Polio chronicles: Warm springs and Disability politics in the 1930s;Crónicas sobre la polio: Warm springs y la política sobre la minusvalía en los años treinta

Asclepio

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 143-174

  Rogers, Naomi ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Polio; Rehabilitation; Warm springs

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; DISABLED PERSON; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; HANDICAPPED CHILD; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION; POLICY; POLIOMYELITIS; POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS; POLITICS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH; REHABILITATION; REHABILITATION CENTER; SOCIAL WELFARE; UNITED STATES;

CHARITIES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISABLED CHILDREN; DISABLED PERSONS; FOUNDATIONS; GEORGIA; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; POLIOMYELITIS; POLIOVIRUS; POLITICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC POLICY; REHABILITATION; REHABILITATION CENTERS;

EID: 70350072441     PISSN: 02104466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2009.v61.i1.275     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. GALLAGHER, H.G. (1985), FDR's Splendid Deception, New York, Dodd, Mead, p. 55.
2. On popular stereotypes of physically disabled like Lon Chaney and other crippled villains in movies of the 1910s and 1920s.
3. NORDEN, F. (1994), The Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disability in the Movies, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
4. NIELSEN, K.E. (2004), The Radical Lives of Helen Keller, New York, New York University Press, pp. 47-48.
5. NIELSEN, K.E. (2001), Helen Keller and the Politics of Civic Fitness. In LONGMORE, P.K. and UMANSKY, L. (eds.), The New Disability History: American Perspectives, Albany, New York University Press, pp. 268-290.
6. WILSON, D.J. (2005), Living with Polio: The Epidemic and its Survivors, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
7. He also tried massage, electric current, horseback riding, electric tricycle, warm and cold water, and parallel bars.
8. GALLAGHER (1985), p. 24.
9. GUNTHER, J. (1950), Roosevelt in Retrospect: A Profile in History, New York, Harper and Brothers, pp. 35+42-43+234.
10. GOULD, T. (1995), A Summer Plague: Polio and its Survivors, New Haven-London, Yale University Press, p. 42.
11. He told George Draper, I have seen the methods of practically all the other doctors in the country - the Lovett method, Goldthwaite method, Hibbs method, St. Louis method, Chicago method, etc. etc.; Roosevelt to Draper (1935).
12. LIPPMAN, T.Jr. (1977), The Squire of Warm Springs: F.D.R. in Georgia 1924-1945, Chicago, Playboy Press, p. 40.
13. He also worked with a nerve specialist who made his polio patients use a walking board.
14. LIPPMAN (1977), p. 48.
15. DAVIS, K.S. (1974), Invincible Summer: An Intimate Portrait of The Roosevelts Based on the Recollections of Marion Dickerman, New York, Atheneum, p. 62.
16. GUNTHER (1950), pp. 222-224.
17. GOULD (1995), pp. 29-40.
18. On my quiet ideas for his future existence, see My Boy Franklin as told by Mrs. James Roosevelt to Isabel Leighton and Gabrielle Forbush, 1933, New York, Long and Smith, p. 101. For insightful examples of Roosevelt as a model to the disabled in this period.
19. WILSON, D.J. (1998), A Crippling Fear: Experiencing Polio in the Era of FDR, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72, pp. 464-449.
20. FAIRCHILD, A.L. (2001), The Polio Narratives: Dialogues with FDR, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 75, pp. 488-534.
21. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 32-34. This visit was carefully coordinated by friends of Roosevelt who knew of his desperate search for a cure. The run-down resort was run by a Warm Springs Company, headed by Columbus newspaper editor Thomas Loyless, who had leased the hotel around 1919, and contacted Boston banker George Foster Peabody to try to revive it and gain a reputation in the north. In 1923 Peabody, after hearing Loyless mention Louis W. Joseph, urged him to get Joseph to write to Roosevelt. Louis W. Joseph, nephew of a family who spent summers near Warm Springs, was a New York civil engineer.
