Energy metabolism and metabolic depression during exercise in callinectes sapidus, the atlantic blue crab: Effects of the bacterial pathogen vibrio campbellii

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 212, Issue 21, 2009, Pages 3428-3439

  Thibodeaux, Lindy K ^a   Burnett, Karen G ^a   Burnett, Louis E ^a  

^a Department of Teacher Education and Department of Sociology and Anthropology   (United States)

Author keywords

Blue crab; Callinectes sapidus; Immune defense; Lactate; Ld50; Metabolic depression; Oxygen uptake; Vibrio

Indexed keywords

ARGININE; LACTIC ACID; OXYGEN; SUCCINIC ACID;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BRACHYURA; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEMOLYMPH; MALE; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MORTALITY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PHYSIOLOGY; VIBRIO; VIBRIOSIS; WALKING;

ANIMALS; ARGININE; BRACHYURA; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEMOLYMPH; LACTIC ACID; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLES; OXYGEN; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SUCCINIC ACID; VIBRIO; VIBRIO INFECTIONS; WALKING;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CALLINECTES SAPIDUS; DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); VIBRIO; VIBRIO CAMPBELLII;

EID: 70350238440     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.033431     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Adams, A. (1991), Response of penaeid shrimp to exposure to Vibrio species, Fish Shellfish immunol. 1, 59-70.
2. Atkinson, D. E. (1968), The energy charge of the adenylate pool as a regulatory parameter, Interaction with feedback modifiers, Biochemistry, 7, 4030-4034.
3. Bartholomew, G. A., Vieck, D. and Vieck, C. M. (1981), Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling In sphlngld and saturnlld moths, J. Exp. Biol. 90, 17-32.
4. Batterton, C. V. and Cameron, J. N. (1978), Characteristics of resting ventilation and response to hypoxia, hypercapnla, and emersion In the blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), J. Exp. Zool. 203, 403-418.
5. Bergmeyer, H. U. (1985a). Metabolites 3: lipids, amino acids and related compounds. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol, 8 (ed. H. U. Bergmeyer, J, Bergmeyer and M. Grassl). Welnhelm: VCH.
6. Bergmeyer, H. U. (1985b), Metabolites 2: tri and dlcarboxyllc acids, purines, pyrimidines and derivatives, coenzymes, Inorganic compounds, In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, vol, 7 (ed. H. U. Bergmeyer, J, Bergmeyer and M. Grassl). Welnheim: VCH.
7. Booth, C. E. and McMahon, B. R. (1985), Lactate dynamics during locomotor activity In the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, J. Exp. Biol. 118, 461-465.
8. Booth, C. E. and McMahon, B. R. (1992), Aerobic capacity of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, Physiol. Zool. 65, 1074-1091.
9. Booth, C. E., McMahon, B. R. and Plnder, A. W. (1982), Oxygen uptake and the potentiating effects of Increased hemolymph lactate on oxygen transport during exercise In the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, J. Comp. Physiol. 148, 111-121.
10. Booth, C. E., McMahon, B. R., deFur, P. L. and Wilkes, P. R. H. (1984), Acid-base regulation during exercise and recovery In the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, Respir. Physiol. 58, 359-376.
11. Burgents, J. E., Burnett, K. G. and Burnett, L. E. (2005a), Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnlc hypoxia on the localization and the elimination of Vibrio campbellii In Litopenaeus vannamei, the Pacific white shrimp, Biol. Bull. 208, 159-168.
12. Burgents, J. E., Burnett, L. E., Stabb, E. V. and Burnett, K. G. (2005b), Localization and bacterlostasls of Vibrio Introduced Into the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Dev. Comp. Immunol. 29, 681-691.
13. Burnett, L. E. (1997), The challenges of living In hypoxic and hypercapnlc aquatic environments, Am. Zool. 37, 633-640. (Pubitemid 127754392)
14. Burnett, L. E. and Stickle, W. B. (2001). Physiological responses to hypoxia, In Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, vol, 57 (ed. N. N. Rabalals and R. E. Turner), pp. 101-114, Washington DC: American Geophysical Union.
15. Burnett, L. E., Holman, J. D., Jorgensen, D. D., Ikerd, J. L. and Burnett, K. G. (2006), Immune defense reduces respiratory fitness In Callinectes sapidus, the Atlantic blue crab, Biol. Bull. 211, 50-57.
16. Cochran, D. M. (1935), The skeletal musculature of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, Smithson. Misc. Collect. 92, 1-76.
