intranasal spray in the management of nocturnal enuresis. Desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis 1989, 43-55. Horus Medical Publications, London. S.R. Meadow (Ed.).
129. Eller DA, Austin PF, Tanguay S, Homsy YL Daytime functional bladder capacity as a predictor of response to desmopressin in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Eur Urol 1998, 33(Suppl 3):25-29.
130. Rushton HG, Belman AB, Zaontz MR, Skoog SJ, Sihelnik S The influence of small functional bladder capacity and other predictors on the response to desmopressin in the management of monosymp-tomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1996, 156:651-655.
131. Starfield B Functional bladder capacity in enuretic and nonenuretic children. J Pediatr 1967, 70:777-781.
132. Jarvelin MR, Huttunen NP, Seppanen J, Seppanen U, Moilanen I Screening of urinary tract abnormalities among day and night-wetting children. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990, 24:181-189.
133. Norgaard JP Urodynamics in enuresis I: reservoir function. Neurourol Urodyn 1989, 8:199-211.
134. Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FKY Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1999, 162:1049-1055.
135. Watanabe H, Kawauchi A, Kitamori T, Azuma Y Treatment system for nocturnal enuresis according to an original classification system. Eur Urol 1994, 25:43-50.
136. Rittig S, Schaumburg H, Schmidt F, et al. Long-term home studies of water balance in patients with nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997, 31:25-27.
137. Ornitz EM, Russell AT, Hanna GL, et al. Prepulse inhibition of startle and the neurobiology of primary nocturnal enuresis. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 45:1455-1466.
138. Ornitz EM, Russell AT, Gabikian P, Gehricke JG, Guthrie D Prepulse inhibition of startle, intelligence and familial primary nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatr 2000, 89:475-481.
139. Diao M, Yeung CK, Sihoe JDY, et al: Brainstem and bladder dysfunctions in nocturnal enuresis. Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Meeting of European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) and American Academy of Pediatrics. Uppsala, Sweden, 2005.
140. Redsell SA, Collier J Bedwetting, behaviour and self-esteem: a review of the literature. Child Care Health Dev 2001, 27:149-162.
141. Longstaffe S, Moffatt MEK, Whalen JC Behavioral and self-concept changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2000, 105:935-940.
142. Glazener CMA, Evans JHC Simple behavioural and physical interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 37. CD0036:DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003637.pub2.
143. Devlin JB, O'Cathain C Predicting treatment outcome in nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Child 1990, 65:1158-1161.
144. Glazener CMA, Evans JHC, Peto RE Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 11. CD0029:DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002911.pub2.
145. Bosson S, Lyth N Nocturnal enuresis. Clin Evid 2003, 9:407-414.
146. Mellon MW, McGrath ML Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: nocturnal enuresis. J Pediatr Psychol 2000, 25:193-214.
147. Moffatt MEK Nocturnal enuresis: a review of the efficacy of treatments and practical advice for clinicians. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1997, 18:49-56.
148. Houts AC, Berman JS, Abramson H Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994, 62:737-745.
149. Dische S, Yule W, Corbett J, Hand D Childhood nocturnal enuresis: factors associated with outcome of treatment with an enuresis alarm. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983, 25:67-80.
150. Bonde HV, Andersen JP, Rosenkilde P Nocturnal enuresis: change of nocturnal voiding pattern during alarm treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1994, 28:349-352.
151. Hansen AF, Jorgensen TM Alarm treatment: influence on functional bladder capacity. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997, 31:59-60.
152. Morgan RT Relapse and therapeutic response in the conditioning treatment of enuresis: a review of recent findings on intermittent reinforcement, overlearning and stimulus intensity. Behav Res Ther 1978, 16:273-279.
153. Azrin NH, Sneed TJ, Foxx RM Dry-bed training: rapid elimination of childhood enuresis. Behav Res Ther 1974, 12:147-156.
154. Butler RJ, Brewin CR, Forsythe WI A comparison of two approaches to the treatment of nocturnal enuresis and the prediction of effectiveness using pre-treatment variables. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988, 29:501-509.
155. Glazener CMA, Evans JHC, Peto RE Complex behavioural and educational interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, CD004668:DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD004668.
156. Sukhai RN, Mol J, Harris AS Combined therapy of enuresis alarm and desmopressin in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Eur J Pediatr 1989, 148:465-467.
157. Bradbury M Combination therapy for nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin and an alarm device. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1997, 31:61-63.
158. Leebeek-Groenewegen A, Blom J, Sukhai R, Van DH Efficacy of desmopressin combined with alarm therapy for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 2001, 166:2456-2458.
159. Ng CFN, Wong SN Comparing alarms, desmopressin, and combined treatment in Chinese enuretic children. Pediatr Nephrol 2005, 20:163-169. The Hong Kong Childhood Enuresis Study Group.
160. Glazener CMA, Evans JHC Desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, CD002112: DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002112.
161. Tullus K, Bergstrom R, Fosdal I, Winnergard I, Hjalmas K Efficacy and safety during long-term treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin. Swedish Enuresis Trial Group. Acta Paediatr 1999, 88:1274-1278.
162. Bernstein SA, Williford SL Intranasal desmopressin-associated hyponatremia: a case report and literature review. J Fam Pract 1997, 44:203-208.
163. Caione P, Arena F, Biraghi H, et al. Nocturnal enuresis and daytime wetting: a multicentric trial with oxybutynin and desmopressin. Eur Urol 1997, 31:459-463.
164. Neveus T Oxybutynin, desmopressin and enuresis. J Urol 2001, 166:2459-2462.
165. Glazener CMA, Evans JHC, Peto R Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, CD002117:DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002117.