22. WALKER, T. (1953), Roosevelt and the Warm Springs Story, New York, A.A. Wyn, pp. 14-16.
23. STEVENS, R. (1947), Hi Ya Neighbor: Intimate Glimpes of Franklin D. Roosevelt at Warm Springs, Georgea, 1924-1945, New York, Tupper and Love.
24. WORSLEY, E.B. (Summer 1949), Warm Springs, Georgia Review, 3, pp. 233-244.
25. LIPPMAN(1977), pp. 32-34.
26. GUNTHER (1950), pp. 232-233.
27. LIPPMAN(1977), pp. 32-34.
28. GUNTHER (1950), pp, 232-233.
29. LIPPMAN(1977), pp. 47.
30. GOULD (1995), p. 46.
31. ROOSEVELT, J., SHALETT, S. (1959), Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son's Story of a Lonely Man, New York, Harcourt, Brace, pp. 189, 191.
32. GOULD, J. (1960), A Good Fight: The Story of F.D.R.'s Conquest of Polio, New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, pp. 132-133.
33. GALLAGHER (1985), p. 29. On Roosevelt saying by personal good fortune I was able to get the best kind of care (part of a campaign speech in Rochester during 1928 campaign for governor); see GOULD (1960), p. 191.
34. HOUCK, D.W. and KIEWE, A. (2003), FDR's Body Politics: The Rethoric of Disability, College Station, Texas, pp. 47-48.
35. For patient experiences of polio care in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.
36. BLACK, K. (1996), In the Shadow of Polio: A Personal and Social History, Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley.
37. DANIEL, T.M., ROBBINS, F.C. (eds.) (1997), Polio, Rochester, University of Rochester Press.
38. SASS, E.J., GOTTFRIED, G., SOREM, A. (eds.) (1996), Polio's Legacy: An Oral History, Lanham, MD, University Press of America.
39. GILDEN SEAVEY, N., SMITH, J.S., WAGNER, P. (1998), A Paralyzing Fear: The Triumph over Polio in America, New York, TV Books.
40. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 31-43. For Roosevelt the venture was intended to be profitable as well as therapeutic. During 1927 he entertained wealthy prospects to try to convince them to invest in the resort, and he bought an additional 1,750 acres to try additional experiments in farming timber and cattle.
41. ROLLINS, A.B.Jr. (1962), Roosevelt and Howe, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, p. 204.
42. On the fight between Eleanor and Franklin over his decision to buy the property and surrounding lands for $ 195,000, and then to invest two-thirds of his trust into its upkeep.
43. WIESEN COOK, B. (1992), Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume One, 1884-1933, New York, Viking, p. 335.
44. His friends feared the resort would go the way of earlier interests in lobsters, oil wells, and other ventures.
45. The title Georgia was probably added because there were well-known other warm springs linked to health resorts.
46. LIPPMAN (1977), p. 49; GALLAGHER (1985), pp. 49-50. They were James Whitehead and Henry Pope. 14 GOULD (1960).
47. ROTHMAN, S.M. (1994), Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History, New York, Basic.
48. On the continuing use of open-air institutions for tuberculosis.
49. BATES, B. (1992), Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1936, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 173-196.
50. GALLAGHER (1985), pp. 28-33.
51. In an unusual gesture, he traveled to a meeting in April 1926 of the American Orthopedic Association in nearby Atlanta to lobby for its members' approval of Warm Springs as a rehabilitation center; GOULD (1960), pp. 166-167. In January 1927, after a report by Hubbard, the AOA agreed to approve the establishment of a permanent hydrotherapeutic center at Warm Springs; GALLAGHER (1985), pp. 46-47.
52. GOULD (1960), pp. 153-160. On the board of medical consultants set up in 1928.
53. REEVES SOLENBERGER, E. (October 1930), Warm Water Healing, Hygeia, 8, p. 914.
54. HUBBARD, L.W., Annual Report of the Surgeon-Chief, George Warm Springs Foundation, Incorporated (1929), disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/2166.htm (03/04/2009). The reports detailed the numbers of patients, categorized by age and sex, by affected limb, by the length of time they had been paralyzed. In 1929, of the 215 patients he noted, thirty-seven were disabled by a disease other than polio.