17. Colwell, R. R., Wicks, T. C. and Tublash, H. S. (1975), A comparative study of the bacterial flora of the hemolymph of Callinectes sapidus, Mar. Fish. Rev. 37, 29-33.
18. Davis, J. W. and Slzemore, R. K. (1982), Incidence of Vibrio species associated with blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected from Galveston Bay, Texas, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43, 1092-1097.
19. deFur, P. L., Mangům, C. P. and Reese, J. E. (1990), Respiratory responses of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus to long-term hypoxia, Biol. Bull. 178, 46-54.
20. de Souza, S. C. R. and Moreira, G. S. (1994), Neuroendocrine Influence on whole animal and tissue respiration and on osmoionic regulation In the holollmnetlc shrimp Macrobrachlum potiuna (Müller, 1880), J. Crust. Biol. 14, 36-46.
21. de Zwaan, A. and Skjoldal, H. R. (1979), Anaerobic energy metabolism of the scavenging isopod Cirolana borealls (Lilljeborg), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B129, 327-331.
22. Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R. (2008), Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems, Science 321, 926-929.
23. England, W. R. and Baldwin, J. (1983), Anaerobic energy metabolism In the tall musculature of the Australian yabby Cherax destructor (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacldae): role of Phosphagens and anaerobic glycolysis during escape behavior, Physiol. Zool. 56, 614-622.
24. Fanjul-Moles, M. L. (2006), Biochemical and functional aspects of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone In decapod crustaceans: review and update, Comp. Biochem, Physiol. C Toxicol, Pharmacol, 142, 390-400.
25. Frappell, P. B., Blevin, H. A. and Baudlnette, R. V. (1989), Understanding resplrometry chambers: what goes In must come out, J. Theor, Biol. 138, 479-485.
26. Frederlch, M., O'Rourke, M. R., Furey, N. B. and Jost, J. A. (2009), AMP-actlvated protein kinase (AMPK) In the rock crab, Cancer lrroratus; an early Indicator of temperature stress, J. Exp. Biol. 212, 722-730.
27. Fuery, C. J., Withers, P. C., Hobbs, A. A. and Guppy, M. (1998). The role of protein synthesis during metabolic depression In the Australian desert frog Neobatrachus centralis, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Pari A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 119, 469-476.
28. Full, R. J. and Herreld, C. F. (1983), Aerobic response to exercise of the fastest land crab, Am. J. Physiol. 244, R530-R536.
29. Full, R. J. and Herreld, C. F. (1984), Fiddler crab exercise: the energetic cost of running sideways, J. Exp. Biol. 109, 141-161.
30. Full, R. J. and Weinstein, R. B. (1992), Integrating the physiology, mechanics and behavior of rapid running ghost crabs: slow and steady doesn't always win the race, Am. Zool. 32, 382-395.
31. Gaessar, G. A. and Brooks, G. A. (1984), Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 15, 29-43.
32. Gannon, A. T. and Wheatly, M. G. (1995), Physiological effects of a gill barnacle on host blue crabs during short-term exercise and recovery, Mar. Behav. Physiol. 24, 215-222.
33. 14C- thlocyanate, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 56A, 411-413.
34. Gleeson, T. T. and Hancock, T. V. (2001), Modeling the metabolic energetics of brief and Intermittent locomotion In lizards and rodents, Am. Zool. 41, 211-218. (Pubitemid 33301967)
35. Graham, R. A., Mangům, C. P., Terwilliger, R. C. and Tarwilliger, N. B. (1983), The effect of organic acids on oxygen binding of hemocyanln from the crab Cancer magister. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 74, 45-50.
36. Guppy, M. (2004), The biochemistry of metabolic depression: a history of perceptions, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 139B, 435-442.
37. Guppy, M. and Withers, P. (1999), Metabolic depression In animals: physiological perspectives and biochemical generalizations, Biol. Rev. 74, 1-40.
38. Guppy, M., Fuery, C. J. and Flanlgan, J. E. (1994), Biochemical principles of metabolic depression, Comp. Biochem. Physiol B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 109, 175189.
39. Hamilton, M. A., Russo, R. C. and Thurston, R. V. (1977), Trimmed SpearmanKarber method for estimating median lethal concentrations In toxicity bloassays, Environ. Sci, Technol. 11, 714-719.
40. Hamilton, N. M. and Houlihan, D. F. (1992), Respiratory and circulatory adjustments during aquatic treadmill exercise In the European shore crab Carcinus maenas. J. Exp. Biol. 162, 37-54.