55. Michael Hoke, Noted Surgeon, 70, New York Times (September 25 1944).
56. LIPPMAN (1977), p. 48; GOULD (1960), p. 167. On Plastridge trained under Goldthwait, Lovett and Legg of Boston and the leading orthopedic surgeons in Chicago; see Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, (May 6 1933), JAMA, 100, p. 1453.
57. Quoted in LIPPMAN (1977), p. 200. It's got to be a whole lot more than a hospital, Roosevelt supposedly told his friend and legal partner Basil O'Connor, nobody should go all this way to be shut up inside a big white building; WALKER (1953), p. 184.
58. WALKER (1953), pp. 154-155.
59. GOULD (1995), p. 50.
60. DONNELLY, R.L. (June 1932), Playing Polio At Warm Springs, Polio Chronicle.
61. DONNELLY (June 1932).
62. PLAGEMANN, B. (1990), An American Past: An Early Autobiography, New York, William Morrow, p. 168.
63. Ibidem.
64. PLAGEMANN (1990), p. 172.
65. DONNELLY (June 1932).
66. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 201-202.
67. Commentators have argued that the resort's segregation was a significant reason for Eleanor Roosevelt's dislike of Warm Springs.
68. Roosevelt, Shalett (1959), p. 186.
69. DONNELLY (June 1932).
70. Anon. (September 1931), The Crusade Against Polio, Polio Chronicle.
71. Anon. (April 1932), Notes of the National Patients' Committee, Polio Chronicle.
72. PAUL, J.R. (1971), A History of Poliomyelitis, New Haven, Yale University Press, pp. 200-211.
73. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 201-202.
74. GOULD (1995), pp. 55-56.
75. WOODIN, W.H. (July 1931), Are You Polio Conscious?, Polio Chronicle.
76. BOTTS, F. (July 1931), Announcing the New National Patients Committee, Polio Chronicle.
77. DONOVAN L.K. (August 1931), National Patients' Committee of the George Warm Springs Foundation, Polio Chronicle.
78. Anon. (April 1932), Notes of the National Patients' Committee, Polio Chronicle.
79. Anon. (September 1931), The Crusade Against Polio, Polio Chronicle.
80. SMITH, A. (June 1932), Please Join the Polio Crusaders, NOW!, Polio Chronicle.
81. Anon. (April 1932); Anon. (June 1933), Condemned?, Polio Chronicle.
82. Anon. (July 1933), In the Spirit of 1933: The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation Looks Forward, Polio Chronicle.
83. TOMES, N. (1998), The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
84. FELDBERG, G.D. (1995), Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
85. GALLAGHER (1985).
86. DUFFY, J. (1987), Franklin Rossevelt: Ambiguous Symbol for Disabled Americans, Midwest Quaterly, 29, pp. 113-135.
87. GALLAGHER (1985), p. 78.
88. GOULD (1995), p. 54.
89. DUFFY (1987).
90. GALLAGHER (1985), p. 68, as a man who had not merely struggled, but had triumphed over his crippling disease. All this was part of Roosevelt's fight to lick polio, which according to GOULD (1995), p. 58 was made up of a combination of will power and guile that was to make him a great president he made it cease to matter.
91. PLASTRIDGÇE, A.L. (October 1932), Corrective Walking, Polio Chronicle.
92. Anon. (February 1934), Accessibility, Polio Chronicle.
93. DONOVAN (August 1931).
94. Editorial (April 1933), Polio Courage, The Polio Chronicle.
95. DONNELLY (June 1932).
96. BOTTS, F. (c. 1930), Where Infantile Paralysis Gets Its Walking Papers, www.disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/2124.htm (03/04/2009).
97. Anon. (July 1933).
98. Anon. (July 1933).
99. Anon. (February 1934).
100. DONNELLY (June 1932).
101. BLACK, In the Shadow of Polio, pp. 171-185.
102. WALKER, T. (1951), Journey Together, New York, David McKay Company, p. 30.
103. WALKER (1951), pp. 88, 79. In 1950 his book on his experiences in the New York Hospital Rise Up and Walk was chosen by the Book of the Month Club.
104. WALKER (1951), pp. 32-33.
105. Mechanical Hunts (September 1931), The Polio Chronicle; Going Up? (December 1932), The Polio Chronicle; Do You Drive, Polio (January 1933), The Polio Chronicle.
106. DONNELLY, R.L. (February 1933), Watch Your Steps, The Polio Chronicle.
107. Ibidem.
108. Ibidem.
109. Ibidem.
110. Ibidem.
111. On shows performed in 1936 and 1937 see GOULD (1995), p. 82; on the musical A Sailor's Sweetheart: The S.S. 'Paral-Brace Lines' performed for Roosevelt in 1943.
112. MASON, M.G. (1999), Life Prints: A Memoir of Healing and Discovery, New York, Feminist Press, p. 9.
113. Roosevelt, Shalett (1959), p. 191.
114. ROOSEVELT, J., LIBBY, B. (1976), My Parents: A Differing View, Chicago, Playboy Press, p. 88.
115. Patients also enjoyed the ways that push boys mocked the sentimentality associated with visiting the disabled; one told visitors that a dip in the fountain had cured him, and threw his friend sitting in a wheelchair into the ountain, in front of the shocked visitors, the 'crippled' lad floundered about for a few moments, then leaped out and ran across the lawn hollering, 'I'm cured! I'm cured! or would sit in wheelchairs, pretending they were too poor for the miracle treatments and beg for money from unsuspecting and sympathetic tourists; ROOSEVELT, SHALETT (1959), pp. 191-192; repeated in ROOSEVELT, LIBBY (1976), p. 88.
116. GIBSON, B. (September 1931), The Old Paral Says, Polio Chronicle.
117. SALMON, G. Jr. (August 1933), Polio Pete, Polio Chronicle.
118. SALMON, G. Jr. (July 1933), Polio Pete Suggests Double Wheel Chair to Accompany the Shrubbery at Georgia Hall, Polio Chronicle.
119. Anon. (August 1932), A Paral from the Bronx, Polio Chronicle.
120. Anon. (September 1932), Louis Weinberg, [illustration] Comebacks from Polio, Polio Chronicle.
121. Anon. (June 1932), Polio does not come to childhood alone, Polio Chronicle.
122. Anon. (February 1934), Just a Couple of Gals 'Breakin' Down', Polio Chronicle.
123. Anon. (August 1933), Rehabilitation Requires, Polio Chronicle.
124. LIPPMAN (1977), p. 41; Howe to Roosevelt, April 1 1927, quoted in ROLLINS (1962), pp. 203-204. Howe encouraged him to consider a chain of resorts from Lake Placid to Warm Springs.
125. Anon. (October 1932), A Change in Administration, The Polio Chronicle; Dr. Ruhrah, Pediatrician, Dies, New York Times (March 11, 1935). Ruhrah had been president of the American Pediatric Society in 1924, professor of the diseases of children at the University of Maryland medical school, and in 1934 was elected president of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In Baltimore he continued his medical practice, radio lectures and writing.
126. RUHRAH, J. (1932), The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, reprinted as pamphlet which described the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation as A Centre for the Study and After-Treatment of Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis), 1932, and distributed by the National Patients' Committee; and RUHRAH (September 1931), The Treatment of Polio in the Convales cent Stage, Polio Chronicle, where he warned that many patients in the acute stage are neglected resulting in horrible contractions and deformities.
127. RUHRAH (1932).
128. RUHRAH (September 1931).
129. RUHRAH, Polio, p. 945.
130. RUHRAH (1932). On A.B. an able-bodied person, see Anon. (January 1934), Glossary From Warm Springs, Polio Chronicle.
131. LONGMORE, P.K. and GOLDBERGER, D. (2000), The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History, Journal of American History, 87, pp. 888-922.
132. WALKER (1953), pp. 144-147.
133. GOULD (1960), pp. 173-174.
134. (1935), Arthur Carpenter to the Editor, JAMA, 105, p. 1932.