41. Hancock, T. V. and Gleeson, T. T. (2002), Metabolic recovery In the Desert Iguana (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) following activities of varied Intensity and duration, Funct. Ecol. 16, 40-48.
42. Hardy, K. M., Locke, B. R., Da Silva, M. and Klnsey, S. T. (2006), A reactiondiffusion analysis of energetics In large muscle fibers secondarily evolved for aerobic locomotor function, J. Exp. Biol. 209, 3610-3620. (Pubitemid 44606617)
43. Head, C. and Baldwin, J. (1986), Energy metabolism and the fate of lactate during recovery from exercise In the Australian freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor, Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 37, 641-646.
44. Herreld, C. F. (1981), Energetics of pedestrian arthropods, In Locomotion and Energetics in Arthropods (ed. C. F. Herreld and C. R. Fourtner), New York: Plenum Press.
45. Herreld, C. F., Lee, L. W. and Shah, G. M. (1979), Respiration and heart rate In exercising land crabs, Respir. Physiol. 36, 109-120.
46. Hill, A. D., Taylor, A. C. and Strang, R. H. C. (1991), Physiological and metabolic responses of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L) during environmental anoxia and subsequent recovery, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 150, 31.
47. Hlnee, A. H. (2007), Ecology of juvenile and adult blue crabs, In The Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus (ed. V. S. Kennedy and E. Cronln), pp. 565-654, College Park, MD: Maryland Sea Grant College.
48. Hines, A. H., Wolcott, T. G., Gonzalez-Gurrlaran, E., Gonzalez-Escalante, J. L. and Friere, J. (1995), Movement patterns and migrations In crabs: Telemetry of juvenile and adult behaviour In Callinectes sapidus and Maja squinado, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 75, 27-42.
49. Hochachka, P. W., Buck, L. T., Doll, C. J. and Land, S. C. (1996), Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance: molecular/metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack, Proc, Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9493-9498.
50. Hohnke, L. and Scheer, B. T. (1970), Carbohydrate metabolism In crustaceans, In Chemical Zoology, vol, 5 (ed, M, Florkin and B, T, Scheer), 460pp, New York: Academic Press.
51. Holman, J. D., Burnett, K. G. and Burnett, L. E. (2004), Effects of hypercapnic hypoxia on the clearance of Vibrio campbellii In the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, Biol. Bull. 206, 188-196.
52. Horman, S., Browne, G. J., Krause, U., Patel, J. V., Vertommen, D., Bertrand, L., Lavolnne, A., Hue, L., Proud, C. G. and Rider, M. H. (2002), Activation of AMPactlvated protein kinase leads to the phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 and an Inhibition of protein synthesis, Curr. Biol. 12, 1419-1423. (Pubitemid 34915545)
53. Houlihan, D. F. and lnnes, A. J. (1984), The cost of walking In crabs: aerial and aquatic oxygen consumption during activity of two species of intertidal crab, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 77, 325-334.
54. Houlihan, D. F., Mathers, E. and El Haj, A. J. (1984), Walking performance and aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Carcinus maenas (L) In sea water at 15 degrees C. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 74, 211-230.
55. Houlihan, D. F., Govind, C. K. and El Haj, A. (1985), Energetics of swimming In Callinectes sapidus and walking In Homarus americanus, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 82, 267-279.
56. Houlihan, D. F., Waring, C. P., Mathers, E. and Gray, C. (1990), Protein synthesis and oxygen consumption of the shore crab Carcinus maenas after a meal, Physiol. Zool. 634, 735-756.
57. Johnson, L. K., Dillaman, R. M., Gay, D. M., Blum, J. E. and Kinsey, S. T. (2004), Metabolic Influences of fiber size In aerobic and anaerobic locomotor muscles of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4045-4056.
58. Johnson, P. T. (1976), Bacterial Infection In the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus; course of Infection and histopathology, J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 28, 25-36.
59. Kemp, B. E., Stapleton, D., Campbell, D. J., Chen, Z. P., Murthy, S., Walter, M., Gupta, A., Adams, J. J., Katsls, F., van Denderen, B. et al. (2002), AMP-actlvated protein kinase, super metabolic regulator, Biochem. Soc. Trans, 31, 162-168.
60. Krantz, G. F., Colwell, R. R. and Lovelace, E. (1969), Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus In Chesapeake Bay, Science 164, 1286-1287.
61. Le Moullac, G. and Haffner, P. (2000), Environmental factors affecting Immune responses In Crustacea, Aquaculture 191, 121-131. (Pubitemid 30738131)