135. Ibidem.
136. Ibidem.
137. Hydrotherapeutic Center pamphlet [c.1928] quoted in GALLAGHER (1985), p. 51; New York Times (January 5, 1930), cited in GALLAGHER (1985), p. 52. This hydrotherapeutic center, was neither a hospital nor sanitarium but a year-round health resort for persons suffering from the loss of muscle control that follows infantile paralysis. see GOULD (1960), pp. 135-145, 161-162.
138. CAYLEFF, S.E. (1987), Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women's Health, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
139. FELDBERG (1995), pp. 52-53+90-93.
140. ROTHMAN S.M. (1994), Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History, New York, Basic, pp. 226-227, 231.
141. DONNELLY (June 1932).
142. Roosevelt, Shalett (1959), p. 194.
143. Anon. (February 1933), Interesting Events at Warm Springs, The Polio Chronicle.
144. Ibidem.
145. Anon. (July 1933), In the Spirit of 1933: The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation Looks Forward, Polio Chronicle.
146. Editorial (April 1933), Gospel or Gossip, The Polio Chronicle.
147. On this cheerful slang see DE KRUIF, P. (February 1934), Forward From Polio, Ladies Home Journal, 51, p. 10. See also Anon. (January 1934), Glossary From Warm Springs, Polio Chronicle.
148. DONNELLY (June 1932).
149. Ibidem.
150. PLAGEMANN (1990), p. 168; DONNELLY (June 1932); WALKER (1953), p. 155; GALLAGHER (1985), p. 57. See third party defined as Warm Springsee [sic] for chaperon, Anon. (January 1934), Glossary From Warm Springs, Polio Chronicle; Do polios like riding in the moonlight, or, do they?; Anon. (January 1934), Bubbles From the Springs: High Spots of a Full Month, Polio Chronicle.
151. Gould (1995).
152. TOWNSEND, G.K. (October, 1933), What Is Impossible?, Polio Chronicle.
153. ROOSEVELT, F.D. (1940), Foreword. In Anon., [Annual Report] Georgia Warm Springs Foundation.
154. BOTTS, F. (April 1933), Inauguration Day!, The Polio Chronicle.
155. Ibidem.
156. Anon. (January 1934), Preparation Vs. Prejudice, Polio Chronicle.
157. Editorial (March 1933), Thank You, Mr. Roosevelt, The Polio Chronicle.
158. DIETZ, J.W. (March 1933), An Experiment with Vocationally Handicapped Employees, The Polio Chronicle.
159. DIETZ (March 1933), Editor's
160. Editorial (February 1933), Employer Education, The Polio Chronicle.
161. MARTIN, L. (March 1933), Making the Best Of It, The Polio Chronicle.
162. Ibidem.
163. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 203-204. They relied on such shady business magnates as Henry Doherty, head of a utilities holding company, accused of stocks manipulation and tax evasion. Money from these Birthday Balls was to be used to establish a permanent endowment for the Warm Springs Foundation.
164. SILLS D.L. (1957), The Volunteers: Means and End in a National Organization, Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, pp. 42-43.
165. PAUL (1971), pp. 305-307.
166. The funds were to be used to create a permanent endowment for the Warm Springs Foundation.
167. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 203-204.
168. COHN, V. (1955), Four Billion Dimes, Minneapolis, p. 43.
169. GOULD (1995), pp. 60-61.
170. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 204-205.
171. For a broader history of the experiences and discrimination faced by most disabled Americans see. LONGMORE, UMANSKY (2001).
172. WOLFSKILL, G., HUDSON, J.A. (1969), All but the People: Franklin D. Roosevelt and His Critics 1933-1939, London, Macmillan, pp. 4-16.
173. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 64-67+187-198.
174. WOLFSKILL, HUDSON (1969), pp. 14, 104. Georgia governor Eugene Talmadge's remark that the Warm Springs Foundation was a racket, being disguised under the name of charity, by the President of the United States was widely reported, and he later breached the niceties of mainstream politics by calling Roosevelt that cripple in the White House.