62. Livingstone, D. R. (1991), Origins and evolution of pathways of anaerobic metabolism In the Animal Kingdom, Am. Zool. 31, 522-534.
63. Lorenzon, S., Glulianini, P. G. and Ferrero, E. A. (1997), Lipopolysaccharldeinduced hyperglycemia Is mediated by CHH release In crustaceans, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 108, 395-405. (Pubitemid 28006461)
64. Lorenzon, S., de Guarrinl, S., Smith, V. J. and Ferrero, E. A. (1999), Effects of LPS Injection on circulating haemocytes In crustaceans In vivo, Fish Shellfish Immunol. 9, 31-50. (Pubitemid 129312065)
65. Macey, B. M., Rathburn, C. K., Thibodeaux, L. K., Burnett, L. E. and Burnett, K. G. (2008), Clearance of Vibrio campbellii Injected Into the hemolymph of Callinectes sapidus, the Atlantic blue crab: the effects of prior exposure to bacteria and environmental hypoxia, Fish Shellfish Immunol. 25, 165-171.
66. Mangům, C. P. (1997), Adaptation of the oxygen transport system to hypoxia In the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Am. Zool. 37, 604-611.
67. Martin, G. G., Poole, D., Poole, C., Hose, J. E., Arias, M., Reynolds, L., McKrell, N. and Whang, A. (1993), Clearance of bacteria Injected Into the hemolymph of the penaeld shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis. J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 62, 308-315. (Pubitemid 2007544)
68. Martin, G. G., Quintero, M., Quigley, M. and Khosrovian, H. (2000 Elimination of sequestered material from the gills of decapod crustaceans, J. Crustacean Biol. 20, 209-217. (Pubitemid 30324913)
69. McCumber, L. and Clem, W. L. (1977), Recognition of viruses and xenogeneic proteins by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, I, Clearance and organ concentration, Dev. Comp. Immunol. 1, 5-14. (Pubitemid 8113262)
70. McDonald, D. G., McMahon, B. R. and Wood, C. M. (1979), An analysis of acid-base disturbances In the haemolymph following strenuous activity In the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, J. Exp. Biol. 79, 47-58.
71. McMahon, B. R. (1981), Oxygen uptake and acid-base balance during activity In decapod crustaceans, In Locomotion and Energetics in Arthropods (ed. C. F. Herreld and C. R. Fourtner), pp. 299-335, New York: Plenum Press.
72. McMahon, B. R., McDonald, D. G. and Wood, C. M. (1979), Ventilation, oxygen uptake and haemolymph oxygen transport, following enforced exhausting activity In the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. J. Exp. Biol. 80, 271-285.
73. Merrill, D. P., Mongeon, S. A. and Fisher, S. (1979), Distribution of fluorescent latex particles following clearance from the hemolymph of the freshwater crayfish Orconectes virilis (Hagen), J. Comp. Physiol. 132, 363-368.
74. Mikulski, C. M., Burnett, L. E. and Burnett, K. G. (2000), The effects of hypercapnic hypoxia on the survival of shrimp challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J. Shellfish Res. 19, 301-311.
75. Mllllgan, C. L., Walsh, P. J., Booth, C. E. and McDonald, G. D. (1989), Intracellular acid-base regulation during recovery from locomotor activity In the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Phystol. Zool. 62, 621-638.
76. Morris, S. (1999), Integration of physiological responses of crustaceans to environmental challenge, South Afr. J. Zool. 33, 87.
77. Morris, S. and Adamczewska, A. M. (2002), Utilisation of glycogen, ATP and arglnine phosphate In exercise and recovery In terrestrial red crabs, Gecarcoldea natalis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 133, 813-825. (Pubitemid 35351474)
78. Morris, S., van Aardt, W. J. and Ahern, M. D. (2005), The effect of lead on the metabolic and energetic status of the Yabby, Cherax destructor, during environmental hypoxia, Aquat. Toxicol. 75, 16-31. (Pubitemid 41316973)
79. Newman, M. C. and Feng, F. Y. (1982), Susceptibility and resistance of the rock crab, Cancer irroratus, to natural and experimental bacterial Infection, J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 40, 75-88.
80. Pakay, J. L., Withers, P. C., Hobbs, A. A. and Guppy, M. (2002). In vivo downregulatlon of protein synthesis In the snail Helix apersa during estivation, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 283, R197-R204.
81. Plnz, I., Perry, D. J. and Fredrlch, M. (2005), Activation of 5′-AMP activated protein kinase during anaeroblosls In the rock crab, Cancer irroratus. MDIBL Bull. 44, 31-32.
82. Pugh, R. S., Elllsor, M. B., Moors, A. J., Porter, B. J. and Becker, P. R. (2007), Marine Environmental Specimen Bank: Clean Room and Specimen Bank Protocols.