175. WOLFSKILL, HUDSON (1969), p. 13. In 1935 Gundelfinger also warned of the bug of Roman Catholicism that controlled Roosevelt's mind like polio germs controlled his body, and perhaps they are one and the same thing. For more on the Brown Scares of the 1930s and 1940s.
176. RIBUFFO, L.P. (1983), The Old Christian Right: The Protestant Far Right From the Great Depression to the Cold War, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, pp. 178-224.
177. WILSON, D.J. (1998), A Crippled Manhood: Infantile Paralysis and the Constructing of Masculinity, Medical Humanities Review, 12, pp. 9-28.
178. Wolfskill, Hudson (1969), pp. 14, 104; for an excellent analysis of this process.
179. HOUCK and KIEWE (2003).
180. COHN (1955), p. 44. The amount was $ 787.526.
181. Wolfskill, Hudson (1969), pp. 259-270.
182. LIPPMAN (1977).
183. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 208.
184. ROOSEVELT (1940). On the protests from local communities during 1938 that led the National Foundation to add local Chapters.
185. SILLS (1951), p. 44-46.
186. BRADSHAW, N. (Winter 1989), Polio in Kentucky: From Birthday Balls to the Breakthrough, Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 87, pp. 31-32.
187. LONGMORE and GOLDBERGER (2000).
188. SMITH, J.S. (1990), Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine, New York, William Morrow & Co.
189. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 208. Warm Springs, however, continued to be Roosevelt's private, social refuge.
190. HUBBARD, L.W. (1929), Annual Report of the Surgeon-Chief, George Warm Springs Foundation, Incorporated (1929), www.disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/2166.htm (03/04/2009).
191. ROOSEVELT (1940).
192. ROOSEVELT (1940).
193. For a discussion of the double meaning of rehabilitation.
194. BYROM, B., A Pupil and a Patient: Hospital-Schools in Progressive America. In LONGMORE, P.K. and UMANSKY, L. (eds.) (2001), The New Disability History: American Perspectives, Albany, New York University Press, pp. 133-156.
195. For a broader respective see Roger Cooter/ and Geitzer?.
196. COOTER, R. (1993), Surgery and Society in Peace and War. Orthopaedics and the Organization of Modern Medicine, 1880-1948, Houndmills, The Macmillan Press.
197. GRITZER, G., ARLUKE, A. (1985), The Making of ehabilitation: A Political Economy of Medical Specialization, 1890-1980, Berkeley, University of California Press.
198. ROOSEVELT (1940).
199. LOWMAN, C.L. (Jan 1932), Physiotherapy in the Water, American Journal of Nursing, 32, pp. 9, 12.
200. LOWMAN, C.L. (Oct 10, 1931), Underwater Gymnastics, JAMA, 97, pp. 1074-1076.
201. Many laymen believe that the influence on paralytic and other ailments is due to some in herent potency or active principle in the water... it is common sales talk in advertising sanatoriums and resorts at which hot springs exist to claim that the efficacy of treatment by or in these waters is due to some active factor in them. The value of underwater gymnastics, however, is one of physics and not of chemistry, p. 1075.
202. ROOSEVELT (1940).
203. LIPPMAN (1977), pp. 207-208.
204. GOULD (1995), p. 61.
205. On the Warm Springs Foundation's agenda involving research in prevention and immunization, see Carpenter to Editor (1935).
206. DE KRUIF, P. (1962), Sweeping Wind: A Memoir, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, pp. 177-178.
207. SUMMERS, W.C. (1998), Microbe Hunters Revisited, International Microbiology, 1, pp. 65-68.
208. For example Morris Fishbein to Basil O'Connor, October 18, 1939, Public Relations Files: Fishbein/1938, March of Dimes Archives, White Plains, New York.
209. Rosa E. Hayes [Columbus Ohio] to President, January 28, [1939], letter referred to Keith Morgan, Comm. Celeb. President's Birthday Files, FDR-PPF-4885 Cross Ref.s (1939-1940), Franklin Delano Roosevelt Papers, Hyde Park, New York.
210. GOULD (1995).
211. Anon. (December 1932), Headliners of the Month, Polio Chronicle.