83. Relpschlager, A. and Pörtner, H. O. (1996), Metabolic depression during environmental stress: the role of extracellular versus Intracellular pH In Sipunculus nudus, J. Exp. Biol. 199, 1801-1807
84. Saulnler, D., Haffner, P., Goarant C., Levy, P. and Ansquer, D. (2000), Experimental Infection models for shrimp vibriosis studies: a review, Aquaculture 191, 133-144. (Pubitemid 30738132)
85. Scholnlck, D. A., Burnett, K. G. and Burnett, L. E. (2006), Impact of exposure to bacteria on metabolism In the penaeld shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Biol. Bull. 211, 44-49,
86. Schulte, P. M., Moyes, C. D. and Hochachka, P. W. (1992), Integrating metabolic pathways In post-exercise recovery of white muscle, J. Exp. Biol. 166, 181-195.
87. Slzemore, R. K. and Davis, J. W. (1985), Source of Vibrio spp, found In the hemolymph of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 46, 109110.
88. Smith, V. J. and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1980a), Cellular defense reactions of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas: In vivo hemocytic and hlstopathologlcal responses to Injected bacteria, J. Inveriebr. Pathol. 35, 65-74.
89. Smith, V. J. and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1980b), Host defense reactions of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L): clearance and distribution of Injected test particles, J. Mar. Biol. ASSOC. UK60, 89-102.
90. Speed, S. R., Baldwin, J., Wong, R. J. and Wells, R. M. G. (2001), Metabolic characteristics of muscles In the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and responses to emersion during simulated live transport, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 128, 435-444. (Pubitemid 32208268)
91. Spirito, C. P. (1972), An analysis of swimming behavior In the portunld crab, Callinectes sapidus. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 1, 261-276.
92. Storey, K. B. and Storey, J. M. (1990), Metabolic rate depression and biochemical adaptation In anaeroblosls, hibernation and estivation, Q. Rev. Biol. 65, 145-174.
93. Storey, K. B. and Storey, J. M. (2004), Metabolic rate depression In animals: transcriptional and translational controls, Biol. Rev. 79, 207-233.
94. Taylor, E. W. (1982), Control and co-ordination of ventilation and circulation In crustaceans responses to hypoxia and exercise, J. Exp. Biol. 100, 289-319.
95. Towle, D. W. and Burnett, L. E. (2006), Osmoregulatory, digestive, and respiratory physiology, In The Biology of the Blue Crab (ed, V, Kennedy), pp. 1-31. Baltimore, MD: Maryland Sea Grant.
96. Tublash, H. S., Slzemore, R. K. and Colwell, R. R. (1975), Bacterial flora of the hemolymph of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: most probably numbers, Appl. Microbiol. 29, 388-392.
97. van de Braak, C. B., Botterblom, M. H., Taverne, N., van Mulswinkel, W. B., Rombout, J. H. and van der Knaap, W. P. (2002), The roles of haemocytes and the lymphoid organ In the clearance of Injected Vibrio bacteria In Penaeus monodon shrimp, Fish Shellfish Immunol. 13, 293-309.
98. Welsh, P. C. and Sizemore, R. K. (1985), Incidence of bacteremia In stressed and unstressed populations of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 420-425.
99. Whltaker, J. D., Delancey, L. B., Jenkins, J. E. and Maddox, M. B. (1998), A review of the fishery and biology of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, In South Carolina, J. Shellfish Res. 17, 459-463. (Pubitemid 28494778)
100. White, K. N. and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1982), The segregation and elimination of radiofluorescent-labeled marine bacteria from the haemolymph of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 62, 819-833.
101. White, K. N., Ratcliffe, N. A. and Rossa, M. (1985), The antibacterial activity of haemocyte clumps In the gills of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. J. Mar. Biol. ASSOC. UK 65, 857-870.
102. Winder, W. W. and Hardie, D. G. (1999), AMP-actlvated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles In Type 2 diabetes, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 277, E1-10.
103. Wolcott, T. G. and Hines, A. H. (1989), Ultrasonic blotelemetry of muscle activity from free-ranging marine animals: a new method for studying foraging by blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), Biol. Bull. 176, 50-56.
104. Wood, C. M. and Randall, D. J. (1981), Haemolymph gas transport, acid-base regulation, and anaerobic metabolism during exercise In the land crab Cardlsoma camitex, J. Exp. Zool. 218, 23-35.